One of the characteristics of Manchu is that his cruelty can be imaginative, and he can do things that others can't imagine. The coastal border movement is an example.
People who like to praise the Manchu Dynasty like to quote an imperial edict of Kangxi, "Since Qin built the Great Wall, Han, Tang and Song have built it repeatedly. Was it endless at that time? " At the end of the Ming Dynasty, our Taizu soldiers marched in, and all the roads collapsed, so there was nothing to do. It can be seen that the only way to defend the country is to protect the people of Xiu De. People have fun, the country wins, and the side is solid. The so-called' unity is strength' is also true. "
This passage is really magnificent, magnificent, and the best decission is just right. It is no wonder that a man named Wang Bendao was weak in worship, prostrated himself in spiritual worship, and praised the saints from the heart and lasted forever. How disgusting can it be? Here's the thing: "The words of Emperor Kangxi, such as Huang Zhong and Lu, more than 300 years ago did have a strong shock wave on my long-standing' Great Wall Complex'. It was this Kangxi who insisted on establishing friendly relations with the northern minorities from the idea of "the daughter of Xiu De". It was the enlightenment and opening up of Kangxi that led to a prosperous stage in the history of China.
It is also the wisdom of Kangxi, which ended the construction of the Great Wall that lasted for more than 2,000 years in Chinese history.
After reading this, I really feel that time and space are reversed. I suspect that what I saw was not the speech of modern people, but the authentic Manchu slave owners and royal literati who crossed just visiting more than 300 years ago and now make speeches!
We don't have to doubt the sincerity of those who say these things. When he said these words, he didn't feel sick or blush. On the contrary, he feels relaxed, very pious and maybe even a little excited. Slavery to this point is really deep into the bone marrow.
But the historical facts are merciless after all, which makes such shameless literati very embarrassed. It is a fact that Kangxi did not build the Great Wall. However, the Manchu people entered the customs because of the collusion of the upper rulers of Manchuria and Mongolia, and they entered the Central Plains to burn, kill and plunder and enslave the people. All that remains is how to share the spoils. It doesn't use the Great Wall. Naturally, I wouldn't care about this fortress that used to stop them from killing and robbing at will. The Great Wall in the north exists in name only, but under the rule of Emperor Kangxi, who is full of grandiose words, the whole coastal area of China has been built for more than 20 years, but an invisible and even tangible Great Wall has been built, which lags far behind the Great Wall in scale and coverage.
Most of the history books don't mention coastal relocation, and even if they do, they are mostly understated and brushed aside, as if they were insignificant and irrelevant. But I personally think that the significance of this incident has been seriously underestimated, and its brutality, horror and historical influence are unprecedented. This is not only a great event in the history of China, but also a great event in the history of the world. If we want to list the most important and far-reaching events 100 in human history, Manchu coastal relocation should be on the list.
What exactly is coastal migration? To put it simply, it took more than 20 years to turn China from one of the countries with the longest coastline in the world into a landlocked country. Specifically, the Manchu government designated a coastal area (from about 30 miles to 40 miles, 50 miles, or even 200 miles), set up boundary markers, and even built boundary walls to force the coastal residents in this area to move. Those who dare not move will be killed without forgiveness, and those who dare to cross the border will be killed without forgiveness. In a word, let the whole coast of China, 30 to 200 miles from the seaside, become a no-man's land. During this period, if the rulers of the Qing court felt that they were moving too close to the sea, they would continue to order them to move further, and their fear of the sea had reached a morbid level. According to the records in the History of Nan Ming Dynasty
"In February of the first year of Kangxi, Guangdong migrated coastal residents, and the Qing court sent two ministers, Ke Kun and Jia Shan, to inspect the coast", which made the coastal people know that they had migrated five miles inland to help Taiwan Province Province. So the soldiers broke through the border and lived there for three days, emptying their people. In the second year of Kangxi, China's adult came to patrol the border and then moved the people. "Jiayin (Kangxi three years) moved to Panyu, Shunde, Xinhui, Dongguan and Xiangshan coastal people." At first, the border was close, then it was far away, and then it was far away. It was settled in three steps. "
How does the process of coastal movement proceed? Is it like the Three Gorges immigrants now, first resettle the immigrants and give them appropriate economic compensation, and then move the residents out step by step? Don't! The process of coastal migration is not so much immigration as unprecedented slaughter and plunder.
According to the records of the people at that time, "the detention period is only three days, and those who are far away don't know, and those who are near don't believe it." After more than two days, I rode there one by one. For a while, the rich abandoned it, while the poor looked after the kettle, his wife and children, carrying a bucket of rice and a pile of manuscripts, and looked at the door. From Jiangsu and Zhejiang to Fujian and Guangdong, thousands of miles of fertile soil were donated as wormwood, and the indigenous people were moved. "
Translated into vernacular, it means moving within three days. People far away have no time to know the news, and people near will not believe it even if they know the news. Two days later, the army cavalry arrived, so the rich people abandoned their wealth, and the poor people took their wives and children with pots and were all displaced. From Jiangsu and Zhejiang to Fujian and Guangdong, thousands of miles of fertile soil along the coast have all turned into wild Artemisia.
It is conceivable that even if modern people intend to implement it, the specific operation preparation will certainly not be completed in three days. But at that time, the coastal residents of China were forced to leave their homeland without any warning, and their tragic situation was unknown.
At that time, people described it as "that day, my wife walked away, took her bedroom and set fire to it, leaving no rubble." When a man is half dead, he draws a picture on his pillow. It is the first or second person who can reach the mainland. Stone has no food and is starving at present. ……"
In other words, when they moved, more than half of the coastal residents died, and less than 20% of the people left, even if they could go to the mainland, were not far from starvation.
While moving, it is burning. "Later, the army rode the Red Club, the rocket burned its house, and the people's emperors were animals and birds, and the fire did not go out for several months. And thousands of warships of the water army also burned at the same time, saying,' money is useless.' "
The burning of houses and warships was really thorough.
For residents who refuse to move, it is a word of "killing". The rulers of the Qing court and their lackeys were never soft in this respect.
"When the people in charge of Xiangshan County in Guangdong moved, the people loved the soil more. Mountains are high and valleys are deep, and there are many Tibetans. " "... plan to lure Yue to read it and report it to the government for permission. All fools believe it. Lian Po, commander-in-chief of Jisheng Nale, named and ordered the people to camp from the front and leave from the back. If you enter, you will kill, and no one can escape. After the re-demarcation, the bones were everywhere, and the natives were buried in a mound. The tree was called Long Mu's Tomb. Mulong, Chen Jia is also a code word. "
Not only did the house burn down, but people were killed, and even trees and grass were not built. Japan's "Three Lights" policy is an order of magnitude worse than that of the Qing Dynasty.
"When the radio moved, a civilian worker emerged, pushing the official system out of bounds, tearing down the house and tearing down the wall, and the people suppressed the dead. This is a desolate scene. The order to cut down trees was issued, which led to years of rounds of yu zhang, thousands of fruit trees in the forest, and countless folded pines and cypresses. ..... In March, the border guards were cut green, so that there was nothing left on the ground. "
As for why we should cut down trees, we should kill all the pine and cypress trees, which probably means preventing the use of anti-Qing and sight-restoring forces at sea. The thoroughness and imagination of the rulers of the Qing court are really amazing. Unfortunately, those western missionaries who came to China in the Ming Dynasty recorded that the vast coastal areas of China in the Ming Dynasty were full of flowers and birds, with forests, fruit trees and pine and cypress in groups, and the bustling scene disappeared under the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
Of course, the process of going to the border is accompanied by painting, establishing and maintaining the border. "Draw a line first and straighten it. In the meantime, some abandoned a house and a half, and some broke a house. Dig a deep ditch, not inside or outside. Take one more step and death will follow. "
The Qing court did not even let go of the river, and its ferocity was indeed unprecedented.
In order to prevent the slow progress, the Qing government sent troops to cut off all the rivers entering the sea and nailed stakes on the rivers to prevent ships from crossing. For example, in Fujian Province, "the water that enters the sea, namely, the Pandu River, the Tongjing River, the Liancun River, the Yangwei River, the Damei River, the Chitou River, the Xiao Yun River and the Rikaixi River, are all broken and guarded". Four gates were originally built in Baijuchang, Xinghua County, northern Jiangsu Province, to adjust the river water in Huaiyang area to the sea according to the drought and flood situation. Although "the white pony farm is far away from the sea, not along the border", the Qing government brazenly ordered the land to be filled up, "so that the field would be flooded without water", making water conservancy a flood. "
Even Hainan Island, located in the sea, was forced by the Manchu Dynasty to isolate residents and stay away from the sea. The whole island is "surrounded by a boundary of 2,700 miles, but the Haikou Ferry remains unchanged, and the fish and salt path cannot be broken."
Anyone who dares to cross the line will be killed without forgiveness. Looking at the records at that time, there was indeed a feeling of shock. "Every place hangs a card that says: Whoever dares to go out of bounds will be beheaded!" "If you cross the border a few steps, you will be beheaded." "Shanghai residents moved into a place within 20 miles of the city, and the earth wall was built 20 miles away. Inch boards are not allowed to go into the sea, and are not allowed to swim out of bounds. Soldiers patrol the border from time to time. Those who cross the border will be beheaded in case of patrol. " The History of Nanming gives a special example of Zhang An, general manager of Huangshi, Putian County. "Every patrol sentry out of bounds only carries a knife, and everyone will be killed. ..... crossing the border for more than ten years, killing thousands of people. " In the same book, Qu Dajun's "Guangdong Xinyu" was quoted as saying that the situation in Guangdong Province "starts from Humen in the east and reaches Fangcheng in the west, with a land of more than 3,000 miles, which is considered as a big world. Those who walk out of the fence will be executed and slaughtered. And people go out of the wall by mistake, and the dead don't know geometry. Since the beginning of eastern Guangdong, the disaster of life has been even worse. "
"From the beginning of eastern Guangdong, the disaster of life is even worse than this." Sadism in the Qing court was really extreme. I just don't understand why this is such a tragic event, but it has been deliberately ignored and covered up. What is the reason?
Coastal relocation has been implemented for more than 20 years, most of which was under the rule of Kangxi. If the previous years had nothing to do with Kangxi, the rest of the time Kangxi was the culprit. On the one hand, this man boasted that "the will of the people, the country will win, and the border will be solid", on the other hand, it was under his rule that the so-called boundary wall was built. It turns out that the coastal relocation is just a stockade, a fence and an earthen wall. It was under the rule of Kangxi that the boundary wall was formally built. It really intends to wrap China in it, completely isolated from the sea. The following is a record of the history of Nanming.
"(Kangxi seven years) in the first month, people from the northern and southern oceans laid the boundary wall, from Jiangkou to Fengting. The wall is four feet wide and six feet high, and each household is planned to be two feet and one foot. A watchtower was built at the border, and a boundary river bank was built when it met the sea. "
"Regarding the fortresses stationed at the border, Fujian calls them villages and docks, and Guangdong calls them platforms and docks. The general situation is:' Because the border is cut off, considering that there are no people who are forbidden to enter and leave, they will build four villages and dozens of docks along the border and set up military guards. Villagers outside the city collect silver from households and do things according to the order. ..... a village, three or four daughters, a pier and a half. I know how many people died when I was whipped. "The village is 160 feet wide and the dock is 10 feet wide. One pier in five miles, one platform in ten miles, five soldiers on the pier and six soldiers on the stage. No one is allowed to go out. "
At that time, Lu Reteng said in a poem:
"It's cold in the west, and men and women support each other.
To Jiang Anshi? Hide your face and cry on the roadside.
Hu riding a strict drive, gram day can not be recorded.
Make sure that the land near the sea is a lush grassland.
The rich suddenly became poor and the poor were torn to pieces.
There is no abyss for fishing, and there is no place for fishing.
The mainland is full of worries, and the mother-in-law should be in Boxi.
Gathering people is easy to cause confusion, and you are crowded with hunger.
It is said that generals can dig long trenches and erect drums.
Preventing the sea is like preventing the edge and preventing fatigue.
If you lose confidence, who can make you lose everything? "
Among them, these two sentences are particularly wonderful. "I heard that a long ditch will be dug and a drum will be erected." It's hard and embarrassing to keep the sea like a border. The phrase "guarding the sea like guarding the border" truly depicts the bizarre degree of cruelty and cruelty of the Qing court. Use "guarding the sea like guarding the border" to compare Kangxi's grandiose hypocritical rhetoric that "the way to protect the country lies in safeguarding the people of virtue." If people are happy, the country will win and the border will be solid. Isn't the so-called "unity is strength" a particularly absurd feeling? Shouldn't those shameless literati who enthusiastically praised saints and died for the early death of the Manchu emperor be ashamed to death?
What is the scope of coastal relocation? Gu Cheng quoted Ruan Minxi's Notes on the Sea as saying that "from Liaodong to Guangdong, there was no migration, short walls were built, boundary markers were erected, troops were deployed to guard, people who went through customs died, and hundreds of millions of people died of unemployment and displacement".
"Fujian Governor Yao Qisheng said in his memorial:' On that day, due to the rampant piracy in Fujian, he planned to move to the border, and because of the spread of thieves, he stopped moving to the border of a province in Fujian, which was not enough to trap thieves, so he moved to the borders of Guangdong, Zhejiang, Jiangnan, Shandong and Beizhi provinces. At the junction of five provinces, the disaster began with Zheng thief in Fujian. According to this record, at that time, Zhili, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong provinces were ordered to move to the sea (according to the current provinces, Guangxi and Hainan coastal areas were also included). "
That is to say, judging from the experience of the people at that time and the official policies formulated by the Qing court, from Liaodong in the north to Guangxi and Hainan in the southernmost part of China, they all moved along the coast.
Ruan Minxi's Sea Story says that the number of civilian deaths caused by coastal relocation is "hundreds of millions", that is, hundreds of millions. Is this figure exaggerated? I don't think it is an exaggeration. According to the statistics estimated by historians and demographers from various aspects, there should be no great doubt that the population of China was around 200 million in the late Ming Dynasty (the statistics of the Ming Dynasty itself were more than 50 million). How many people were left in China in the early Qing Dynasty? According to the statistics of Manchu rulers, it is more than10 million, even if multiplied by 4, it is only less than 80 million. In fact, the Manchu dynasty was not as loose as the Ming government. Under their extremely strict and cruel rule, their demographic data should only be falsely reported to the top for whitewashing, and will not be deliberately underestimated. So even if the estimate is extremely high, it will be about 40 million. Compared with the end of the Ming Dynasty, it definitely decreased by about1.60 billion, most of which were civilians killed by the Qing court. The population density in coastal areas is much higher than that in other areas. The coastal relocation in Qing dynasty razed this area to the ground, and it is estimated that hundreds of millions of civilians were forced to die.
"History of Nanming" quoted the records of people at that time, and the situation in Guangdong was "
People who have been touched think that they will return soon and are unwilling to leave their own flesh and blood. It takes a long time and there is no plan for health. So the father and son abandoned each other and cried and shared. A bucket of millet, 100 yuan for a woman. ..... Its strong men went to the army, and the old and weak showed the ravine. Or the whole family drinks poison or throws all the money into the river. Some departments treat it as an ant, and they have no manners; Relatives regard it as sand, and there is no comprehensive friendship. So hundreds of thousands of people died in eight counties. "
In the fourth year of Kangxi, Li Lutai also said in his suicide note: "I am in Guangdong first, and the people still have money to live. Recently died of migration. " Li Lutai himself was an official slave of the Qing court. Of course, he did not deliberately exaggerate the motives of the situation. And note that this is his legacy, and only when he knows that he is dying will he dare to write it down. The so-called "dying due to migration, nine times out of ten", that is, 80% or 90% of people are dead, which is different from what Qu Dajun said earlier: "Since the establishment of eastern Guangdong, the disaster of life has been worse than this". You can know it's not an exaggeration. In their view, the great coastal migration in the Qing Dynasty was the greatest tragedy that all living things in Guangdong had ever encountered. I'm afraid this statement applies not only to Guangdong, but also to China as a whole.
How to estimate the loss caused by coastal relocation and how to estimate the huge impact caused by this incident is probably a problem that can never be solved. Since the Song Dynasty, coastal areas have gradually become the richest and most prosperous areas in China, and the above wealth has been accumulated by people living in coastal areas through thousands of years of continuous labor and development. Under the atrocities of the Qing court, in an instant, the wealth and productivity accumulated for thousands of years disappeared, and so did the manpower. In more than 20 years, China has changed from a coastal country to a landlocked country. The damage and sequelae it caused far exceeded a super-large-scale war. In the war, no matter how badly an area was destroyed, after all, there were people living and working on it, as well as houses and trees, some of which were preserved. However, the coastal relocation has turned the whole coast of China into a no-man's land and a white wasteland in 20 years. In the past, although the Ming government banned the sea for a short time, its nature was mainly aimed at the Japanese pirates, and its exchanges with Southeast Asia never stopped. This short-term ban is just a dead letter. From the founding of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Ming Dynasty, the overseas trade of the people never stopped. Throughout the Ming Dynasty, the maritime power of China people was growing, and the cultural and scientific exchanges with the West were never interrupted and strengthened. In the era of Zheng Chenggong's father, there was a tendency to completely overwhelm the maritime power of western colonial countries. Twenty years of coastal migration in Qing Dynasty is equivalent to uprooting China's civil maritime forces. This skill is really hot and unique, and its influence on China is not limited to these twenty years, but spread to two or three hundred years later. Imagine that the sea power cultivated and cultivated for thousands of years has been uprooted and swept away. How can it be restored?
Nowadays, people don't often ask why China has lagged behind the West in science, technology and economy in modern times, so different people have to find out the reasons. The answers are varied, such as Confucian civilization, agricultural civilization, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism, imperial examination system, and direct criticism of the Ming Dynasty.
In fact, such questions and answers are simply false questions and false answers, which are as absurd as a few nearsighted people can say the words on a distant plaque in order to compare their eyesight. As a result, the plaque is not hung at all, or even more ridiculous.
In fact, imagine that if Britain and Western Europe were in the embryonic stage of capitalism like China in the Ming Dynasty (their capitalist development and political philosophy theory were behind China in the Ming Dynasty at the same time), if they were ruled by barbarians like China and suffered the fate of a massacre in the most developed and prosperous cities, they would be ordered to leave their hair, and everyone would have to leave a braid, otherwise they would be killed without forgiveness. Suffering from such a terrible and appalling literary prison, for 20 years, a coastal area went to the border, and the coastal area became a no-man's land, 80% of the coastal residents were slaughtered, and the coastal trees and vegetation were destroyed. I wonder, what kind of bullshit capitalism will there be? If they develop faster than China, they will be damned.
Even the premise of comparison is inconsistent. Such a question is not a false question. What is this?
Just like two people now, A met a group of robbers, their heads were cut off and they died. B didn't meet a robber and lived healthily. Now a fool seriously asks: Why is A shorter than B? So more stupid people get together and answer this question seriously: some say that A doesn't pay attention to exercise, so he lives shorter than B; Some say, wrong, A is excessive exercise, so it is short-lived; Some say that A has a short life because of heart disease, some say that A has high blood pressure, some say that A is weak after drinking too much, and some say that A smokes. More simply, A is born with genetic defects, and short life is just a matter of course. Unfortunately, these fools just don't want to think, if B's head was cut off, would he still be alive? Since you can't live, what are the reasons why these are not bullshit?
In fact, I really want to ask a question, which should be why China was invaded and slaughtered by hunting nomads who were far behind their own civilization at that time, but there was no such nation next to Britain and western European countries at that time. Is it because of the objective factors of geographical conditions or other reasons? This is a realistic question worth asking!