China's earliest dictionary Shuowen wrote: "Smoke makes people angry." The original meaning of smoke is internal heat, which is the gas produced when an article burns. As a result, many words related to tobacco have emerged, such as common smoke, haze, fireworks, smoke waves, smoke, smoke springs, smoke willows, smoke islands, smoke paths, smoke pools, smoke snow, tobacco fields, smoke villages, smoke suburbs, smoke clouds, smoke scenes and so on. In modern times, people in China gradually called it smoke.
A lot of "tobacco" in ancient literature is not what we call "tobacco" now. For example, in the Tang Dynasty's "Jing Yang Jing Fu", there is a saying that "Taicheng broke the smoke spring and the old well lacked moss"; In Xiao Yuan, a land tour in the Song Dynasty, there was a saying that "Xiao Yuan tobacco meets its neighbors, and mulberries wither", but these "tobacco" all refer to grass covered with tobacco, which means creeping weeds. The word "tobacco" was used in Fang Yizhi's Physics Notes in the Ming Dynasty, which is the earliest expression of the name "tobacco" in today's literature.
The name "smoke" does not exist in the Philippines or anywhere else. As one of the four poems about tobacco written by Jin's author: "Luzon went to the roots and the grass began to worship cigarettes again." According to research, the popular tobacco in India is all kinds of so-called ordinary tobacco (safflower tobacco) today. However, different regions have different names. For example, the West Indies is called Yori, Brazil is called Bidongmu, Mexico is called Yetel and Cuba is called Koiva.
Because Columbus and his followers were most surprised by this new thing they saw, it was the behavior of people inhaling smoke, not the lit tobacco itself, so the name that left the deepest impression on this group of people was what Indians called "Tabaco". In fact, this is a kind of "Ya"-shaped plant hollow tube (with cigarettes at the bottom and two tubes facing two nostrils) that Indians inhale smoke by hand, and it is also the name of pipe or tobacco rod. This group of adventurers followed the Indian pronunciation and called this pipe and inhaled tobacco this name, which is the origin of Spanish "Tabaco". After tobacco was brought back to Europe, it was written as "Tabacco" in English, which became the general name of tobacco in most parts of the world.
Then, why don't China cultural circles act according to the world-wide name, but call it cigarettes? This is of course due to the smoke produced by smoking, but also due to fire, which is an internal heat. Japanese call it "Tambagu", also known as smoke, and this word was imported into China from the sea. Li Shihong clearly wrote in "Notes on Ren Shutang": "The name of cigarettes began in Japan and spread to Shima, Zhangzhou." Of course, the names of tobacco and tobacco leaves also come from this.
Today, cigarettes are usually called cigarettes, and sometimes in real life, they also refer to tobacco and tobacco industry.
According to the research of archaeologists, smoking was recorded as early as 1800 BC to 2000 BC.
1492, two crew members of Columbus, Jerez and Torres, discovered that Cuban natives lit dry cigarettes and smoked the smoke they emitted. Jerez tried smoking. He became the first smoker in Europe.
15 18 years, Spanish explorers discovered that Aztecs and Mayans smoked grass with empty reeds, and the Spanish also learned to smoke, so the first cigarette was produced.
16 12 years, John Rolver planted the first acre of commercial tobacco in Virginia, USA.
1843, French tobacco companies began to produce Spanish-style cigarettes, which were officially named "cigarettes" in French, hence the word "English cigarettes".
188 1 year, and the cigarette making machine with a daily output of 120000 was patented. Before that, cigarettes were all made by hand.
65438-0924, American Reader's Digest first published an article reminding people that smoking is harmful to health.
1966, a new sign began to be printed on American cigarette packaging: be careful! Smoking is harmful to health.
The tobacco industry has provided 2.3 million jobs for Americans, and these people have brought more jobs to the medical, fire fighting, laundry, pharmaceutical and other industries.
Archaeologists found in Palo City, Arizona, USA that in 650 AD, there were large pieces of tobacco leaves, side-by-side pipes and residual soot in the caves where Indians lived. These relics, after instrumental analysis, contain nicotine, which is inferred to be tobacco leaves.
Archaeologists once found a hollow straw with a tube in a cave at an altitude of 4000 feet in the Madre Mountains of Mexico, which was proved to be the product of 700 years ago by radioactive measurement. If so, it is not only more than 200 years earlier than Columbus' discovery, but also the originator of modern cigarettes. However, this historical miracle remains to be further verified by archaeologists.
Wine-The History of China's Wine Making
China has a long history of wine-making, with a variety of famous wines, which enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad. Legend has it that the man who invented wine is called Du Kang. When he was a long-term worker, he once accidentally put sorghum rice into a hole in a tree. After a long time, it is fermented into wine. So it was named "wine" at the beginning, and then the word "wine" came into being. Increase the historical allusions of "wine". When wine was produced is now impossible to verify.
Yellow rice wine is one of the oldest wines in the world. About 3000 years ago, during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, China people created the compound fermentation method of distiller's yeast and began to brew a large number of yellow rice wine. About 1000 years ago in the Song Dynasty, China people invented the distillation method, and since then, liquor has become the main liquor for China people to drink. Wine permeates the whole 5,000-year history of Chinese civilization, and plays an important role in China people's life from literary and artistic creation, cultural entertainment to diet and cooking, health care and so on.
The oldest "wine" in the world
Professor Zhang Zhongzhu, the doctoral supervisor of China University of Science and Technology and the main digger of Jiahu Site, cooperated with Professor McGovern, Ph.D., a professor at the University of Pennsylvania. Through the study of the attachments on unearthed pottery, it is proved that the Jiahua people have mastered the brewing method of wine 9000 years ago, and the raw materials used are rice, honey, grapes, hawthorn and so on. At present, this ancient formula has been successfully copied.
Legendary ancestors of brewing: Du Kang and Yidi.
China has the most national wines: yellow rice wine and white wine.
The first wines that humans learned to brew: fruit wine and milk wine.
The earliest malt liquor in China: whole grains.
The earliest complete set of brewing apparatus unearthed at present: Dawenkou culture period in Shandong Province.
The oldest existing wine: 1980 wine unearthed from tombs in the late Shang Dynasty in Henan (about 3000 years ago) is now in the Palace Museum.
The earliest discovery so far: bronze wares of the Eastern Han Dynasty (now in Shanghai Museum).
The earliest monopoly of wine was implemented in the third year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (98 BC).
The earliest record of wine price: In the sixth year of Han Dynasty (8 1 BC), officials sold wine at a price of four yuan per liter.
The earliest written record of wine: Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty.
The earliest record of wine: Sima Qian's Historical Records Biography of Dawan.
The earliest record of malt production method was Qi Yaomin's Book by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
The earliest record of medicinal liquor production technology: the silk book "Healthy Prescription" unearthed at Mawangdui in the Western Han Dynasty.
The earliest advertisement for selling wine records that Han Feizi's "Han Feizi" at the end of the Warring States period "Song people drank alcohol and held a high banner".
The earliest mechanized winery in China: Yantai Changyu Grape Brewing Company.
The earliest brewery in China was built in 1900: Harbin.
The First Fully Mechanized Yellow Winery in China: Wuxi Yellow Winery.
At present, the most expensive wine in China: Moutai.
At present, the largest output of beverage wine: beer.