The peak period of Xiongnu was from 209 to 128, that is, the period of modu chanyu, Laoshang, monarch and minister, which was equivalent to the period from the first year of Qin Ershi in the Central Plains to the first year of Yuanshuo in the Han Dynasty. During the Khan period, the national strength was hit by the Han army and turned from prosperity to decline. (1) modu chanyu inherited the throne of Xiongnu leader Tou Man Khan. He loves his wife, E Shi, and has a little son. Tou Man wanted his youngest son to be the next modu chanyu, so he tried to kill his eldest son modu chanyu. He sent Morton to Ren Yue (Zhangye, Gansu) as a proton, and then sent troops to attack Ren Yue, trying to kill Morton by Ren Yue. Modu chanyu was bold, grabbed Ren Yue's steed and fled back alone. Tou Man had no excuse to kill Morton, so he had to give up. When modu chanyu learned the truth, he retaliated against his father and stepmother. He first trained an army to shoot at the place where he shot an arrow. He aimed at his concubine and his father's horse and executed anyone who didn't shoot an arrow. Later, when the time is right, they will shoot an arrow at Tou Man Khan, causing his army to shoot Tou Man Khan and modu chanyu and launch a coup, kill his stepmother and his generals and ministers, and seize Khan's position. (2) After the rise of modu chanyu, it began to expand abroad. After the defeat of King Donghu, he immediately annexed Loufan and Bai Yang Henan King (Xiongnu does not belong to the south of Hetao) and recovered the Xiongnu land captured by Meng Tian, Chaona (now southeast of Guyuan, Ningxia) and Pumice (now southeast of Yulin, Shaanxi). And invaded and plundered Yan, Dai and other places in Han Dynasty. Lao Shang-han succeeded to the throne after his westward expedition to the Yue family, defeated and killed the Yue king, and forced the Yue family to emigrate to the Western Regions. Ding Ling, Xiongnu, Qu She, Qian Kun, Li Jing and other tribes in the north and northwest successively surrendered to Xiongnu. The Han Dynasty fought a large-scale war with the Huns. In the early Han Dynasty 20 1 years ago, Han Wangxin was forced to surrender to the Huns. The following year, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang led a 320,000-strong army to conquer and was besieged by more than 400,000 cavalry in Deng Bai (now northeast of Datong) for 7 days and nights. Later, Liu Jing's suggestion was adopted by the Han Dynasty, and a "pro-marriage policy" was implemented for the Huns. The Han family married a woman and Khan, gave them some property, and opened the market for people from both sides to trade. In the later period, the emperors of the Jing Dynasty also followed the policy of hiding their relatives. But the Huns were still not satisfied and sent troops to invade the border from time to time.
4. During the Sino-Hungarian War
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, after nearly 70 years of recuperation, the economy and national strength of the Western Han Dynasty were greatly enhanced, and three wars were launched against the Xiongnu from strategic defense to strategic attack: the battle of Henan (also known as the battle of Monan), the battle of Hexi and the battle of Mobei. At this time, it was the time when Khan was in office. In the second year of Yuan Shuo (BC 127), Wei Qing was sent to occupy the Hetao area. 124, Wei Qing and others were sent to repel the invasion of 90,000 tarquin. 12 1 ago, Huo Qubing was sent to seize the rich Hexi Corridor. Zhao Xin, commander-in-chief of the Han Dynasty, suggested that the Huns move Wang Ting to Mobei to avoid being attacked and defeat the Han army by geographical advantage. Before 1 19, Wei and Huo attacked Mobei in two ways. Since Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu, wolves have lived in Xushan, Mongolia, and Wang Ting, the Xiongnu, was destroyed on Wei Qing East Road. Wang Xian led more than 40,000 people into Han, and the Han army captured more than 70,000 people. Oblique Khan and Zuo Dai escaped with several people.
5. Mid-term recession
During the decline of Xiongnu, from an oblique Khan to Uhaanyehe, it experienced 18 as Khan, from the reign of Emperor Ding Yuan to the end of the reign of Emperor Zhao Jian (the first 36 years). (1) The Huns retreated to Mobei, and after fighting with Yi Zhixie, a soldier from the western regions of the Han Dynasty, Ziwuweili died, Zizhan Shilu died, and Jifu plowed the lake. During these ten years, Xiongnu took refuge in Mobei to recuperate. In order to conquer Korea, Xiqiang and Southwest China, the Han Dynasty temporarily stopped using troops against Xiongnu because of the huge loss of manpower and material resources. The eastern part of the Han Dynasty unified Wuhuan, and the western part sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, making contact with Dayue's family and Dawan, and unifying the countries in the Western Regions by means of marriage (before 105, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sealed Princess Xijun and married King Wusun) and trade, thus reducing the space of Xiongnu. In the first 87 years, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died, and the Han Dynasty temporarily stopped attacking the Huns. During the reign of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, the Huns released China's ambassador Su Wu, who had been imprisoned for 19 years, as a gesture of goodwill, but tarquin kept appearing on the northern border. In the first 73 years, Xiongnu turned to Wusun in the Western Regions to ask for a princess (that is, princess jieyou who married Wusun in the Western Han Dynasty). Wusun turned to Korea for help, and the Han Dynasty organized hundreds of thousands of troops of the Fifth Route Army to join forces with Wusun to attack the Huns. 7 1 years ago, 200,000 soldiers joined forces to attack the Huns again, winning a total victory and winning the right valley king Li Ting. In the winter of the same year, the Huns dispatched tens of thousands of cavalry to attack Wusun to complain, which coincided with the rain and snow, and less than one tenth of the survivors. At that time, Ding Ling attacked in the north, Wu Huan attacked in the east, and Wu Sun attacked in the west. The Huns were badly weakened and forced to move westward to take refuge in the western regions, which once again became the focus of contention between the two sides. When the two sides fought fiercely for driving repeatedly, in the first 60 years, the Xiongnu and the new Khan Tutaotang clashed for power and profit because of Wang Xianxian, who was in charge of the western regions. Xiongnu was forced to give up the Western Regions when the kings were driven to the Han Dynasty. Han completely controlled the western regions, and the strength of Xiongnu was greatly reduced, making it impossible to disturb Han. (2) At the beginning of civil strife, the Huns were increasingly trapped by wars, natural disasters, territory and population decline, and internal disputes began to intensify. Khan of Xiongnu has been changed frequently since the first oblique Khan was supported. Sixty years ago, Xu Luquan Qukhan died, and his wife Zhuanqu and his brother Du conspired to establish a correct and wise king as Khan. After he came to power, he wiped out his dissidents, killed all the old people he had used before, and reused his children. As a result, he lost in infighting and committed suicide. After his death, the Huns began a civil war for Khan's throne. (3) Fifty-eight years before the establishment of the Five Khan, Wang et al. established a virtual right passage in the east of Xiongnu, and Khan tied it, because it was shameful to be defeated and committed suicide. Du Longji and others * * * set up Tian Zhui Tang Wang and defeated Hu for sudden sword Khan. At this time, the king's name was Jieshanyu, Wang Youao called a car, and Wu's surname was also Wu, which was a period of five struggles. Illustration Khan successively attacked Wu Ji and Che Li. Wu Ji and Che Li were both defeated by the northwest, and Hu Jie joined forces. Hu Jie and Wu Ji both went to the title of Khan. He had the driving force and was defeated by Tu Jian. Hu took the opportunity to attack, Tu Jian was defeated and committed suicide, and Che Li also led the troops to surrender. Soon, Brother Huhanye told Tuus to stand on his own feet and live in the east. Tujian's younger brother, Hugh Wang Xun, also stood on his own feet as a leap vibration Khan. In the first 54 years, Runzhen led an army to Zhi Zhi and was defeated and killed. Zhi Zhi push your luck, broken shout han evil, according to mobei wangting. Uhaanyehe went south to take refuge in the Han Dynasty. Later, Zhi Zhi Khan led his troops to retreat to Central Asia (now between Lake Balkhash and Aral Sea, namely Kazakhstan), and Uhaanyehe occupied Mobei Wang Ting. 36 years ago, in order to eliminate the influence of Xiongnu in the Western Regions, Gan Yanshou and Chen Tang defected to Xiongnu in Kangju and killed Zhi Zhi Khan.
Step 6 Stay time
(1) In the 33 years before the quadrilateral peace, he went to the Han Dynasty and proposed to marry Wang Zhaojun and make up with Han. Xie Han is called Wang Zhaojun and Hu Ning E Shi. At this time, the two sides lived in peace, the situation was stable, the national strength was restored, and the population increased. The history books say that "at the beginning, since Emperor Xuandi in the north, there was no sign of fireworks from generation to generation, and the people were rich and the country was strong, and cattle and horses were scarce". After Hu's death, his descendants followed his will and maintained friendly relations with the Han Dynasty for more than 30 years. Until Wang Mang dictatorship. (2) After the establishment of the new dynasty in the Han Dynasty, Wang Mang claimed the gold "Xiongnu Khan Seal" awarded to Uhaanyehe by Emperor Gaozu Xuan Di, and gave it to Wu Zhu to stay in the "New Xiongnu Khan Chapter", deliberately depressing Khan's political status; Change the title of "Hun Khan" to "be good at respecting slaves" and later to "surrender slaves and serve them"; Wang Mang tried to establish his prestige by force, divided the Xiongnu residence into 15 units, and forced fifteen descendants of Xie Han to be Khan, so as to weaken the Xiongnu power, arouse their dissatisfaction and invade the northern frontier year after year. Countries in the western regions have successively fallen into the sphere of influence of the Huns. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty made friends with Xiongnu and sent envoys to give gifts. However, the relationship between Han and Hungary has not changed. In the fifth year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (29 years), Xiongnu fostered Fang Lu as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which was divided into five counties: Wuyuan, Shuofang, Yunzhong, Dingxiang and Yanmen, all of which were Jiuyuan (now southwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia). Later, he fell to the Han Dynasty and was named acting king. After the rebellion, he stayed in Xiongnu for more than ten years.