This used to be an eternal wasteland. In order to find a way to solve the food problem for China people, from 1947 to now, millions of people have devoted themselves to the embrace of the black land! This is the world-famous Great Northern Wilderness. After more than half a century's hard struggle, development and construction, the former Great Northern Wilderness has now become a great northern barn with boundless fertile soil, fragrant rice and wheat and towns facing each other.
In the past 60 years, Heilongjiang Reclamation Area has produced 363.9 billion Jin of grain beans and handed over 253.8 billion Jin of commercial grain to the state. It has become an important national commodity grain base, strategic grain reserve base and modern agricultural demonstration base, and is known as the "China granary" for the country to "grasp, adjust and respond to emergencies".
Despite the severe natural disasters, the total output of grain and beans in Heilongjiang reclamation area in 2006 still reached 22.64 billion Jin, up 10.4% year-on-year. Commodity grain exceeded 20 billion Jin for the first time, with a year-on-year increase of 10.9%. It is understood that the coverage rate of agricultural standardization in reclamation area is 100%, and the implementation of agricultural standardization has accelerated the transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in reclamation area, and the comprehensive production capacity has been continuously improved.
In late July, the reporter went to the second operation station of the fourth management area of the 852nd Farm of Hongxinglong Branch in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area, and talked with Ai Hongwei, the deputy stationmaster who was busy in the rice field. The 200-mu rice high-yield research field he contracted is the large green land in front of him. He told reporters that seedling raising, sowing, planting and fertilization were all implemented according to the design plan at the beginning of the year. From the design scheme standing on the edge of the field, the reporter saw that they made predictions and solutions for any situation that would happen at each stage of rice growth. This field operation mode of "engineering design and factory management", which was first put forward by the 852 Farm, has been popularized in the whole reclamation area. The whole process of production, supply and marketing of agricultural production is designed in advance by using the principle of system engineering, and the objectives are determined, plans are made, costs are budgeted, output is designed and profits are locked.
Since 2004, Heilongjiang Reclamation Area has introduced a large number of large-scale intelligent agricultural machinery with unique advantages in conservation tillage and energy saving from abroad, equipped 200 demonstration zones of modern agricultural machinery, and implemented precision agriculture with high-powered agricultural machinery as the carrier. These modern agricultural machinery integrate satellite positioning, automatic navigation, precision sowing and variable fertilization, and complete six operations of subsoiling, shallow tillage, soil preparation, sowing, soil conservation and suppression at one time, greatly improving agricultural productivity in reclamation areas. By the end of 2006, the reclamation area had a total power of 4.723 million kilowatts of agricultural machinery, forming the largest agricultural machinery group in China from field to yard and from underground to sky. The comprehensive mechanization rate of field work is more than 50 percentage points higher than that of the whole country, which has realized the transformation from primary agricultural mechanization to higher level agricultural mechanization.
On the land number of Cui Yonglong, the 854th farm, which is known as the largest family farm in China, several high-powered harvesters run in it, passing by neatly harvested wheat stalks. Unable to conceal the joy brought by the bumper harvest, Cui Yonglong proudly told reporters that he bought all these machines himself, and only one set of American Case 2388 harvester (thresher) cost more than two million yuan. Moreover, the driver can complete all operations in a suit and tie in a fully enclosed cab with air conditioning.
A high degree of agricultural mechanization has created labor productivity comparable to that of the world. At present, the agricultural labor force in Heilongjiang reclamation area produces 35.4 tons of grain per capita, which is higher than the level of 28 tons in developed countries. Laojun created an agricultural added value of 32,000 yuan, and the average income reached1.396,654.38+0 yuan. Heilongjiang reclamation area produces one-third of the province's grain with one-fifth of the province's land, of which the commodity volume accounts for one-half of the province's and one-quarter of the inter-provincial grain.
There are 104 farms in Heilongjiang reclamation area, all over the land of Longjiang, belonging to 9 agricultural reclamation sub-bureaus. Nowadays, these nine "former armies" adapt to local conditions. You produce "rice" and I raise "cattle", seeking survival with characteristics and development with industry. A number of leading industrial groups such as cattle industry, rice industry and potato industry came into being, and the industrial layout of "one bureau, one product" in Heilongjiang reclamation area was formed.
Garden-style factory, modern factory, this is the word that flashed in the reporter's mind when he walked into Wellcome Food Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Jiusan Oil Co., Ltd. Zhang Shulin, director of the office, proudly told the reporter: "Our company's products have developed from pure soybean processing to intensive soybean processing."
The industry in Heilongjiang reclamation area is gradually developed with the establishment of farms. At the beginning of farm construction, most of the industries in the reclamation area were "small grain and oil, small repairs, small building materials, small wine making and small milk powder", and the farms were all "five small". These small and scattered agricultural products processing industries cannot bear the heavy responsibility of affecting the economic transformation of reclamation areas. Since 2000, Heilongjiang Agricultural Reclamation Bureau has established a number of enterprises with excellent equipment, strong influence and promising market prospects, which have become bigger and stronger, forming a pattern of agricultural industrialization management.
Taking advantage of Dalian's raw material advantages, domestic and foreign trade advantages, Tianjin's Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan market advantages and Guangxi's port advantages, Jiusan Oil Group has successively set up holding companies in Dalian, Tianjin and Fangchenggang, Guangxi, with an annual processing capacity of 6,543,800 tons of soybeans, ranking among the top 500 enterprises in China and the third in the same industry in the world. The slaughter production line of 65438+ 10,000 beef cattle with the investment of/kloc-0.90 billion yuan in Beidahuang cattle industry took only/kloc-0.50 days from the end of April 2005 to the year when it was completed and put into operation, creating a new speed for similar enterprises that were put into production, certified and went abroad that year. The potato industry in the Great Northern Wilderness began in 2005. In 2006, it set three "best in the country" and exported 3,000 tons that year. Beidahuang Rice Industry reorganized the assets of rice processing enterprises in reclamation areas to form a joint force. Now it has 58 internationally leading polished rice production lines, with an annual processing capacity of 2.65 million tons of rice and an annual production capacity of 6.5438+700 million tons of polished rice, making it the largest professional rice processing enterprise in China.
It is understood that enterprises in Heilongjiang reclamation area spend more than 2% of their sales revenue on product research and development every year. Since 2000, 52 key technical transformation projects have been launched in the reclamation area, with a total investment of 610.30 billion yuan. A number of high-standard and high-level key technological transformation projects have been put into production one after another, which has promoted the industrial level of enterprises. Today's Great Northern Wilderness has completely bid farewell to the original agricultural products. At present, Heilongjiang reclamation area has more than 20 domestic leading core technologies such as soybean isoflavone, vitamin E, milk treasure and freeze-dried powder injection.
Sixty years ago, when100000 demobilized officers and men set foot on the ancient wasteland of the Great Northern Wilderness, the horse rack and cellar were the places where these heroic officers and men settled down. Sixty years later, 140 new towns with modern flavor are scattered all over the vast land of 57,600 square kilometers in the Great Northern Wilderness. After 60 years of wind and rain, the people of the Great Northern Wilderness fully enjoyed the fruits of reform and development and lived a happy life as urban people.
Cao Lianlong, a farm worker in the Seventh Administrative Region who has lived in 857 Farm for more than 40 years, witnessed the development of this once closed town into such a developed traffic and clean town. "Ten years ago, when it rained, the dirt road became a dirt road. People outside can't get in, and people inside can't get out. " Now, in front of the reporter, it is a flat cement road leading to the company, with green pine and cypress trees on both sides of the road and a uniform villa community. On the 850 farm, when the reporter strolled in the lotus pond, he felt the comfort brought by the trees in midsummer, and at the same time he felt the excitement of farm workers living in villas of different shapes ... All this in their eyes made the reporter lament the great changes brought here in the past 60 years.
Heilongjiang Reclamation Area aims at building the northern garden ecological town group, repositioning the scale, layout and function of the towns in the reclamation area, and striving to build five national first-class modern small cities with a population of about 65,438+10,000; There are 50 first-class and high-standard modern small towns in the province with a population of about 6.5438+0 million; There are 500 administrative districts with a population of about 1, serving the modern agriculture with the characteristics of reclamation areas, forming an urban-rural integrated town layout with the central town of the sub-bureau as the core and the key towns of the farm as the backbone, and radiating the administrative districts.
In the process of urban construction, Heilongjiang reclamation area always puts ecological environment construction in the first place. Around the goal of barrier around the city, landscaping of main roads, landscaping of public communities and greening of living areas, we will vigorously carry out afforestation and greening projects and strive to build a room, a green space and a green line. 93 Agricultural Reclamation City has formed an ecological protection forest belt with a width of 100 meters around the urban area, and Baoquanling Agricultural Reclamation City has planted green trees on all the streets in the urban area. It is understood that during the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, 56 parks were built or expanded in Heilongjiang Reclamation Area. A relatively large 40-hectare park in Jiusan Agricultural Reclamation City, a 10-hectare park in Sanjiang Agricultural Reclamation City and a 22-hectare park in Hongxing Agricultural Reclamation City have been built. Using natural conditions, a number of water parks have been built, such as 859, 856, Hailin, Nenjiang Farm and Baoquanling Shangzhi Park.
Beidacang became the Great Northern Wilderness.
The "Beidacang", which is famous for its fertile soil and abundant food, is now becoming criss-crossed by a large number of soil erosion. According to experts' prediction, if left unchecked, the black soil layer will basically disappear after 50 years, and "Beidacang" may degenerate into a veritable "Great Northern Wilderness", which will have a great impact on China's grain production capacity.
Beidacang, located in the northeast of China, is one of the three famous black soil belts in the world. At the initial stage of reclamation, the depth of black soil layer is 0.6- 1 m. People describe the black soil here as "an oil can flow out with one hand". However, only after more than 50 years, the black soil layer here is almost half thin, and only a thin layer is left in some places, and the color is slowly changing from black to yellow. Some places have even become barren places full of sand and stones.
Zhou Lianren, deputy dean of the College of Resources and Environment of Northeast Agricultural University, said sadly: "Now the surface layer of black soil is 0.5- 1 cm per year, and it takes 400 years to form the surface layer of 1 cm. If left unchecked, the black soil area will become the second loess plateau. "
Pan Shusen, deputy director of the Department of Soil and Water Conservation of the Water Resources Department of Heilongjiang Province, said that due to both natural and man-made reasons, the area of 65.438+0.4 billion mu of cultivated land in Heilongjiang Province has now reached 80 million mu. At present, 6.5438+0.4 million mu of cultivated land has disappeared under the erosion of 6.5438+0.4 million gullies.
In Fangping Town, Bin County, where soil erosion is serious, the reporter saw a large erosion ditch winding on the mountain. People stood by the ditch and looked at the snow more than 5 meters thick at the bottom of the ditch, feeling that the soil under their feet might collapse at any time. Zhang Runru, a cadre of Binxian Water Affairs Bureau, said: "This ditch was formed in the 1970s, and it is getting bigger and bigger. Now it has grown into a big ditch more than 300 meters long and 20 meters wide. "
The massive loss of black soil not only causes the decline of soil fertility, but also causes ecological problems. As a result of sediment discharge, many reservoirs in Heilongjiang Province have changed from "bowls" when they were just built to "vegetables" now, which seriously affected the normal play of reservoir benefits. The riverbed of Songhua River in Harbin is 30-50 cm higher than that of 50 years ago. Experts pointed out that if the black soil on the surface of cultivated land disappears, the rest will be loess loam with high clay content and extremely low organic matter content, and crops can hardly grow.
Guo Chunjing, vice president of Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, said: "Persistent and large-scale soil erosion has destroyed valuable agricultural resources and ecological environment, and damaged the comprehensive agricultural production capacity of Beidacang. If effective measures are not taken in time, it is likely to endanger China's long-term food security. "
At present, the massive loss of black soil has attracted the attention of relevant departments. The water conservancy department of Heilongjiang Province has taken measures to curb soil erosion in some counties and cities, and achieved certain results. However, due to the limited strength, the problem of black land loss is still very prominent while controlling. Experts call for controlling soil erosion involving agriculture, forestry, water conservancy and other departments. If all departments can form a joint force, they can get twice the result with half the effort.