Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, also known as Lu Lan, is a miscellaneous work compiled by Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin State, at the end of the Warring States Period (about 22 BC1year). It was written in 239 BC, just before Qin unified the six countries.

Lv Buwei, born in an unknown year, was a patriot at the end of the Warring States Period. Works "Lu Chunqiu Inspection"

He died in the twelfth year of Qin Shihuang (235 BC). He used to be a big businessman in Yangzhai (now Yuxian County, Henan Province). In the process of doing business, he met Zi Chu, the son of Qin who was exiled to Zhao. At that time, Zhao was in a difficult situation. Lv Buwei sympathized with him and thought that Zi Chu was a "rare commodity", so he used money to help Zi Chu get the qualification to inherit the throne. In 253 BC, Zi Chu succeeded to the throne as King Zhuang Xiang. King Zhuang Xiang named Lv Buwei as Prime Minister and Wen Xin Hou. After the death of King Zhuang Xiang, his son was made Qin Shihuang. Qin Shihuang made Lv Buwei Prime Minister. Known as Guanzhong. During Qin's reign, he sent troops to destroy the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, seized the land of Korea, Zhao and Wei, and established Sanchuan and Taiyuan East County, which made positive contributions to the unification of China. After Qin Shihuang personally took charge of government affairs, he was dismissed from office and moved to Shu, and died for fear of drinking zhenniao. During the visit to Lv Buwei, there were 3000 diners and 10000 children. He told people to "write and listen" and write books to find a theoretical basis for establishing a unified feudal centralization of authority. These books were finally compiled into Lv Chunqiu.

Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is divided into twelve periods, eight readings and six theories, with 26 volumes, 160 articles and more than 200,000 words. The content is complex, including Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, military, agriculture, Zongheng, Yin and Yang, and so on. Therefore, Hanshu Yiwenzhi lists it as a miscellaneous family. Although the content is mixed, it is not without system in organization, theory in preparation and system in content. As the book "Users" said: "There is no white fox in the world, only white hair, which is taken from the public." Obviously, the purpose of Lu Chunqiu's compilation is to gather the essence of each school and form the thought of one school, that is, to integrate the theories of each school with Taoist thought as the center. According to Lv Buwei, this book treats all viewpoints from an objective perspective, and treats all families equally. Because "private vision makes the eyes blind, private hearing makes the ears deaf, and private consideration makes the heart crazy." If all three are private and have no essence, then there is no reason for wisdom. If wisdom is unfair, blessings will decline and disasters will increase. "("preface to Lu Chunqiu ")

The twelve issues of Lu Chunqiu are the gist and important part of the book, which are divided into spring, summer, autumn and winter. 5 articles per issue, ***60 articles. This book is edited on the basis of "Buddhist Heaven and Earth", and the twelfth issue is a day symbolizing "great happiness", so this part takes the December order as a clue to combine materials. Ji Chun mainly discusses the way of keeping in good health, The Last Month Of Summer discusses teaching principles and music theory, Qiu Ji mainly discusses military issues, and Donjui mainly discusses people's quality. Eight pages, now 63 pages, obviously take off a page. From the beginning of the world, the content has been talking about the way to be a man, the way to govern the country, how to distinguish things, how to use the people, and how to be a king. Six theories, ***36 articles, essays.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals made a summative criticism on the thoughts of the pre-Qin philosophers. The article "Parr" said: "It is a noble person, Confucius is a noble person, Guanyin is a noble person, Ziliezi is a noble person, Chen is a noble person, Yang is a noble person, Sun Bin is a noble person, and his son is a noble person." It believes that these different concepts should be unified. "One rule, the difference is chaotic; One is safe and the other is dangerous. " ("Bubu Er") Only when the thoughts are unified can we "go our own way, be clumsy, and do our best, like a hole. "The process of unification is actually the process of critical absorption. Therefore, Lu Chunqiu reformed, developed and sublated all his thoughts. For example, Confucianism advocated the maintenance of monarchical power, which was absorbed by Lv Chunqiu, but it appeared in a unique way. Advocating the new "son of heaven", that is, establishing a feudal centralized state. It reads: "This week's room disaster, the son of heaven is not seen, chaos is greater than no son of heaven." ("Listen"): "There must be a son of heaven in the world, so there is one, and the son of heaven must hold it, so it is also. One rule and two chaos. " (Zhi Yi)

Confucius advocated maintaining the unity of the Zhou Dynasty, but did not emphasize the issue of autocracy. Lu Chunqiu, on the other hand, has the concepts of "upholding one" and "keeping one". "Holding one" and "holding one" are centralization. This is the development of pre-Qin Confucianism. Another example is Mohist thought. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals agreed with the concept of "festival burial" advocated by Mozi, so it criticized the atmosphere of heavy burial at that time: "The more extravagant, the more worried the dead are, and the living must respect each other." Luxury is glorious, frugality is humble, not to die, but to be praised by the living. But Mozi advocated "non-attack", that is, opposing war. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" refuted this: "If you don't attack Tao, you won't punish injustice. If there is no way to attack, it will be a great blessing and benefit. Those who are forbidden are just and righteous, and Tang and Wu are also guilty. " (Zhen Luan) Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals advocates "righteous soldiers". "Just arrived, and the people of neighboring countries returned to the running water. If the people of the country respect their parents, they will win the people from afar, and the soldiers will not be ready, and the people will serve. " (Huai Chong) Lu Chunqiu believes that it is meaningless and wrong to blindly oppose war. A just war, that is, a war of "attacking injustice without virtue", can not only eliminate violence, but also win the heartfelt support of the people. In fact, this is a defense for Qin's war to unify China.

On the issue of material origin, Lu Chunqiu accepted the "essence" theory of Song Yin School and reformed it. Song Yin School believes: "Everything is fine, and it is a profession. There are grains under it and stars on it." And "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Everything is made in Taiyi, and it is transformed into Yin and Yang." (Da Le) That is to say, "Taiyi" is the origin of all things, and everything in the world originates from "Taiyi" and changes from Yin and Yang. What is "Taiyi"? It said: "Those who are also Tao can't see, hear or form ... Those who are also Tao can't form or be named. Strong for it, it is called too one. " Tao is "Taiyi" and "Taiyi" is "refined". From the discussion here, we can clearly see the influence of Laozi. Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" holds that everything that comes from "essence" (Tao) is constantly moving, "changing with things, not ending in poverty". (Xiaxian) The sun, the moon and the stars in the sky and the spring water on the ground are constantly moving. "The sky is high and the sun, the moon and the stars never stop raining. The land is big, and the bare scales of spring grass never stop. "(Watch) But it is worth noting that. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals regards the movement of matter as a circular process, and when things move, they sprout. When they sprout, they grow, grow, grow; When they grow, they grow; When they grow up, they fail; When they fail, they kill people; When they kill people, they hide. "("The Road to Love ")

In the view of social history, Lu Chunqiu thinks that history is constantly developing: "The present is the ancient, and the ancient is the later. What is today for future generations, and what is today for ancient times. Therefore, if you know today, you can know the ancient times, if you know the ancient times, you can know the past and present. " ("Long View") In other words, the development of history is a link, and people who look at today will still look at the present, and there is no such thing as the past. Understanding the past helps to understand today. However, understanding the past does not mean sticking to it. On the contrary, the times have changed, and the corresponding laws, regulations and policies have to be changed to meet the needs of the times: "If you can't, it will be chaotic, and if you obey the law, it will be contradictory; Rebellion can't protect the country. The world has changed, and it is appropriate to change the law ... so everything must follow the law, and those who change the law will change according to the times. " Two fables are also used to illustrate this truth: the Chu people waded into the river, and their swords fell into the water from the boat, saying, "It was my sword that fell." Stop the boat from where it has been signed and enter the water. The boat did it, but the sword couldn't. If you save the sword, it won't be chaotic! Jing people want to attack the song dynasty, so that people can show their water first. Yong river is very beneficial, and smart people know it. They follow the table and wade at night. Drowned more than 1000 people, the army gave up as soon as it was damaged.

Both of these fables can be found in the Book of Tea. The former is the familiar "carving a boat for a sword". These two fables satirize the people who are stuck in the mud and don't know how to change, and also vividly show Lu's view of history in Spring and Autumn Annals.

Lv Chunqiu inherited Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thought of inaction, and advocated that the consolidation of political power lies in governing by doing nothing, and that "the master who has a way should do it without doing it" and "governing by doing nothing". ("knowledge"), only this kind of "inaction" and "virtual quietness" can achieve the free state of doing nothing and doing everything.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals also embodies some musical aesthetic thoughts. It links the production of music with everything in the universe, and puts forward that "born in the test, born in Taiyi" (Tai Yue), and discusses the psychological process of music production from the inductive relationship between "mind" and "thing". The concept of "fitness" is put forward, emphasizing the "fitness" of voice and the "fitness" of mind to obtain the feeling of beauty.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals preserved the different theories of pre-Qin philosophers, and also recorded a large number of old stories, old sayings, lost articles in ancient books and some ancient scientific knowledge, many of which were not found in other books. In the past, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals won people's praise. Sima Qian called it "the preparation of all things, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign." In Baoren An Shu, it can even be compared with Zhouyi, Chunqiu, Guoyu and Lisao. Gaoyou in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that it was "out of the power of the philosophers". Objectively speaking, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is not a systematic philosophical work, but it has certain ideological value, but more importantly, material value. Some of its fables are still widely known and have educational significance.

Notes on Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is a new collation of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals by Bi Yuan. The modern revision of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals can be used as a reference.

According to Records of the Historian and Biography of Lv Buwei, the compilation of Lu Chunqiu is because "at that time, Wei Xin, Chu Xinchun, Zhao You, Qi had a jar to taste the gentleman, and all the corporal were welcome. Lv Buwei was ashamed of Qiang Qin, but also attracted scholars and met them cordially, with 3,000 diners. At that time, the princes were all eloquent, such as Xun Qing's disciples, who wrote books and made statements that spread all over the world. Lv Buwei asked his guests to read it, and heard about it. According to the set theory, there are eight readings, six theories, twelve issues, and more than 200,000 words. I thought I was preparing the ancient and modern things in the world, and the date was Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. " But it was mainly stimulated by the general trend of unification of the world, which provided a theoretical basis for Qin to annex six countries and establish a unified feudal empire. After this book was written, Lv Buwei once put it on the gate of Xianyang City and hung it on it, which delayed the princes and tourists. If you can add or subtract a word, you will give it a daughter. This shows Lv Buwei's confidence in this book.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is rich in content and contains many valuable ideological materials and theoretical viewpoints. However, in history, except for a few scholars, the evaluation of it by scholars in previous dynasties is not high. In recent years, with the deepening of the academic research on Lv Chunqiu, people's evaluation of it is getting higher and higher.

Mou believes that the historical role of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is reflected in the following aspects: First, it is the last theoretical work in the pre-Qin period and the last crystallization of pre-Qin culture. It comprehensively sorted out hundreds of theories in an unprecedented way. And create a fairly systematic theoretical system for the upcoming unified feudal empire. Secondly, it initiated the academic trend of Taoism in Qin and Han Dynasties and became the forerunner of the study of Huang Lao in the early Han Dynasty. Thirdly, its influence on the whole academic and philosophical life and even the actual political life in the Han Dynasty is enormous, far beyond the scope of Taoism in the early Han Dynasty. First of all, in terms of academic materials, some scholars in the Han Dynasty directly adopted or imitated Lu Chunqiu to write. Secondly, the reasonable ingredients in Lu Ji's books promoted the development of materialism and medical theory in Han Dynasty. Thirdly, the mysterious elements in Lu Ji's books, such as the idea of harmony between man and nature and the theory of yin and yang and five elements, had a great influence on the development of idealism philosophy and religious superstition in Han Dynasty. They have widely penetrated into all fields of culture and even social and political life, which made the political and academic thoughts of the Han Dynasty form their own unique features.

Ding Yuanming believes that Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is a bold attempt to create the thought of feudal unification, which has played an indelible historical role in the development of philosophical and political thoughts from pre-Qin to Qin and Han dynasties. First, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals inherited the "Ben" view of nature in the Warring States Period, played a leading role in the struggle of naturalism against teleology in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and provided rich philosophical and ideological materials. Secondly, Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals integrates hundred schools of thought's knowledge in one furnace, which objectively promotes the integration of a hundred schools of thought and makes a historic exploration for the formation of a unified feudal ideological system. Thirdly, the publication of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals objectively played a positive role in Qin's thoughts.