Xielu Villa is a private garden in the Republic of China, formerly known as Shu Ren Bookstore, also known as Xielu Garden. Built in 1920, it took 20 years to build.
Learning books to keep fit is enjoyable and has its own pride.
Xueru Manor is not an ordinary manor. Lu, the owner of the manor, gave the manor a clear purpose of running a school at the beginning of its establishment-establishing school books and cultivating talents. Lu, who was born in Shanghai, attaches great importance to reading, as can be seen from the original name of the villa "Shu Ren Bookstore" and the inscription on the main entrance of the academy "Shu Qi entertains my white head with three cars, and then plants 100,000 flowers to decorate this green hill". To build a manor, we should not only "entertain ourselves" with books, but also cultivate future generations and benefit our hometown. The couplets at the entrance of Shu Ren Hall, the main building of the villa, also expressed the master's mind in a gentle way: "Flowers and colors are fascinating, and the sound of books is often accompanied by the third night of the month." Seeing such couplets, I vaguely smelled the book's brightness. In fact, I once had the experience of running a school and educating people in the manor. 1944 After the Japanese invaders invaded Luchuan, the Heping Middle School he founded moved into the villa. It is said that there used to be thousands of books in Lizhuang. Unfortunately, it was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, and the sound of reading was only heard in imagination.
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The garden innovation of "Chinese style and western use" pays attention to practicality
In the northeast of Xielu Villa, there are more than 20 hectares of mountain sightseeing parks, which are not only ten times as large as the homestead, but also the layout is opposite to the homestead. It is an open space dominated by natural ecology with few artificial axes. There are lush green trees and many flowers and trees in the park. Set up nearly ten miles of sightseeing trails, which can climb gently along the contour line; There are several doorways in the road to delimit the landscape, and the door frame is an excellent landscape frame; There are also several brick pavilions on the roadside, which can stand, point and write the name of the scenery, and have the functions of resting, sheltering from the rain and enjoying the cool. Climb high and overlook the rice fields around the park, as far as the eye can see In this environment, the natural spirit is comfortable and pleasant.
From the late Ming Dynasty to the present, the dominant idea of architecture is "Chinese is the body and external is the use", which emphasizes both "body" and "external" and "use". In the Yuanmingyuan in the late Qing Dynasty, under the premise of maintaining the traditional "style", the "West Building" scenic spots were arranged; At that time, a large number of arcade buildings began to be built in the south; From a distance, the building of the inclined road villa is similar to the "western coupon with columns", but it is not close at all. The coupon is not a semicircular arch, but an "arc arch" with irregular curvature and center. The arch foot does not fall on the column, but there is no column at all. It's just a small brick pier on the wall, similar in shape to the "overlord boxing" picked out by traditional wooden columns, which is used to support the arch foot, even on the colonnade. It can be seen that great efforts have been made in the word "use". The application of this kind of building technology in the construction of sloping villa can be seen at that time.
The building of the sloping road villa not only maintains the local characteristics, but also makes beneficial exploration and evolution in many technical details. For example, all purlins are replaced by brick walls, and some beams are replaced by arches. For another example, roof structures such as Shuibaoshan Ring, Shurentang and Huyinxuan have introduced the practice of adding "subcutaneous" on the edge of the gable at the top of the mountain through a bucket-shaped frame, which constitutes a form close to the rest of the mountain, further perfecting the practice of the roof at the intersection of the main roof and the "subcutaneous" roof.
In the selection of garden rockery materials, only the word "thin" is emphasized, and the words "wrinkle", "leakage" and "transparency" are not given priority; In the layout, it is well combined with houses, trees and mountains, but it is only a small amount of embellishment and is not used independently. The furniture in the village, such as rosewood carved double lion beds, is exquisite and simple, with the simplicity of Ming furniture and the exquisiteness of qing-style furniture, especially the decorative pattern of earth lions, which is the practice and application of "serving China and serving the outside world".
Scientific layout, continuous flowing water at the source
Gardens must have water. Besides beautification and appreciation, water for flood discharge, flood storage, flood control, drought prevention, drinking water, breeding and fire fighting should also be solved. Therefore, in the absence of modern water conservancy technology, the manor estimated the catchment area, flow and velocity according to experience and observation, and introduced the free fall of the mountain into the homestead. The canals in the villa are all made of bricks, and each mountain has corresponding canals and grit chambers. Its cross-section changes according to the velocity of different sections, and gradually increases from high to low according to the velocity of water flow. In this scientific layout, the landscape is introduced into the pond in the house garden, and then flows out from the house garden to ensure that the pool water is running water and reaches a clean and drinkable level. This roughly meets the requirements of modern times, so it still plays a normal role.
Digital landscape contains ingenuity.
The design of the villa is entirely by Lu, who built it according to the fairy cave described in Paradise Lost and the model of A Dream of Red Mansions, combined with the characteristics of Suzhou and Hangzhou gardens, and according to the local mountain layout and topography. From low to high, it overlaps with each other, has a strange shape and contains a profound philosophy of life. The landscape of the whole village is determined by the number of "one to nine": small doors, double fences, three floors, four doors in the garden, five rockeries, six houses, seven pools, eight pavilions and nine winding paths. Every word has its own scene, and every scene has its own meaning. A small door looks featureless from the outside, but when you step into the garden, there is a world of scenery everywhere. Double fences, there are gardens in the garden, fruit trees are planted in the outer garden and flowers are planted in the inner garden. Three-layer subject, which means "ternary harmony". Welcome to the lower floor, welcome guests; The middle floor is the lake hidden porch, which entertains guests; The upper floor is the Shu Ren Hall where students study. The gate of the square attracts tourists from all over the world. Five rockeries are like five mountains in the sky. Sixth hospital means that six parents are always there. Seven ponds, implying seven mirrors, were used by seven fairies to dress up and deify the villa. Eight pavilions, each with its own merits, are intended to be exquisite in all directions. For example, a winding path leads to a secluded place, such as the winding road of life, requires down-to-earth efforts and hard work. There is also a 12 swimming gate, which means running for twelve hours in a row. There is also a 5000-meter long corridor, which symbolizes the glorious course of our country for 5000 years.
Almost every household, pavilion and swimming gate in the village has couplets. Among the many buildings in this village, the main buildings are "Shadow Wall", "Huyin Xuan" and "Shu Ren Hall". The screen wall is a place to welcome guests, with a "7" shape on the plane, a single floor, a hanging mountain top, a blue tile cover, a gray sand ridge, a three-bay entrance, and a warning room as a passage. It sits east to west and has three horizontal rooms. Hu Yinxuan is located in the middle and lower part of the manor, which is the master's bedroom and library. It sits west to east and its window faces south. Rectangular plane, single-layer brick and wood structure, hanging from the top of the mountain, blue tile and gray sand ridge. On the front door of this house, from right to left, the three characters "Hu" are written in regular script, and the couplet reads: "You can fantasize about mountains and rivers with your literary mind, and you can live in the blessed land of heaven." Put an eaves gallery in front of the door and cloisters on the left and right. Shu Ren Hall, located in the center of the manor, is the place where the master collects books and the inspector's children study. It sits facing south, and its plane is rectangular. A two-story building with brick and wood structure is hung on the top of the mountain, covered with blue tiles and gray sand ridges. The lower floor of the house is three rooms wide, the warning room is a hall as a classroom, and the east and west rooms are teachers' living rooms. There is a brick abutment under this house, and 12 square brick columns stand evenly on the edge surface around the abutment, which is opposite to the awning surfaces protruding from the front and rear eaves and the left and right gables on the second floor, forming a cloister around the downstairs.
The building between Shurentang and Huyinxuan is surrounded by water on four sides, water on three sides (Hebaotang), mountain on one side, square in plane, brick and wood structure, resting on the top of the mountain, and eaves gallery on three sides. There is an ancient Roman palace corridor in the east, and eight arched corridors are arranged in a row, which enhances the sense of depth and beauty.
The eight pavilions are all brick and wood structures with their own characteristics. The folding willow pavilion is located near the small bridge at the second entrance, facing the gate and with an octagonal conical roof. It was modeled after "seeing Liu off by Wang Wei" as a place to bid farewell to guests. Li Anyun said: "Vientiane is to control things and make a fortune. It is illegal to shake hands with cranes alone." The Lotus Pavilion is located on both sides of the eyeglass pool, in the hexagonal pyramid-shaped roof, and is dedicated to enjoying the lotus. Xiaolan Pavilion, built in imitation of Huiji Lanting, is a place for literati to recite poems, talk about martial arts, discuss politics and comment on Taoism. Lian said, "There are mountains here. Looking down, the sky is very clear." . Liu Moting is located at the edge of the garden, sitting west to east. It is a square hut, where literati left poems and painted. Listening to Songtao Pavilion is located in the east of Shu Ren Hall, sitting in a square shape from east to west, with solid walls at the back and arched empty walls on the south, north and west sides, specially designed for listening to Songtao during recess. Lean against the cloud pavilion is located in the back hill of Shu Ren Hall, facing southwest, square and commanding, just like leaning against the cloud. Tangyin Pavilion is located in the upper left of Yi Yun Pavilion, east-west. The three walls of the square single-door pavilion are used to erect stone tablets. The Mid-Levels Pavilion is located halfway up the mountain, sitting east to west, a square hut with three empty walls. On the front wall, there is a plaque "Banshan Pavilion" and a couplet "If you ask about the future, this mountain is halfway, and the messenger hopes that people will grow for a hundred years."
There are seven ponds, namely loach pond (behind the second gate), garden pond (behind the pavilion), glasses pond (two in total, behind the "welcome"), purse pond (in front of the water mountain ring) and two goldfish ponds (next to Songtao Pavilion). These ponds are all dug by hand and reconstructed according to the original ravines. The main drainage channel of the villa passes through the pond, which can prevent flash floods in rainy days and store water in sunny days to prevent drought.
Although the buildings of Xielu Villa are not red walls and green tiles, they are natural and elegant, and they are native. The villa garden with unique southern characteristics is deep and tortuous, small and unique, and it is also a typical Hakka cultural building. The whole villa incorporates a philosophy of life aimed at teaching and educating people and encouraging future generations to work hard. With a large scale and exquisite layout, it is a rare garden building in Lingnan area. It is an important material evidence and historical data for studying the landscape architecture, Hakka culture, architectural characteristics and local celebrities in southern China. It is a rare cultural relic teaching material for patriotism and rigorous academic education for young people, which has high historical value and scientific research value.
Invest special funds to protect the villa as a whole.