Cultivation techniques Seed propagation: select large, full and fully mature seeds, sow them in warm water at 45-50℃ for about 24 hours, sow them indoors at 20℃ to accelerate germination, sow them in the north on April 10, sow them in the south in February-March, sow them in holes with row spacing of 65cm- 100cm, and cover the soil. Detumescence and detoxification; Diarrhea leads to stagnation; Dredge the collaterals and begin to understand. Main carbuncle swelling poison; Laplace operator; Carbuncle of breast; Sore throat; Scabies, tinea and sores; Scalding; A rising tide lifts all boats; Dry stool; Oblique mouth and eyes; Injuries caused by falls and collisions
Usage and dosage for external use: appropriate amount, pounding or conditioning. Oral administration: take pills,1-5g; Original research or fried food.
Pay attention to pregnant women and slippery people. Materia Medica: those with weak spleen and stomach and unstable large intestine should not be used lightly.
Store in a cool and dry place. 1. Antitumor effect: 1. 1. Effect on experimental tumor: ricin is very sensitive to various tumor cell lines and variant cell lines cultured in vitro. 0.002-0.3mcg/ml can inhibit lymphoma SI, BW5 147, MBC2, EL2, myeloma P3, C 1, RBC5, S17, S 194, JJ. Experiments also prove that it is more sensitive to virus-induced mutant fibroblasts (SV3T3) than normal 3T3 cells.
Effects of ricin on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and ascites hepatocarcinoma in mice. Animal transplanted tumors such as cervical cancer U 14, sarcoma S 180 and leukemia have certain therapeutic effects. 1 and Ip 7.5mcg/kg on the third day after inoculation can completely inhibit the growth of Ehrlich ascites cancer cells and prolong the survival time of mice. After intraperitoneal injection of ricin 25mcg/kg, the number of cancer cells decreased by 90% after 48 hours. After 96 hours, almost all cancer cells have the following morphological changes: cell expansion, nuclear vacuole and mitosis stop, cytoplasm dark staining, irregular vacuoles around, etc.
1.2. Principle of action: Ricin can strongly inhibit protein synthesis of various cancer cells, moderately inhibit DNA synthesis and slightly inhibit RNA synthesis. Ricin has a strong inhibitory effect on the protein synthesis of rabbit reticulocyte lysate (Iysaie) in cell-free system, which proves that it strongly inhibits the protein synthesis of eukaryotic ribosomes, rather than affecting the sugar metabolism or amino acid extraction of cancer cells. Ricin has two peptide chains, which are connected by S-S chain. There is a cracking process before the action. After cracking, A chain and B chain are released, and A chain is called effect chain. The b chain is called a hapten. B-chain can bind with carbohydrate receptor on cell surface, and bring free A-chain or the whole toxic protein molecule into cytoplasm through plasma membrane, and react with the 60-S subunit of ribosome, thus inhibiting the enzymatic combination of aminoacyl -t-RNA and ribosome, reducing the elongation factor of nucleic acid, thus inactivating nucleic acid, inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to cell death.
All acacia toxins with similar structure to ricin have the same binding with lactose residue monosaccharide on the cell surface, and the binding sites include more than two sugars. Treating cells with neuraminic acid can increase the binding sites. It has been proved that the monosaccharide chains on the surface of tumor cells are different from normal cells, and there are too many sialic acids in their glycoproteins, and glycolipids often contain incomplete chains. Incomplete chains are easy to combine with toxic proteins, which may explain the anticancer effect of such toxic proteins.
2. Cell agglutination: In the past, a large number of data believed that ricin had a strong agglutination effect on red blood cells, small intestinal mucosal cells, liver cells and other cells and tissue suspensions of various animals and people in vitro. However, agglutination. The agglutination rate of ricin hemagglutinin depends not only on the number of hemagglutinin and red blood cells, but also on pH value, and alkaline environment is helpful for blood coagulation. Hemagglutinin needs the participation of serum complement when agglutinating, and this complement can be exchanged, such as goats and guinea pigs. This hemagglutination can be activated not only by serum complement, but also by some reducing agents, such as cysteine and ascorbic acid. Ricin hemagglutinin is accompanied by protein hydrolysis similar to papain, which may be the role of receptor-destroying enzyme.
3. pyrogen effect: ricin is a strong pyrogen. It has a very strong pyrogen effect on all kinds of mammals and people, and the pyrogen reaction can be generated at 0.05-0.2mcg/kg, which is stronger than any other pyrogen, with a long time and a long incubation period. The body temperature of rat sc ricin 20 mg/kg began to rise after 3.5 hours and lasted for more than 6 hours. Repeated injections can produce tolerance, but there is no cross tolerance with bacterial pyrogen. The pyrogen reaction caused by it can be used aspirin. Phenacetin and other antipyretics. Therefore, it can be used as a tool for antipyretic experiments.
4. Immune reaction: Ricin has strong antigenicity, and can enter human body or various mammals through various ways, which can produce antibodies and allergic reactions. Farmers who grow castor also have this antibody in their blood, which is called ricin antibody, and it is very stable. In addition, it can also increase nonspecific antibodies in the body. In this process, due to hepatotoxicity, plasma composition changes and albumin level decreases. With the gradual increase of albumin level in liver regeneration, a- globulin increased and B- globulin decreased. It shows that ricin specifically destroys the synthesis of protein and can be weakened by the action of antibodies. The pyrogen reaction can also be inhibited. Because ricin can produce cytotoxicity, it can inhibit macrophages and other cells involved in immune function. Ricin can also precipitate immunoglobulin and IgM completely; But only IgG 10% precipitated, and only reacted with IgG3, but not with IgG 1.
5. Effects on cardiovascular system and respiratory system: 1 iv ricin 3.2mcg/kg is the critical dose to produce toxic reactions of heart, liver and kidney in anesthetized rabbits, and less than this dose has no obvious effects on cardiovascular system and respiratory system. When anesthetized cats are injected with 250-500 μ g/kg, blood pressure immediately rises, pulse, respiration or tidal volume increases. When the injection dose was increased to 30mg/kg, the blood pressure dropped to zero, the heart stopped beating during diastole, and tidal breathing occurred and he died. Electrocardiogram showed prolonged R-R interval, disappearance of P wave and inversion of T wave. 250-500 μ g/kg ricin iv can slightly antagonize the B receptor stimulant isoproterenol in anesthetized cats. The first injection of 25 mg/kg ricin can weaken all pharmacological effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, vasopressin and histamine. Ricin can also reduce the reflex of ricin and nicotine. Ricinine can also cause blood pressure drop and respiratory depression in experimental animals, which may be related to the cyano group contained in its molecule. Castor leaf decoction can increase the amplitude of normal isolated frog heart and frog heart poisoned by chloral hydrate, ergot extract, acetylcholine, atropine, quinine and potassium chloride. The decoction can lower blood pressure in dogs and dilate blood vessels in hind limbs of rats.
6. Diarrhea: The oil in castor seeds has no diarrhea, but is saponified into sodium ricinoleate and glycerol under the action of lipolytic enzymes in duodenum. Sodium ricinoleate is irritating to the small intestine, which enhances intestinal peristalsis and pushes the contents of the small intestine to the colon quickly. 2-6 hours after taking the medicine, semi-liquid feces will be discharged, and there may be temporary constipation after defecation; Increasing the dose does not enhance the curative effect, and the unhydrolyzed part will be excreted into the large intestine quickly. After being absorbed, ricinoleic acid will be metabolized and decomposed in the body like other fatty acids. Therefore, castor oil is relatively safe as a laxative. Because it tastes bad, it can be made into emulsion for oral administration. Castor oil can hinder the absorption of mountain years, not diarrhea.
Castor oil itself has little irritation, and can be used as a skin lubricant for dermatitis and other skin diseases, made into ointment for scald and ulcer, and used as seed paste for skin leishmaniasis ulcer and blepharitis. As a solvent for removing eye irritants, it is locally applied to vaginal and cervical diseases.
7. Other effects: Ricin can affect the respiration of various white blood cells cultured in vitro. 0.3-33mcg/ml can reduce the oxygen consumption of monocytes, and 16.6-33.2mcg/ml can reduce the oxygen consumption of lymphocytes and increase the oxygen consumption of neutrophils. When the concentration increased to 66.6mcg/ml, the respiration of neutrophils was also inhibited. Toxicity: castor bean contains ricin and ricinine, especially the former, which can cause poisoning. Children aged 4-7 taking 2-7 castor beans can cause poisoning and death. Adults taking 20 tablets may be fatal. Two castor beans produced in Africa can poison adults, and children only need one, but there are also reports that they can recover after taking 24. Ricin may be a proteolytic enzyme, and 7 mg can kill adults.
2. Symptoms after castor bean poisoning include: headache, gastroenteritis, elevated body temperature, leukocytosis, hemogram moving to the left, anuria, yellow pox, cold sweat, hemifacial spasm and cardiovascular collapse; Poisoning symptoms often have a long incubation period. Ricin causes acute poisoning in rats, which mainly causes liver and kidney damage and glucose metabolism disorder. The lectin in castor can agglutinate blood cells. No poisoning phenomenon was found after frying castor seeds in Huzhou rural areas, which may be caused by heating to destroy ricin.
3. The lethal dose (g/kg) of castor seeds to various animals is as follows: hen 14, mother duck 4, mother goose 0.4, rabbit 0.9, piglet 2.3, pig 1.3, cow 2, goat 0.5, sheep 1.25, horse. The LD50 of ricin to 1 iv mice was 6- 12mcg/kg. Ricin produced by Wuhan Jianmin Pharmaceutical Factory was injected intravenously into mice 1, and its LD50 was 47.97 mcg/kg；. . The maximum tolerance of 1 iv in rabbits was 3.2 μ g/kg. The MTD of one day 1 time and one day 16 times is 1.6mcg/kg. Mice died within 65 00 hours to several days after intraperitoneal injection or intravenous injection of lethal dose of ricin. The poisoning process is so long that animals generally lose weight after 1.2 hours and lie on their side after 24 hours. Sometimes there will be chronic convulsions, dyspnea, hunchback and central nervous system disorders. Three minutes after the first convulsion, the animal died of respiratory paralysis. Poisoning is often accompanied by severe diarrhea, which may also be one of the causes of animal death.
4. Most organs and tissues of animals (rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, etc.). ) and acute and subacute ricin poisoning showed functional and morphological changes. The main toxic reactions occurred in liver, small intestine and endocrine glands. The destruction of hepatocytes acts on the inner network layer, accompanied by slight changes in mitochondria, thus causing liver degeneration and necrosis. The damage to the small intestine is also very serious, which is the main cause of diarrhea. Organs and tissues of endocrine system are very sensitive to ricin, which can cause hemorrhagic necrosis and degeneration of hypothalamic cells, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, testis, ovary, pancreas and lymphoid tissues in animals. It can also damage the reticuloendothelial system and cause chromatin destruction of maxillary ganglion and peripheral nerve nuclei of thoracic plexus. The prolonged hemagglutination time of animals poisoned by ricin is caused by the interference of glucose metabolism in reducing thromboplastin and thromboplastin, and it can increase the total number of red blood cells and white blood cells, blood sugar and urea levels, decrease the concentration of magnesium ion in blood, and increase the concentration of calcium ion from 2: 1 to 7.75: 1, which may be related to pyrogen reaction. In acute ricin poisoning, blood sugar, glycogen, total protein and hematocrit of animals decreased, while lactose, non-protein nitrogen, amino acids and inorganic phosphorus decreased. Acidic phosphoric acid, lactic acid and pyruvate increased, and liver function (SGOT, SGPT, lactate dehydrogenase) was disordered. It can be seen that the hematological changes of acute ricin poisoning are slightly different from those of chronic poisoning. Ricinine 160mg or ricin 7mg in castor bean can cause adult death. Some people think that ricin is 22 times more toxic than hydrocyanic acid, and its 1g can kill 3600 people. Break the seed shell and choose the kernel to use.
(1) Lei Gong's baking theory: Where castor seeds are made, they must be boiled in salt soup for a long time, peeled and taken for study.
2 "herbal misunderstanding": castor bean, made without iron. ① Treatment of Facial Paralysis Castor was shelled and mashed into mud, which was applied to the affected mandibular joint and mouth corner (about 0.3 cm thick) and fixed with gauze bandage. Change the dressing every day 1 time. 3 cases were cured within 10 days. Excerpts from Chinese Materia Medica
(2) Poisons contained in poisoned castor beans are destroyed by heating. Therefore, most poisoning patients occur after eating raw food. There were 3 cases of persistent vomiting and abdominal pain after taking 2 ~ 7 castor beans, of which 1 case had severe confusion, showing symptoms such as dehydration, cold hands and feet, dilated pupils and slow response to light. After routine treatment and symptomatic treatment, they all recovered gradually. 1. Treatment of furuncle and carbuncle: more than 20 castor beans are shelled, mashed into mud and boiled with a little salt, and applied to the affected area twice a day. (Fujian folk herbs)
2. Initial treatment of carbuncle: one peeled castor bean and four rosin. Mash castor beans, add rosin powder, stir well, stir with boiling water to make paste, and cool with cold water to make paste for later use. When in use, the white plaster is spread on paper or cloth according to the size of the sore surface and pasted on the affected part. (Selected data of new medical methods of Chinese herbal medicines in Liaoning)
3. Treatment of scrofula: Stir-fry castor beans, peel them, chew them up, take three or two tablets before going to bed, and gradually increase them to more than a dozen tablets. (materia medica)
4. Treatment of sore throat: hemp seed (peeled) 1 capsule, 5 grams of nitrate. The same research, the new pumping for a service, even into the second and third services. (medical standard)
5. Treatment of laryngitis: Ma Zi, mash the meat, make it into a paper roll and smoke it. (The True Story of Medicine: The Holy Chimney)
6. cure all bones: seven castor beans. Shelling, grinding, adding into cold water stone powder, winding to make it wet, taking 10 ~ 15g bamboo stick into throat, and swallowing with water. (Biography of Wei Family)
7. Cure furuncle, finger contracture, unbearable pain between joints, and gradually break: 50 grams of castor (peeled) and 50 grams of coptis (filed like beans). Soak a small bottle in a liter of water for three days in spring and summer and five days in autumn and winter, then take a castor bean, break it and soak it in the liquid medicine. When it is flat, it will gradually increase to four or five yuan, and it may make a small profit. Add more water to the bottle. Avoid moving wind and food. (medical standard)
8. Treatment of soup fire injury: castor bean and clam powder are divided equally. Grinding paste Use oil for soup damage and water for fire sores. ("Health Care Essentials")
9. Treatment of dog bites: 50 castor beans. Shelling, grinding with well water, washing and biting with salt water first, and then using sesame paste. (pocket square towel)
10. Treatment of unbearable headache: frankincense and castor beans are equally divided. Mash the cake and stick it on the temples on the left and right sides. (summary)
1 1. Treatment of infantile rectocele hernia: three castor beans, thirty Gangzi (peeled), one Sek Yin-Tsi (burned), talc (powder) and musk (ground). The five ingredients are mashed and ground evenly, and the batter and pills are very thin, such as mung beans. Take fifteen capsules each time, hollow, and decoct with Deng Xin soup. ("Shengji Zonglu" Ricinus communis pill)
12. treatment of asthma and cough: castor beans are shelled and fried, and sweets are eaten and eaten more. ("Healthy Simple Prescription")
13. Treatment of dystocia and premature delivery: seven castor beans. Grind into ointment, apply it on the soles of feet, clothes and clothes, and then wash it off quickly. (Provisions on Collection and Inspection at Sea)
14. You can still have a fetus after giving birth: three castor seeds and four croton seeds. Grind, add a little musk, and stick it to the umbilical heart. (The Medic's Treasure)
15. Treatment of uterine prolapse: castor seed, dried alum, etc. Finally, put it on the paper, still use 14 pieces of castor kernel to grind the cream and spread it on it. (Picking Fiona Fang)
16. Treatment of violent proctoptosis: 50 grams of castor bean. Rotten pestle for paste, twisted into a cake, two fingers wide, paste on the mouth; For example, proctoptosis with yin syndrome, according to the previous statement, raw aconite powder, onion and garlic are ground into paste. (castor oil paste from "Living a Young Heart Book")
17. Treatment of mouth-eye deviation; Seventy-seven castor seeds. When making a cake, the right side is placed in the center of the left hand and the left side is placed in the center of the right hand, but the copper pot is filled with hot water, and the dressing is changed when it is cold, and it is right for five or six times. (secret recipe for women)