2.2 Operating conditions:

2.2. 1 The structural engineering has been completed, the quality acceptance is qualified, the qualified standard is reached, and the door and window frames are installed.

2.2.2 Erection of scaffolding (or hanging fences) and safety protection.

Play line to find rules → open seams to mend seams → caulk around doors and windows → water the walls → tick off seams → clean up the walls → find caulking → clean up the walls.

3.2 Foot-hand-eye of the wall: If a single special scaffold is used, the scaffold should be removed and the foot-hand-eye should be blocked. Clean up the mortar and dirt in the foot-hand-eye, water and moisten it, and then repair the foot-hand-eye with bricks of the same color as the original brick wall.

3.3 Rules for finding elastic lines: vertical lines are hung vertically from top to bottom for vertical seams, vertical lines are played on the wall with ink lines as elastic lines rules, and horizontal seams are controlled by elastic lines of bricks. All brick edges outside the line should be chiseled with a flat chisel, and those with large deviation should be smoothed and filled. Then the fine powder ground from the brick surface is mixed with 107 glue to form slurry, which is brushed on the repaired ash layer to make it have the same color.

3.4 caulking around doors and windows and bricklaying windowsill: before caulking, caulking around doors and windows should be regarded as a process and sealed tightly with 1: 3 cement mortar. The depth should be consistent. Gaps around aluminum alloy door and window frames should be filled with materials according to design requirements. At the same time, the windowsill should be damaged, and the knocked bricks should be mended and sewn.

3.5 Before jointing the wall, water and wet the wall.

3.6 Joint:

3.6. 1 mixed mortar: the mixture ratio of mortar for jointing is 1: 1 or 1: 1.5 (cement: sand) or 2: 1: 3 (cement: fly ash: sand

3.6.2 The jointing sequence should be from top to bottom, with horizontal joints first and vertical joints later.

When jointing, use a long valve, hold the gray board in the left hand and the valve in the right hand, push the gray board under the joint to be jointing, and use the valve in the right hand to stuff the mortar into the joint. Mortar should not be too thin. Enter the ash from right to left, move the ash board with a hook, hook it for a period of time, and push it around in the brick joint with a valve to make the mortar in the joint compact, smooth and uniform in depth.

When hooking the vertical seam, use the short valve to scrape the ash in the ash tray into the vertical seam, or lean the ash tray against the wall, and use the short valve to send the mortar into the seam, so that the valve can move up and down in the seam to compact the mortar in the seam, and pay attention to the consistency with the depth of the horizontal seam. If there is no requirement in the design, the depth of hook and groove engagement is generally 4 ~ 5 mm

3.6.3 Wall cleaning: After each process, sweep the wall with a broom, sweep along the seam, sweep the horizontal seam first, then sweep the vertical seam, and constantly shake the mortar on the broom to reduce pollution.

3.6.4 Wall jointing should be horizontal, flat and vertical, with the same depth. Cross joints shall be lapped flat, compacted and calendered, and there shall be no leakage. The horizontal angle of the external angle of the wall should be square, the vertical seam of the internal angle should be clear, the tiger head brick of the window sill should be pointing on three sides, and the corner should be square.

3.6.5 To prevent leakage, search again in the place where the line of sight is blocked. Where the operation is difficult, where it is easy to ignore, where there are leaks and leaks, it is necessary to make up and tick. After jointing is completed, the local wall surface should be cleaned again.

3.6.6 When the weather is dry, water the hooked joint.

4 quality standards

4. 1 shall be firmly bonded, compacted and polished without cracks and other defects.

4.2 Horizontal and vertical, the junction is smooth, the depth and width are consistent, and there is no seam.

4.3 mortar joint color is consistent, brick surface clean.

5 finished product protection

5. 1 The mortar spilled during jointing shall be cleaned at any time, and mortar and other sundries shall not be dumped on the shelf to avoid splashing the dirty wall.

5.2 Don't tear the protective film when filling aluminum alloy door and window frames, and don't pollute the door and window frames with mortar when jointing.

5.3 Around the elevated vertical transportation, plastic film or cushion should be used to surround the documents to prevent mortar from polluting the wall.

5.4 Before falling, clean up the mortar dirt on the scaffold board.

6 Quality problems that should be paid attention to

6. 1 Uneven joints between horizontal and vertical seams: the joints between horizontal and vertical seams were not connected properly when jointing the vertical seams, and the joints were not carefully and repeatedly jointing, and the horizontal and vertical seams were not cleaned when sweeping the seams.

6.2 The mortar around the door window frame is not strict: the back of the door window frame is not strict as a working procedure, and the construction is not serious. When the mortar is hooked, just stare at the surface and don't plug it in.

6.3 Uneven joint depth: Uneven mortar joint depth, careless operation and unskilled technology.

6.4 There are narrow seams and blind seams: there is no serious inspection before jointing, and the narrow seams and blind seams are not opened.

6.5 Leaked hooks in joints: The waist line, lintel, the first leather brick of the foot and the side of the brick wall of doors and windows often leak hooks, and the operator should repeatedly look for them, and fill them in time if found.

Difference and function of concave-convex joint in tailor welding

Jointing is widely used in decorative wall brick, brick wall, stone wall and other masonry projects. The connection forms are flat joint, concave joint, oblique joint and convex joint. The same joint form has different requirements in different projects.

For example, the characteristics of several common jointing forms of drywall in building construction and the joint opening methods when jointing:

Flat joint: simple operation, flat jointing wall, not easy to peel and accumulate, good rainwater permeability, but monotonous wall.

Notched joint: Notched joint is a form in which mortar joint is embedded in the wall by 5-8 mm ... pointing joint has a three-dimensional effect on the wall, but it is easy to cause rainwater leakage and consumes a lot of labor, and is generally suitable for dry climate areas.

Oblique joint: Oblique joint is to press the upper opening of mortar joint into the wall for 3-4 mm, and the lower opening is flush with the wall, making it an upward inclined joint. Inclined joints facilitate drainage and are suitable for external walls and chimneys.

Convex joint: The convex joint is made into a rectangular or semi-circular convex line on the mortar joint surface, protruding about 5mm from the wall surface. The convex seam wall lines are clear and beautiful, but the operation is more troublesome.

The opening method of drywall is: clean the wall first, and then straighten the elastic line with powder-coated wire. Seams should be carefully operated with a thin and fast flat cone, so that after jointing, the seams are uniform and uniform, and the appearance is smooth and beautiful.

Masonry projects often encountered in water conservancy projects include mortar masonry and mortar rubble. The jointing of stone walls generally only adopts a form of concave joint, and rarely adopts convex joint. Here are two examples for your reference.

Example 1. Work instruction for masonry engineering.

I. Basis for compilation

1, design documents and technical specifications;

2. Highway engineering quality inspection and evaluation standard JTJ 07 1-98

Mortar masonry joints shall meet the following requirements:

A: The width of mortar joint on the surface of masonry positioning layer shall not exceed 4cm. Anywhere on the surface of masonry, the diameter of inscribed circle tangent to three adjacent stones should not be greater than 7cm, and the staggered joint between two layers should not be less than 8cm.

B: The mortar joint in the abdomen filling part should also be narrowed, and the wider mortar joint can be filled with pebbles or gravel.

C: When laying flaky, the width of mortar joint should not be less than 26~30mm, and the reserved depth of mortar joint should not be less than 30 ~ 35 mm The exposed mortar joint should not be filled with mortar to avoid the labor, time and material consumption of re-chiseling when planing concave joint.

D: When jointing, mortar shall be fully embedded, and its surface shall not exceed that of flaky. It is advisable to just smooth and caulk, and there should be no extra mortar on the flaky.

E: jointing size: when laying flaky, the groove width should be 10~ 15mm and the depth should be 8 ~10 mm.

F: the connecting tool can be made of Ф10 ~12 round steel.

G: The width and jointing width of rubble masonry should be even and smooth, and the inner surface of mortar tank should be smooth, without roughness and sand. If the mortar cracks, make up the pressure before the initial setting, and strengthen water conservation.

(2) Slurry block stone

(1) Stone used as facing.

(1) stone chisel.

Stone should be roughly square, roughly parallel up and down, and flat on one side. The thickness of stone is 20~30cm (not less than 20cm), the width is (1~ 1.5) times of the thickness, and the length is (1.5~3) times of the thickness. When chiseling, there should be no obvious concave and convex on the exposed surface and the trimmed part, and the concave depth should not exceed 20 mm. All facing stone surfaces perpendicular to the exposed surface should be chiseled away at least 7 cm long.

② arrangement of stones

A layering: layering is not required according to the thickness of each stone, but a layer must be leveled every 70 ~ 120cm as a horizontal layer.

B staggered joints of vertical joints: the vertical joints between horizontal layers shall be staggered by a distance of not less than 8cm. The vertical joints between blocks should also be staggered by 8cm as far as possible.

C. Arrangement of Ding Shi and Shun Shi: When building veneered stones, Ding Shi and Shun Shi should be arranged alternately, preferably one ding and one shun, or two shun and one ding, so that the veneered stones and the filling stones can be closely connected.

D, mortar joint: the maximum width of mortar joint is 2cm, and there can be no dry joint or blind joint. The measurement method of joint width shall be based on the surface plane of masonry on both sides of the joint (excluding the recessed part).

(2) stones used to fill the abdomen.

The horizontal mortar joint width of the filled stone is not more than 3cm, and the vertical mortar joint width is not more than 4cm, and the mortar joint should be staggered. Small stones should be filled in the mortar to save mortar.

(3) Masonry method

The steps and methods of installing block stones are basically the same as laying flaky stones, that is, corner stones are laid first, then face stones are laid, and then the abdomen is filled. Before connecting the masonry, the mortar should be spread first, and the stones should be wet. Vertical joints of facing stone should be filled with mortar in layers, compacted with grey knife, and grouting is not allowed. When filling the abdomen, the mortar squeezing method should also be adopted. Pave the mortar first, then put the stones into the tight vertical joints, squeeze the mortar into 1/3~ 1/2, and insert the dissatisfied parts into the mortar in layers. For larger vertical mortar joints, pebbles can be used as much as possible to fill them. But the horizontal mortar joint cannot be supported or leveled with pebbles.

(4) slurry block stone:

(1) Masonry may not be layered according to the same thickness, but it shall be leveled every 70 ~ 120cm. The vertical staggered joints in the segment and the joint of two segments shall not be less than 8cm, and the vertical staggered joints shall not be less than 8cm.

(2) When filling the abdomen with stone, the horizontal mortar joint width shall not be greater than 3cm, and the vertical mortar joint shall not be greater than 4cm. The mortar joint of the filling stone should be staggered.

Masonry facing stone should adopt the method of one shun and one ding or two shun and one ding. The width of mortar joint shall not be greater than 2 cm.

(3) Slurry coarse aggregate stone

Mortar coarse aggregate stone is often used for decorative surface with neat and beautiful surface and masonry with regular shape and high strength. When laying bricks, the requirements for layering, staggered joints and mortar joints are strict. Therefore, for projects with complex shapes, it is necessary to make a design drawing of ingredients first, indicating the size of each stone. When the shape is relatively simple, it must also be laid out according to the height, size and staggered joints of the masonry, and then laid after being matched.

(1) batching principle and masonry method:

① Mortar joint: During masonry, masonry shall be done in layers according to the thickness of each stone, the mortar joint between layers shall be in a straight line, and the vertical joint between blocks shall be perpendicular to the mortar joint between layers. The width of mortar joint of coarse stone facing masonry is 15~20mm (generally) and the depth is 20 ~ 25 mm It is not advisable to fill the exposed mortar joint, so as to avoid re-chiseling when chiseling concave joints, which is labor-consuming, time-consuming and material-consuming.

(2) According to the height of masonry, the number of masonry layers shall be arranged in the order of stone thickness, with thick masonry in the lower layer and thin masonry in the upper layer. The stone thickness is 20, 24, 30 and 32cm (not less than 20cm), and other sizes can be adopted, but 32cm stone generally needs to be installed with lifting equipment.

(3) Each line must be arranged orderly. Shi Ding Heshun's specifications are as follows:

Answer: The length of Shi Ding should be at least 15cm larger than the width of the adjacent cushion. There should be 4-5 roads per 10cm long planing surface. The side planing surface should be perpendicular to the exposed surface (the planing depth should not be less than 10cm), and the front depression depth should not exceed1.5cm. ..

B: The coarse stone shall be trimmed into a roughly hexahedron with a thickness of not less than 20cm, a width of not less than 1~ 1.5 times and a length of not less than 1.5~4 times.

④ Staggered joints: generally, staggered joints shall not be less than 10cm, and there shall be no vertical joints on the upper and lower layers of Dante stone. If there is any difficulty, only one vertical seam is allowed at the top or bottom of Shi Ding.

(5) Where the shape changes suddenly, such as the corner, there can be no mortar joint.

(2) Requirements:

(1) facing coarse aggregate stone shall meet the following requirements:

A, facing stone should be listed as a horizontal line, and the mortar joint between adjacent stones in the line should be vertical.

B, the height of each column of the veneer column should be fixed, but it can be decreased column by column.

C, each column should be laid by alternating Ding Yishun method.

D. The vertical seams of two adjacent rows and two adjacent columns shall be staggered not less than 10cm. There should be no vertical mortar joint on the upper or lower floors of Shi Ding. If staggered joints are indeed difficult, the staggered joints on the top or bottom side of Shi Ding can be slightly smaller, but not less than 4cm.

(2) The width of mortar joint of face stone masonry should be 1.5~2cm.

(3) The masonry sequence and requirements of coarse stone masonry shall meet the following requirements:

(1) The width of mortar joint and the location of staggered joint shall be specified in advance for each layer of decorative stone. Where the facing stone is laid, first lay a layer of mortar slightly thicker than the mortar joint, then install the masonry in turn, and then fill and tamp the vertical mortar joint.

(2) Each layer of facing stone should be laid from the corner, and the corner stone should be laid first.

(3) After each layer of facing stone is built, the height of the belly stone should be roughly the same as that of the facing stone. If concrete is used to fill the abdomen, several layers of facing stones can be built first, and then concrete can be poured. The number of layers of facing stone depends on the lateral pressure of filling concrete, and generally it is advisable to have no more than three layers.

(4) masonry jointing

Unless required by the design, the jointing on the surface of masonry should leave a gap of 2 cm deep, and then finish jointing with cement mortar. Otherwise, after the masonry mortar is solidified, clean up the empty joints before jointing.

Masonry surface jointing generally adopts flat seam. The mortar label for jointing is consistent with that for masonry. When you build a mortar joint, you should smooth it with a mortar knife.

Masonry coarse stone, joint width 15~20mm, joint depth 20~25mm, concave joint pressure groove width consistent with masonry joint, depth 8 ~ 10 mm.

Example 2. Culvert construction technology

Quality and safety assurance measures

1, quality assurance measures

1. 1 When the culvert is excavated mechanically, 20cm shall be reserved for manual excavation and cleaning. After reaching the design elevation, check whether the section size and bearing capacity meet the design requirements, and then enter the next working procedure after being checked and signed by the supervisor.

1.2 rebar shall be inspected for factory certificate and spot-checked. It can only be used after inspection. Steel bars shall be straightened, derusted and descaled before use. Welders must hold relevant certificates, and welding heads must pass the examination before they can be officially operated.

1.3 rebar must be used for spacing during rebar installation. Steel bars should be crossed before binding. Vertical main reinforcement and horizontal distribution reinforcement shall be firmly bound according to the design position to form standardized construction, and the thickness of protective layer of reinforcement shall be strictly guaranteed.

1.4 scaffolding and supports for concrete construction shall be firmly set, and the formwork shall be horizontal and vertical to prevent formwork from escaping; Tamping shall be carried out by special personnel, and the thickness of layers shall be strictly vibrated in layers to prevent honeycomb pits.

1.5 During the masonry construction of culvert engineering, the stones should be carefully selected, mortar should be mixed in strict accordance with the mixture ratio, and the masonry should be built by extrusion method, and the interlaminar joint should meet the requirements of masonry specifications. Masonry should be down, vertical masonry is prohibited. Mortar is full, mortar joint adopts concave joint.

1.6 settlement joint and waterproof layer shall be constructed in strict accordance with the requirements of design and construction specifications, so as not to leak. If water seepage is found, it should be repaired as soon as possible.

1.7 The back backfill of culvert abutment shall be constructed in strict accordance with the specification requirements, and both sides shall be compacted symmetrically. When the thickness of culvert top fill is greater than 1m, construction machinery can be allowed to pass through to prevent concrete cracking and other man-made damage.