abstract:
China Wushu, as an organic part of China traditional culture and a unique form of expression, has the cultural characteristics of philosophy, Wushu, fitness and entertainment, and is going to the world in the form of excellent national culture.
Key words:
Characteristics of Wushu Culture, Philosophical Attack and Development Prospect of Fitness and Entertainment in China
Introduction: Wushu is the treasure of China traditional culture, and it is a sport with rich connotation, various forms, independent system and diverse social functions. Wushu is also a bright pearl of oriental culture. At present, China Wushu has been widely spread around the world and has become an important part of the world sports culture.
First, the cultural characteristics of China Wushu
China Wushu, as an organic part of China traditional culture and a unique form of expression, on the one hand, it is interrelated and interacted with China's classical philosophy, political ethics, military thought, culture and art, medical theory and social customs, forming a splendid China culture as a whole; On the other hand, it reflects the basic characteristics of the whole China culture from one side.
The cultural characteristics of Wushu mainly include the following aspects.
1. Philosophy
China Wushu is a sport with the most national cultural characteristics. Its guiding ideology is China's traditional philosophy of "harmony between man and nature", so it is very philosophical. The concept of "harmony between man and nature" is a reflection of Taoist philosophical ontology. It is believed that man and nature are essentially connected, and man can only survive and develop if he conforms to nature. The thought of "the unity of man and nature" has brought a series of unity to China's traditional philosophy, such as the unity of form and spirit, the unity of subject and object, and the unity of qi and one thing ... "(Zhou Jizhi: On the formation of the thought mode of the unity of man and nature in the history of China's philosophy, see China Philosophical History, Zhejiang People's Publishing House 1985), which also laid the ideological foundation for China Wushu. First of all, Wushu training is to train people as a whole, paying attention to "practicing the spirit inside and the bones and muscles outside" and "integrating inside and outside, having both form and spirit". Moreover, put people into nature and closely link people's actions with the surrounding environment. Wushu practice needs different methods according to different seasons, hours and seasons. , according to the changes of nature and human function, to achieve the purpose of cultivation. For example, Sun Fuquan's Eight Diagrams Palm uses the method of heaven and earth climate, while Shaolin Eight Diagrams and Five Elements Gong practices different techniques according to different seasons. In addition, the concepts of "circle" and "emptiness" derived from the idea of "harmony between man and nature" are people's understanding of the natural characteristics of heaven and earth, so they are also the best way and realm of dynamic work. The circle is flexible, the void is light and unobstructed, and the circle and void are lively and endless. Therefore, many boxing methods are based on turning around and turning around, such as Emei Boxing and Tai Ji Chuan, which are characterized by turning around and turning around. Tai Ji Chuan, in particular, absorbed "too easy to have, and gave birth to two instruments" (Yijing) and "infinite Tai Chi, Tai Chi moves and gives birth to Yang; Tai Chi philosophy such as "moving the pole and being quiet, being quiet and giving birth to yin" (Zhou Dunyi: "Illustration of Tai Chi").
Because China Wushu contains profound philosophical thoughts and has the effect of nourishing the heart and nature, it has a wide influence on many countries in the world. For example, the infiltration of China's ancient body-building techniques, Qigong and Indian yoga, and the introduction of Shaolin Boxing into Japan and other countries in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are sufficient to show that the exchange between China Wushu and world sports culture is based on traditional ideas.
2. Attack and defense
The core of Wushu is attack and defense. Wushu's fitness function, entertainment function, competitive performance function and educational function are all realized through various external offensive and defensive technical actions designed based on the principle of offensive and defensive actions. For example, Tai Ji Chuan's main attack methods are shed, shoe, squeeze, press, pick, slap, elbow and lean; Xingyiquan consists of five basic boxing methods: split, collapse, drill, gun and horizontal. Long boxing takes kicking, hitting, throwing and taking as four strikes; Eight diagrams palm consists of eight methods: pushing, supporting, taking, leading, moving, blocking, locking and buckling. These instruments are used in different ways according to different types; There are various ways of playing in actual combat. Although each faction has different methods and principles of attack and defense, they all follow the laws of attack and defense and show their own characteristics of attack and defense. Wushu is different from other sports because of its offensive and defensive characteristics.
Judging from the history of Wushu development in China, Wushu has two forms of expression: attack and routine. Wushu is an antagonistic event such as Sanshou and Pushing Hands, which emphasizes practicality and has obvious offensive and defensive characteristics. Routine sports pay attention to the performance art effect. Pursuing aesthetic feeling, but still aiming at embodying the basic characteristics of Wushu, they strive to show realistic offensive and defensive actions and give people a meaningful feeling of fighting.
Wushu's means of attack and defense are diverse and profound, which has attracted the attention and absorption of many countries in the world. From the perspective of technical development, the competitive characteristics of China Wushu, as an important factor to promote the world, are increasingly recognized by people of insight in the international Wushu community.
Step 3 be healthy
People engage in martial arts practice, generally speaking, with fitness, fighting and practical skills as the main purpose. China's martial arts is a form of physical exercise, and it belongs to a part of human science, while China's human science is based on traditional medicine-Chinese medicine. China's traditional martial arts practice theory is based on the basic theories of traditional Chinese medicine, such as the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, the theory of meridians and the theory of Tibetan images. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, a person's spirit is three treasures. Essence and spirit are interrelated. "Exquisite spirit is full of energy, full of energy is full of spirit, full of spirit is healthy; Essence comes from qi, which is gasified into essence, refined into qi, and gasified into spirit "(Lin:" Class Syndrome Treatment "). Wushu training not only pays attention to the exercise of inner "spirit", but also emphasizes the exercise of offensive and defensive techniques and movements, and it is both internal and external, thus receiving the fitness effect of both internal and external training and strengthening the body. Tai Ji Chuan, for example, is based on the theory of Yin and Yang. Tai Chi gives birth to Yin and Yang, and Yin and Yang are combined into Tai Chi, which emphasizes the requirements of "dynamic and static", "combination of rigidity and softness", "combination of up and down", "combination of inside and outside" and "accumulation before development". In fact, it is the application of the law of yin and yang in different angles and methods, so as to achieve the coordination, order and balance of the functions of the viscera and meridians of the human body, consolidate the foundation and cultivate the yuan, and prolong life. According to the five elements theory of the combination of viscera and five elements, it is believed that the qi of collapse boxing originates from the liver and can practice the liver; Artillery boxing, whose qi originates from the heart, can practice the heart; The qi of horizontal boxing originates from the spleen, which can be practiced; Boxing, qi comes from the fu-organs, which can train the lungs; Drill fist, whose qi originates from kidney, can practice kidney. In recent years, standing pile exercise has become an effective fitness and health-keeping exercise, that is, based on "meridians", it makes blood circulate to nourish yin and yang and bones and muscles. The meridian theory of "benefiting joints" is based on physiology. Regular practice of this skill can also achieve the fitness purpose of dredging meridians, regulating viscera function and delaying aging.
It is the fundamental task of sports culture for people to strengthen their physique and improve their health through various means. Wushu has obvious fitness and health preservation value, and is increasingly recognized by people all over the world. This practical and rational values also provide a very favorable condition for China Wushu to go global.
amusement
China Wushu entered the field of entertainment and culture as early as the slave society. It has won the praise of people all over the world for its colorful performance content, superb skills and profound connotation, which is inseparable from the entertainment of Wushu itself. For thousands of years, Wushu has been reflected in the cultural life of all walks of life with its unique and distinctive entertainment.
The entertainment of Wushu includes two aspects: first, people get physical and mental pleasure from practicing Wushu and develop it among the public; Secondly, people get artistic enjoyment from watching martial arts, and the combination of martial arts with opera, dance, acrobatics, literature and film and television has left a deep and wonderful impression on people. With the development of modern science, technology and culture, people have more and more ways to entertain, and the methods to realize entertainment are more and more novel. Therefore, with the evolution of modern lifestyle and the improvement of people's understanding of the practical value of Wushu fitness and self-defense, the purpose of self-entertainment through practicing Wushu is decreasing, while the situation of watching Wushu entertainment is greatly increasing. The change of entertainment cultural characteristics of Wushu from individual to group and from closed to open is also conducive to promoting China Wushu to the world.
Throughout the history of human cultural development, China Wushu, like other foreign sports, is closely related to and influenced by the political, economic, technological and cultural development of the country and the nation. Therefore, China Wushu, like other foreign sports, is the product of social and cultural development and belongs to the category of world sports culture. Any excellent culture in history is not only the symbol of a highly developed country or nation, but also the cultural wealth of people all over the world. Therefore, I believe that in the near future, China Wushu will go to the world in the form of excellent national culture.
Second, the influence of Wushu on the world sports culture
In the long history, Wushu has existed and developed as a sports phenomenon and an elegant cultural phenomenon. It has rich cultural connotations and distinctive national characteristics. It is not only an important part of the excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, but also has a far-reaching impact on the world sports culture.
1. Boxing in some countries originated in China or was influenced by China Wushu.
(1) Judo. Some Chinese and Japanese scholars believe that China Wushu directly influenced the formation of Japanese judo. For example, Liang, a scholar from Taiwan Province Province, China, said, "According to legend, Yuan Yun actually passed on skills, but he softened them, which seemed to have existed in Japan before Yuan Yun's eastward crossing. Wing-chung Kwan and Guan Kou Ruan Xin are famous in China for their jujitsu. Yuan Yun's contribution is to improve judo. " Yuanyun lives in the Zhengguo Temple in Edo, and the ronin Fukuno Shiro Uemon, Kibe Jirozaemono, Miura and Jiemon live in the same temple. Yuan Yun taught Daming the martial arts of arresting people, and the three of them painstakingly studied it, spread all over the world and improved it repeatedly. They gradually mixed with Japanese jujitsu, and now it is more important than the sports world. (A Study of Liang: Chen Yuanyun, p. 95) For example, Professor Hideo Yamamoto of Waseda University said in his book Introduction to Judo: "There are various opinions in the works of various schools of Judo. One view is that Jiu Jitsu originated from the boxing in the Tang Dynasty in China, and it is a general term for the unarmed forms such as softness, harmony, body, joint, feet and boxing. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Yuanyun, who had studied martial arts in Shaolin Temple, went to Japan in the first half of the17th century, and taught China martial arts in Zhengguojiao in the south of Edo, which led to the extensive development of judo in Japan and the continuous increase of various schools since then ... "(Li Qibiao and Hao Chengduan compiled: Introduction to Judo, page 2) The most convincing thing is that there is also a section called like eyes Mountain Spring in Japan. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the Japanese rule Goro absorbed the strengths of various art schools, improved them and founded Judo. It has been popularized all over the world and listed as an Olympic event.
(2) karate. Osi Rongsan, president of the Japan International Boxing Federation, wrote in the article "International Judo I Created": "According to legend, karate spread from Fujian Province, China to Okinawa, Japan more than 80 years ago. Later, Guan Heng, a teacher from Okinawa Department, summed up the empty-handed routine introduced into Okinawa, forming the original empty-handed school in Okinawa. At the same time, Mr. Dong Enna Liang Kuan of Naha, Okinawa happened to study under Mr. Xie Tiao in Fujian, China, and returned to Japan after his studies. " (Quoted from Wulin No.6 1986, page 46) According to China Sports Daily,1October 22, 1989, 165438, "Recently, Fujian Provincial Sports Federation, Fujian Provincial Tourism Bureau, Fujian, It can be seen that Japanese karate originated in China.
(3) taekwondo. Taekwondo is a traditional martial art in North Korea. Its predecessor is "Hua", which originated from Korean folk self-defense with a history of 1500 years. Taekwondo and China Wushu have a deep historical origin. As early as before the Ming Dynasty, China's martial arts skills were introduced to North Korea, especially in modern times. With the continuous loss of China's martial arts and Japanese martial arts, Hua's arms and palms combined with China's boxing and Japanese karate to form a unique Korean boxing, which is today's Taekwondo.
(4) Muay Thai. Muay Thai is Thailand's national sport and the most popular traditional national sport among Thai people. There are different opinions about the origin of Muay Thai. There is a saying that Muay Thai is mainly influenced by China's ancient fighting techniques and originated in China. Thailand was called Siam in ancient times. In the tenth year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (1378), Zhao Luqun was the king of Siam, and Xie Wenbin, a bachelor of Hanlin in China, was the Kunyue, thus establishing the first dynasty of Siam. Since then, the relationship between China and Siam has become increasingly close, and more and more people have moved to China and Siam. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were many overseas Chinese in Siam. Most of the ancestors of Thais came from the Dai nationality in southwest Yunnan Province. China Wushu has long spread to Siam with other cultures. After several generations of screening, refining and melting in Thailand, it is not difficult to see that the main techniques such as elbow, leg and knee in Muay Thai are exactly the same or very similar to those in China Wushu, which may prove that Muay Thai originated in China and was deeply influenced by China Wushu.
(5) Jeet Kune Do. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Bruce Lee, an American Chinese, created a modern martial art-Jeet Kune Do, which gained fame in the international martial arts field. At the same time, he created a sensation in the international film world with a series of unique "Kung Fu films" written, directed and performed by himself, which led to the rise of "China Kung Fu fever" in many countries and regions. Bruce Lee was able to create Jeet Kune Do because he was influenced by China Wushu culture for a long time. Although he was born in San Francisco, his ancestral home is Shunde County, Guangdong Province, and he spent his childhood and adolescence in Hong Kong. He loved martial arts since he was a child. At the age of 6, he began to study Tai Ji Chuan with his father Li Haiquan (a famous Cantonese opera martial arts actor), and then learned Jingwumen volley with Shao Hansheng martial arts master. In addition, I have practiced Hongquan, Baihe Boxing, Shaolin Boxing, Tan Leg, Poke Foot and other northern and southern boxing methods, and participated in the western boxing training class of the school. 18 years old, he also studied karate, taekwondo, aikido, muay Thai, Indonesian Boxing, Malay Scylla Boxing, etc. while studying in Edison Vocational School in Seattle and Philosophy Department of Washington State University. According to China's martial arts theory of "no right, no law, no limit", and according to Wing Chun's techniques and training methods, and the leg-poking method, he absorbed the professional knowledge of western boxing and some countries in Southeast Asia, thus integrating the essence of Chinese and foreign martial arts, gradually forming his own unique martial arts theory and style, and creating a new martial art with a complete system-Jeet Kune Do.
2. "Wushu fever" enriches the world sports life.
As a valuable cultural heritage of China, Wushu is attracting worldwide attention. According to incomplete statistics, at present, 70 or 80 countries and regions have carried out Wushu sports, and there have been "Wushu fever" and "Kung Fu fever", which have promoted the development of sports in some countries.
Some people abroad call China Wushu one of the representatives of oriental culture. Many countries and regions invite coach China to teach martial arts or send people to visit and study in China. For example, Beijing Institute of Physical Education (now Beijing Sport University). "In the past eleven years, more than 10,000 friends from various countries and regions have come here to study or watch. At present, there are 16 foreign students majoring in martial arts in this university. " (Xu Cai: Wushu belongs to the world,1Speech at the Sports Department of china national radio on May 29, 989) The Chinese Wushu Association and Beijing, Shanghai, Liaoning, Jiangsu, Guangdong and other provinces and cities have sent Wushu coaches to teach abroad for many times.
Wushu is very popular in Japan, with more than 2,600 branches in China, more than 300 branches in Europe and America, and * * * has 654.38+00,000 members. In recent years, he has sent delegations to China 1 1 times, and invited the Chinese Wushu Association to visit Japan. Japanese universities, middle schools and primary schools also list judo, kendo, sumo and archery as their study subjects.
China Wushu is also popular in Southeast Asian countries, Hongkong, Macau and Taiwan Province Province. Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries still retain the Jason Wu Games. In the annual Southeast Asian Wushu Invitational Tournament, besides the popular Wu Zu Boxing, there are also Muay Thai, Burmese Boxing and Benza (Indonesian Boxing), all of which are developed by absorbing China's Wushu technology.
With the emergence of "Wushu fever" in many countries and regions, Wushu groups have sprung up all over the world, promoting the development of Wushu in breadth and depth. From 65438 to 0985, under the initiative of some national Wushu organizations, the Asian Wushu Federation, the International Wushu Federation and the South American Wushu Federation were established one after another.
In recent years, international competitions have been held frequently, which has promoted the improvement of Wushu technical level in various countries. Since the establishment of the International Wushu Federation, the Asian Wushu Federation (1987) and the International Wushu Federation (1990), four Asian Wushu Championships and five international Wushu invitational tournaments have been held respectively, and the first international Wushu Championship was held in Beijing in 1992. Wushu has become a formal international competition. 1988, the Olympic Council of Asia officially approved Wushu as the official event of the 1 1 Asian Games, thus turning Wushu from a single international event into an international comprehensive sports event.
3. China's profound philosophy of Wushu has influenced the western fitness concept.
Wushu has unique charm, not only because it is rich in content, both in form and spirit, but also because it contains profound philosophical thoughts. Many foreign friends not only actively learn the unique exquisite skills of Wushu, but also actively pursue and understand the rich philosophical and cultural connotations of Wushu.
China Wushu has a long history. In the long-term practice of Wushu, various schools of Wushu with different styles have been formed. Each school has its own set of theories or ideas. But no matter which school's theory, it is generally influenced by China's ancient simple philosophy. As Yang Chengfu, a famous Tai Ji Chuan scholar in modern times, said, "Although there are many schools of boxing in China, what you need to know is the philosophical technology." For example, most kinds of boxing emphasize the combination of rigidity and softness, the integration of inside and outside, quickness and quietness, and the separation of reality and reality. Rigid and soft, internal and external, dynamic and static, virtual and real are all contradictory aspects. They complement each other, but at the same time they live in a contradictory unity.
Fridtjof capra, an American scholar, wrote in his masterpiece "The Turning Point": "As the eastern philosophy and religious tradition always tend to regard the mind and the body as a whole, it is not surprising that the East has developed a large number of technologies to solve consciousness from the physical aspect. The west has gradually realized the significance of this meditation method to treatment, and many western therapists are combining oriental body movement techniques, such as yoga, Tai Chi and Aikido, into their treatment. " It can be seen that the philosophical thoughts in Wushu are gradually recognized by westerners and are having a deeper and deeper influence.
4. China Wushu enriches the aesthetic concept of world sports.
The beauty of Wushu has long been recognized by people in history, and there were entertainment performances of "Wushu Dance" in ancient times. Some forms and techniques of Wushu have been absorbed and used for reference by China's drama, dance and acrobatics.
The beauty that Wushu gives people is the beauty of vigorous movement, and at the same time, it has the beauty of heroic Wushu with national characteristics in posture, strength, rhythm and spirit. It is a combination of high intensity and beauty, and it is a sport with great fitness and artistic beauty. A few years ago, when martial arts films such as Shaolin Temple came out, they took the lead and won unanimous praise from the broad masses. They quickly became popular at home and abroad, leaving a very deep impression on people.
The beauty of Wushu includes kung fu modeling, attack and defense techniques, hand-eye and body movements, rhythm, speed and strength. Among them, the modeling of kungfu frame directly produces the beauty of technical form, the offensive and defensive skills are the unique connotation of Wushu, and the beauty of Wushu lies in the offensive and defensive skills; The eyes are vivid and full of vitality, which makes the finishing touch to the beauty of martial arts. Wushu has high aesthetic value, which enriches the aesthetic content of world sports and provides people all over the world with noble beauty enjoyment.
5. Wushu enriches English vocabulary.
Due to the increasing practice of China Wushu in the world, some terms in Wushu have become English vocabulary. From the word "Kung Fu" in Guangdong dialect to "Kung Fu", it has long been a common word in English. Chinese pinyin, such as "Tai Chi" (Tai Chi), "Shaolin" and "Wudang" (martial arts), is increasingly accepted by British and American people and other English speakers. Someone also coined a new word "martial arts fever" (martial arts fever).
6. China Wushu has made outstanding contributions to world health care.
Tai Ji Chuan is welcomed by many countries because it can strengthen the body, eliminate diseases and prolong life. According to the research of Japanese medical scientist Nobuo Tanida, Tai Ji Chuan has both mental and physical medical effects, especially for hypertension and obesity. Therefore, Tai Ji Chuan is known as a fitness treasure for middle-aged and elderly people and a good medicine for treating chronic diseases. There are 3 1 kinds of Taiji biography books published in the United States from 1964 to 1977, and some of them have been reprinted more than ten times. Starting from 1973, Tai Ji Chuan Association was established in Tokyo to promote various Tai Ji Chuan.
In addition, all kinds of boxing in Wushu also have good medical and health care functions. For example, Xingyiquan's five fists of collapse, horizontal shooting, splitting and drilling, combined with the five elements, can also achieve the effect of practicing liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney; Baguazhang and the boxing theory of no less than boxing types all emphasize "grasping the ground with five toes" when standing on piles and performing boxing, which can promote the smooth flow of qi and blood in meridians; In recent years, the popular meridian acupoint therapy and qigong acupoint therapy have also received miraculous effects.
Third, the development prospect of China Wushu.
To sum up, China Wushu has cultural characteristics such as philosophy, martial arts, fitness and entertainment, and is closely related to the world sports culture. At the same time, it also has rich cultural connotation, which has a far-reaching impact on world sports culture such as mass sports, philosophy, aesthetics, medicine, language, culture and art, and has gradually formed an independent and huge cultural system-Wushu culture. Facts have proved that Wushu can best adapt to the development trend of human beings, so it can easily become the future sports culture that people all over the world enthusiastically pursue. The prerequisite for Wushu to go global has been met, and the internationalization of Wushu has become a development trend.
In order to accelerate the development of Wushu to the world, the following measures should be taken for the development of Wushu in China:
1. Incorporate this technology into a perfect formal education system.
The cultural characteristics of Wushu are the fundamental reason for its spread since ancient times. And the inheritance and development of any culture. Are inseparable from education. In order to make China Wushu truly go to the world, it is necessary to bring Wushu into a perfect formal education system. Although China has included Wushu in the physical education syllabus of primary and secondary schools since the 1960s, the practice is not successful, and Wushu education is perfect or even failed. The main reason is the low status of Wushu in school physical education and the serious shortage of Wushu teachers. To reverse this backward state, we must first establish the proper position of Wushu and regard Wushu as an important part of the all-round development of the educated. Secondly, we should set up the long-term goal of Wushu education: firstly, make Wushu a national sports culture system, gradually bring Wushu into a perfect formal education system, and become an essential sports content in universities, middle schools, primary schools and military training, so that every student and soldier can understand the basic knowledge and skills of Wushu. The second step is to gradually make Wushu an international sports culture system, vigorously promote Wushu, and make it the first sports event for the Chinese nation to go global and contribute to the Olympic Games. Take various effective measures to strengthen Wushu education. Such as adopting various forms of running schools, vigorously training Wushu teachers, appropriately increasing teaching hours, reforming Wushu teaching content, establishing higher Wushu departments and strengthening Wushu research in schools, etc.
2. Do a good job in domestic basic work.
Wushu goes to the world, and domestic is the foundation. Conscientiously implement the decision of the State Sports Commission on strengthening Wushu work, and strive to achieve "standardization of Wushu technology, scientification of Wushu theory and socialization of Wushu activities".
3. Put down the action and attack and defense action at the same time.
Routine sports and martial arts are the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation and should be inherited and developed. In the future development of Wushu in China, we should adopt the policy of both routine and Wushu. While actively developing routine forms, we should strengthen the research of Wushu and take the road of domestic popularization and international promotion. In the antagonistic events such as Sanshou and Pushing Hands, there is still a lack of in-depth and systematic research on many martial arts fighting techniques. In the future, we should further improve the technical tradition, rationalization of rules, nationalization of equipment and clothing, and strive to be included in the Olympic Games or world competitions as soon as possible. In the future development of Wushu routines, we should strive to achieve: standardized action routines, scientific theory, systematic training and institutionalized competition.
4. Vigorously promote Wushu in various ways.
Wushu originated in China and belongs to the world. Going global requires a promotion process. In the future, we will use various channels, forms, directions and levels to vigorously promote China Wushu. For example, various Wushu festivals, competitions and training courses are held, excellent sports teams are selected to perform at home and abroad, excellent coaches go out to give lectures, and newspapers, books, radio, film and television, audio-visual and other media are used to promote Wushu.
Summary: China Wushu is rooted in the profound China cultural soil, which has been developed for thousands of years and achieved fruitful results. The pace of the times has entered the 2 1 century, and China Wushu, an ancient art, has also stepped out of China and entered the world with a brand-new look.