Edit the plant morphology of this paragraph.
The stems are 4 ~ 8 meters long, the branchlets are grayish brown, and the leaves are obovate to oval, clustered on the old branches and alternate on the young branches. Flowers are small, milky white or reddish, unisexual, monoecious or dioecious, solitary or clustered in leaf axils, and pedicels are slender. Berries in summer and autumn are spherical, aggregated into spikes, and purple when mature. Schisandra likes fat and light, which requires loose, fertile and moist soil. The seedling stage needs a certain moist environment, and the flowering and fruiting stage needs ventilation and light transmission. Reproduce mainly with seeds. Because the seeds are hard, smooth and have oil layers, they need to be cleaned and layered before sowing. Liaoning province sowed in late April to early May. Drill about 5 kg per mu. Shade shed must be built at seedling stage. In the second or third year, plant after defoliation in autumn, and set up scaffolding or use natural trees as branches for climbing in the second year. Pruning is carried out every year from winter after dormancy to spring before germination. It is necessary to control leaf blight and leaf curl in summer. 3 ~ 5 years after planting, it enters the full fruit stage. Picking, drying in the sun or drying in the shade when the fruit turns purple after autumn.
use
The fruit of Schisandra chinensis can be used as a traditional Chinese medicine for invigorating qi, promoting fluid production, astringing lung and nourishing kidney, relieving diarrhea, astringing essence and calming the nerves, and can be used for treating chronic cough and asthma, scanty fluid, dry mouth, nocturnal emission, amnesia and insomnia. Pharmacological experiments show that it can regulate the excitement and inhibition process of the central nervous system, promote the metabolism of the body, regulate the secretion of gastric juice and bile, and reduce the increase of transaminase in the recovery period of hepatitis. The pericarp and mature seed coat contain lignans, which are the medicinal effective components of Schisandra chinensis, including many kinds of schisandrin A. Seeds contain fat and can be used to make soap or mechanical lubricating oil. Aromatic oil can be extracted from stems, leaves and seeds.
Character; Role; letter
Dried fruit is slightly spherical or oblate, with a diameter of 5 ~ 8 mm and a bright red, purple or dark red peel. It is oily and has irregular shrinkage. Fruits are soft, and a constant number of fruits stick together; Contains 1 ~ 2 seeds, kidney-shaped, brown, shiny, hard and white. The pulp is weak and special, and it tastes very sour. After the seeds are broken, they are fragrant and bitter. Purple, big grain, thick meat and shiny oil are preferred. Mainly produced in Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Hebei and other places, the commodity is commonly known as "Schisandra chinensis"
There is also a kind of Schisandra chinensis, also called Schisandra chinensis, which is mainly the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (see "Xueteng"). Its fruit is small, red, thick skin, thin meat and poor quality. Sichuan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Yunnan.
Variety textual research
Schisandra chinensis was first published in Shennong Herbal Classic. The famous doctor's Bielu says: "Born in Qishan Valley and Dai Jun County. "Notes on Materia Medica" said: "Today, the first one comes from Korea, with sweet and sour meat, and the second one comes from Qingzhou and Jizhou, with a sour taste and a core like a pig kidney. "Newly revised Materia Medica" contains: "Its leaves are as big as apricots, and its workshops are as big as cherry blossoms. Once out of Zhou Pu and Lantian Mountain. "Materia Medica" said: "There are many counties in Hedong and Shaanxi today, and there are also some in Hangzhou and Vietnam. The first seedling born in spring, which is six or seven feet long, is led to Gaolin. The tip of the leaf is round like an apricot leaf, and yellow and white flowers bloom in March and April, like a small lotus flower. July is full of fruits, such as peas, green and ripe, red and purple. "According to the above plant morphology, drug taste, etc. As well as the map of "Schisandra chinensis in Yuezhou" attached to the materia medica, it can be confirmed as a plant of Schisandra in Magnoliaceae. Among them, Schisandra distributed in Dai Jun, Qingzhou, Jizhou and North Korea. The distribution in Qishan, Zhou Pu, Lantian, Hedong, Hangzhou and other places is consistent with the origin of Schisandra chinensis in Central China. Southern producers are red, while northern producers are black. If you take tonic, you must use it made in the north. "The medication situation is the same in ancient and modern times.
Pharmacological characteristics
Sexual taste and orientation: warm; Sour and sweet; Lung, heart and kidney meridians
Chemical constituents include schisandrin A, deoxyschisandrin A, neoschisandrin A, schisandrin A, schisandrin B, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, E.
Processing, sieving, removing impurities, steaming in a steamer, and taking out to dry. Wine Schisandra: Take washed Schisandra, add yellow wine, mix well, put it in a jar, seal it, steam it in water, take it out and dry it after the wine is exhausted. In addition, honey steaming and vinegar steaming are also used in the same way as wine steaming (Schisandra chinensis uses 20 kg of yellow wine per 100 kg, or 30 kg of honey, or rice vinegar 15 kg).
"On Lei Gong Roasting": "Whoever uses (Schisandra chinensis) to cut it into two pieces with a copper knife, soak it in honey and steam it, but soak it for two nights and bake it for use."
Indications: convergence, benefiting qi and promoting fluid production, tonifying kidney and calming heart. Can be used for treating chronic cough and asthma, wet dream's nocturnal emission, enuresis and frequent urination, chronic diarrhea, spontaneous sweating and night sweats, body fluid injury and thirst, shortness of breath and pulse deficiency, internal heat and thirst, and palpitation and insomnia.
Usage and dosage 1.5 ~ 6g.
Store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent mildew.
distinguish
(1) Cross section of this product: the exocarp is 1 row of square or rectangular cells, with a slightly thick wall, cuticle and scattered oil cells; The mesocarp has 10 rows of parenchyma cells, which contain starch granules and scattered external tough small vascular bundles; Endocarp is 1 row of square small parenchyma cells. The outermost layer of seed coat is 1 row of radially elongated stone cells, with thick wall and fine pits and grooves; Below it is a series of round, triangular or polygonal stone cells with big pits; Below the stone cell layer are a series of parenchyma cells with vascular bundles in the ridge of seeds; The oil cell layer is 1 row of rectangular cells, containing brown oil droplets; Then there are 3 ~ 5 rows of small cells; The inner epidermis of seed coat is 1 row of small cells, with a slightly thick wall, and endosperm cells contain fat oil droplets and aleurone particles.
The powder is dark purple. The stone cells in the epidermis of seed coat are polygonal or long polygonal in surface view, with a diameter of 18 ~ 50μ m, a thick wall, extremely fine holes and grooves, and dark brown substances in the cell cavity. The stone cells in the inner layer of seed coat are polygonal, round or irregular, with a diameter of about 83μm, slightly thicker walls and larger pits. The surface of epidermal cells of pericarp is polygonal, the longitudinal wall is slightly beaded, and the surface has horny lines. There are scattered oil cells in the epidermis. Mesocarp cells shrink and contain dark brown substances and starch granules.
(2) Take 65438 0 g of this product powder, add 20ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 30min, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and add 65438±0ml of chloroform to the residue to make it dissolve, and use it as the test solution. In addition, 65438 0 g of Schisandra chinensis was taken as the control medicinal material, and the control medicinal material solution was prepared by the same method. Then take the reference substance of Schisandrin A and add chloroform to make a solution containing 65438±0mg per 65438±0ml as the reference substance solution. According to the thin-layer chromatography test (appendix ⅵ b), 2μl of each of the above three solutions was absorbed and spotted on the same silica gel GF254nm thin-layer plate, and the upper solution of petroleum ether (30 ~ 60℃)- ethyl formate-formic acid (15:5: 1) was used as the developing agent, and then it was unfolded, taken out, dried and placed in ultraviolet light. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatograms of the reference medicinal materials and the reference substance.
Check that the impurity shall not exceed 1% (appendix Ⅶ a).
The content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (Appendix ⅵ d).
Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel is used as a filler for chromatographic conditions and system suitability test. The mobile phase is methanol-water (13: 7); The detection wavelength is 250 nm. According to the calculation of schizandrin A peak, the theoretical plate number should not be less than 2000.
Preparation of Reference Solution Take Schisandrin A reference substance 15mg, weigh it accurately, put it in a 50ml volumetric flask, dissolve it with methanol, dilute it to scale, and shake it evenly to get it (containing Schisandrin A 0.3mg per kloc-0/ml).
Preparation of test solution: Take about 0.25g of this product powder (pass through No.3 sieve), weigh it accurately, put it in a 20ml volumetric flask, add about 18ml methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment (power 250W, frequency 20 khz) for 20 minutes, take it out, add methanol to the scale, shake it evenly, and filter it.
The determination method accurately absorbs 65438 00μ l control solution and test solution respectively, and injects them into the liquid chromatograph for determination. This product contains no less than 0.40% of Schisandrin A (C24H32O7).
Edit the relevant historical materials of this paragraph
More than a thousand years ago, Su Gong recorded that Schisandra chinensis "came out of Lantian Mountain" in Tang Materia Medica.
The Compendium of Materia Medica in Song Dynasty recorded that Schisandra chinensis was "especially in Shaanxi counties".
"Herbal Yi Yan" said: "Schisandra chinensis is found in the west of today's Huazhou to Qin Zhou".
The Ming Dynasty's Xing 'an County Records said: "Schisandra chinensis, Xing 'an has it."
Shaanxi local chronicles are also recorded.
In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen said in Compendium of Materia Medica: "Sour and salty are beneficial to the liver and kidney, hard to the heart and lung, and sweet to the palace and spleen and stomach."
Schisandra chinensis is listed as the top grade in Shennong Herbal Classic. This product is sweet, sour and bitter, and the core is bitter and salty, hence the name.
cultivation techniques
(1) Propagation method Wild Schisandra chinensis mainly relies on underground transverse stems for propagation besides seed propagation. In artificial cultivation, many people have studied cutting, layering and seed propagation. In this way, although cutting layering can also take root and develop into plants, it is difficult to take root and the required conditions are not easy to master, so it is not as good as seed propagation. The seed propagation method is simple and easy, and a large number of seedlings can be obtained in a short time.
1. Selection of seeds It is best to choose the raw ear at autumn harvest for Schisandra chinensis seeds, and choose the ear with large and uniform fruit grains as seeds, and dry them separately for preservation. When it is dry, don't bake it on the fire, fry it on the kang or in the pot. Can be dried in the sun or in the shade and stored in a ventilated and dry place.
2. Seed treatment
(1) Before outdoor treatment and freezing, soak the fruits selected as seeds in clear water until the pulp floats, and rub off the pulp. Schisandra chinensis has many grains. The seed yield is about 60%, and the particles floating on the water can be removed at the same time. After grinding off the pulp, soak the seeds in clear water for 5-7 days, so that the seeds can fully absorb water, and change the water every two days, and some seeds can be removed when changing the water. After soaking, take out the stem, mix it with wet sand with 2-3 times of seeds, put it into a pit with a depth of about 0.5 meters prepared outdoors, cover it with fine soil of 10- 15 cm, and then cover it with firewood or grass curtain for low temperature treatment. May-June of the following year can be divided into plants for sowing. The treatment site should be selected in a highly dry place to avoid the seeds from rotting due to water.
(2) Indoor treatment In late February, the seeds were moved indoors to remove pulp, mixed with wet sand, and placed in a wooden box for sand storage treatment. The temperature could be kept at 5℃- 15℃, and the seeds could be split in the next spring.
(2) sowing and raising seedlings
1. Selection of nursery grounds The nursery grounds can be fertile humus or sandy loam or old ginseng fields. Seedbed is the best way to raise seedlings, which can be made according to different soil conditions. Low-lying and waterlogged plots can be made into high beds with a bed height of about 15 cm. Land with high drought and little rain can be made into flat beds. No matter what kind of bed, there must be loose soil layer above 15cm, and the bed width is 1.2m, depending on the terrain. The bed soil should be carefully raked to remove impurities, and 5- 10 kg of decomposed manure should be applied per square meter, which should be fully mixed with the bed soil, and the bed surface can be leveled before sowing.
2. Sowing time and method Generally, the treated seeds are sowed from early May to mid-June, and are drilled or spread. Borehole row spacing10cm, covering soil1.5-3cm. The sowing amount per square meter is about 30 grams. You can also sow fresh seeds in the current year from early August to early September, that is, choose large and full fruit grains with the same maturity in the current year, rub off the pulp, rinse them with clear water, dry them and sow them.
3. After sowing, set up a shed with a height of 1- 1.5m, shade it with a straw curtain or a reed curtain, water the soil when it is dry, and keep the soil moisture at 30%-40%. When the seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves, remove the shade curtain. And always keep responsible and clean, and then transplant and plant in the next spring.
(4) transplantation
1. Choose forest edge land or cultivated land with fertile soil, deep soil layer and good drainage, humus soil and sandy loam soil are the best, select the right land, apply 20-30 tons of base fertilizer per hectare, and level it and rake it carefully for later use.
2. Transplanting is generally carried out from late April to early May, and the row spacing is1.20cm× 50cm.. In order to make the row spacing even, you can pull the rope to locate the holes, mark the hole position, and then dig holes with a depth of 30-35 cm and a diameter of 30 cm, and plant one plant in each hole. When planting, stretch the root system to prevent the nest root from lodging. After planting, it should be practical, filled with water, and sealed with soil after seepage. /kloc-check the seedlings after 0/5 days, and no survivors need replanting.
(5) Site management
1. Irrigation and fertilization Schisandra likes fertilizer, and it needs sufficient water and nutrition during the growing period. After the plants survive, water the algae frequently, keep the soil moist, and water them once before freezing, so as to facilitate wintering. During the flowering and fruiting period of pregnant buds, in addition to enough water, a lot of nutrients are needed. Topdressing every year 1-2 times, the first time in the leaf development stage, the second time after flowering. Generally, 5- 10 kg of decomposed farmyard manure can be applied to each plant. Topdressing method: an annular ditch with a depth of 15-20 cm can be opened about 30-50 cm from the root, and the soil can be covered after fertilizer application. Don't hurt the roots when ditching.
2. Pruning branches of Schisandra chinensis can be pruned in spring, summer and autumn.
(1) Spring pruning is generally carried out before the branches germinate. Cut off the dense fruit branches and dead branches. After cutting, the branches are moderately dense and do not interfere with each other.
(2) Summer felling is generally carried out from mid-May to mid-August. Mainly to cut off the basic branches, drilling branches, overlapping branches, pest branches and so on. At the same time, too dense new branches also need to be thinned or shortened. Summer cutting is going well, and you can cut it lightly or not in autumn.
(3) Autumn cutting after defoliation. It is mainly to cut off the basic branches after pruning in summer.
Whenever pruning, you should choose 2-3 vegetative branches as the main branches and put the vines on the shelf.
3. Scaffolding should be done in the second year after transplantation. The column can be made of cement column or angle steel, and a horizontal line can be drawn on the upper part of the column with wooden pole or No.8 iron wire. Erect a bamboo pole or wooden pole with a height of 2.5-3 meters and a diameter of 1.5-5 cm at each main vine, fix it on the horizontal line with tie lines, and then lead the vine to the shelf. At first, it can be strongly tied, and then naturally wound on the shelf.
4. Loosening and weeding During the growth period of Schisandra chinensis, it is necessary to loosen the soil and weed in time to keep the soil loose and free of weeds. When loosening the soil, it is necessary to avoid damaging the root system. A tree tray is made at the base of Schisandra chinensis to facilitate irrigation.
5. Soil cultivation in Schisandra chinensis base before winter can protect Schisandra chinensis from overwintering safely.
6. Diseases and their prevention and control
(1) Root rot started from early May to early August. At first, the leaves withered, the roots turned black, the joint with the ground rotted, the roots fell off, and the diseased plants died a few days later. Prevention and control methods: choose land with high drought and good drainage for planting; At the onset stage, rhizosphere irrigation was carried out with 50% carbendazim solution 500- 1000 times.
(2) Leaf blight started from late May to early July, started at the stem tip or edge, and gradually spread to the whole leaf surface. When it dries, it falls off, and then the fruit shrinks, leading to early fruit drop. At the initial stage of the disease, 50% Tobuzine 1000 times solution and 3% Jinggangmycin 50ppm solution can be sprayed alternately. Spraying frequency can be determined according to the situation.
(6) Harvesting and processing: harvesting from late August to early October of 10, and harvesting at maturity. Handle with care when picking up the goods to ensure the quality of the goods. It can be dried in the sun or dried during processing. When drying, the room temperature is about 60℃ at the beginning, the temperature of Schisandra chinensis is reduced to 40℃-50℃ when it is half dry, and when it is 80% dry, it is moved to the outdoor sun for complete drying, and the fruit stalks are rubbed off, and the black particles are picked out and put into storage.
Various exhibitions
1. Sun Simiao: Take Schisandra chinensis regularly in May to tonify the five internal organs. In summer, I feel sleepy, weak and lifeless. When I use Radix Astragali, Radix Ginseng and Radix Ophiopogonis to make soup, I add less Cortex Phellodendri, which makes people feel refreshed and full of strength. Eat raw. In June, I often take Schisandra chinensis, which is beneficial to lung, gold, energy and kidney.
2. "Materia Medica": Schisandra chinensis, "Ben Jing" is warm, and it is very beneficial for children to eat too much today. The theory of medicinal properties refers to dispelling hot air, and the book Rihuazi also refers to warm water and dirty water, and also refers to dispelling annoying heat. Later, I learned to be so confused. Today, since it is mainly used to treat lung deficiency cold, it can't be said that it is not annoying or hot. Tonic drugs are also used. You can't get rid of drugs.
3. Notes on Treatise on Febrile Diseases: According to Neijing, the lung wants to collect, and it is urgent to eat acid to collect. The acid of Paeonia lactiflora and Schisandra chinensis is used to collect qi and calm the lungs.
4. "Medicine Heart Method": (Schisandra chinensis) astringing lung qi is not enough to replenish qi and ascend. This medicine is used together with dried ginger to treat acid and qi stagnation and lung cold stagnation.
5. "Herbal Supplement": Schisandra chinensis, now known as five flavors, is unknown. Because it has a great ability of collecting lung qi, it should have the function of tonifying kidney, and collecting lung qi does not remove heat. Don't you need warm water to tonify the kidney? Too much food leads to deficiency-heat and sudden renal closure. What is confusion? Hot cough must be used.
6. "Danxi Heart Method": Those who cough at dusk are floating in the lungs. Cold medicine should not be used. The convergence of Schisandra chinensis and Galla chinensis should be reduced.
7. "Compendium of Materia Medica": Five flavors of asthma and cough must be divided into north and south. Jinshengye is suitable for quenching thirst, moistening lung, tonifying kidney and relieving cough. The cold is in the lungs, so the south should be used.
8. Outline: Schisandra chinensis, used as tonic and cough medicine. Schisandra chinensis is salty in the liver and beneficial to the kidney, hard in the heart and beneficial to the lung, and sweet in the middle palace and beneficial to the spleen and stomach.
9. The Classic of Materia Medica: Schisandra governs qi, lung governs all qi, and acid can be collected. It is to enter the lung to replenish the lung, so it benefits qi. For people who cough against the upper qi, qi deficiency will cause the upper qi to stagnate and not return to yuan, acid will gather and the gas will return to yuan, so the cough against the upper qi will be eliminated by itself. Labor overcomes thinness, tonifies deficiency, strengthens yin and benefits men. Carapax Trionycis nourishes the five internal organs, removes heat, and generates yin and muscle. Schisandra chinensis specializes in tonifying kidney and storing essence in kidney. The essence is full of yin, and the qi returns to yuan when it is collected. But Dantian is warm, Shui Gu is rotten, dregs are steamed, essence is self-generated, and essence is long. So it is the main disease.
10. Materia Medica: Schisandra chinensis, a medicine for astringing qi and promoting fluid production. Therefore, "Herbal Medicine of Tang Dynasty" is mainly to restrain lung deficiency which can not be cured for a long time. Anyone suffering from qi deficiency, shortness of breath, cough strain, listlessness, pulse deficiency, or yang strain, weakness of limbs, or hyperactivity of qi deficiency, frequent spontaneous sweating, or exhaustion of essence, or hyperactivity of fire due to yin deficiency, or death of yin and yang, and disharmony of spirit pulse, is treated with Schisandra chinensis, which is salty and astringent, and produces fluid to maintain vitality and be completely discharged. However, going up into the lung and down into the kidney has the benefits of promoting fluid production and Jiyuan, and the kidney has the function of consolidating essence and replenishing marrow.
1 1. "medicinal meaning": Schisandra chinensis, salty in five flavors, can astringe lung qi and treat chronic cough due to fatigue. Cover your lungs and collect sexual desire. If you cough for a long time, your lungs will be burnt, and body fluid will not be born. When you are tired, your lungs are exhausted and your mouth is dry, so that it can be gathered and moistened, while its dirty nature can calm your cough and make your spirit prosperous. But if you cough for a long time, you can't use it suddenly. If you are afraid of lung fire and stagnation of evil spirits, use it to close your ears.
12. Shuzheng in the classic: the syndrome treated by Schisandra chinensis, typhoid fever only talks about cough and adverse reactions, while Synopsis of the Golden Chamber also talks about upper qi, such as cough and upper qi caused by Shegan Mahuang decoction and cock crow in the throat; Xiaoqinglong plus gypsum soup has lung distension, cough, dysphoria and asthma. Typhoid fever is the key to typhoid fever. Whether it is sun, shaoyang or shaoyin, Schisandra chinensis and dried ginger can be added to anyone who coughs. Miscellaneous syndrome has its own genre, that is, cough with floating pulse. A main word of Houpu Mahuang Decoction has summarized the theme of the book. Do you think there is Schisandra chinensis in synopsis of the golden chamber? The cover of Schisandra chinensis can only collect Yin Qi in the sun, and the rest are not suitable.
13. "Seeking the Grassland": Schisandra chinensis is a cough medicine. It is used for all kinds of cough due to wind, cold and summer, cough due to injury and dryness, cough due to fatigue, cough due to insufficient kidney water, cough due to insufficient kidney fire, chronic cough, shortness of breath, floating pulse, weak as onion leaves, and lack of water. The sages were suspicious of exogenous pathogens, so they used them early for fear of breathing too fast. I didn't know Zhongjing had typhoid cough, so I also used Xiaoqinglong decoction. However, asarum and dried ginger need to be combined to keep cold. If they use it to restrain themselves, they will cheer up and stop coughing. They only took five flavors from dried ginger to cure cough. Danxi is also called lung qi dissipation, which can remove heat; Qianjiang also means that it nourishes the lung, removes heat and nourishes the kidney, which belongs to the heart and kidney; When you cough at dusk, it is a virtual fire floating into your lungs. Avoid cold and cool, and only use five flavors to converge. This is not suitable for dried ginger or people who fry Ophiopogon japonicus. In a word, lung qi declines with yin, so it is fine and full of qi, and kidney water is distributed above yang, so it is fine and full of qi, and yin and yang are two qi. The change of true qi is based on the liver, and the five flavors are specialized in the liver, so it has the same effect, which is different from other flavors. There is yin in the yang of lung qi, so it can be reduced. The treatment of lung qi is mainly yin reduction. However, the decline of vitality comes from rising, and the five flavors rise and fall salty, so yang evil hurts yin, so it is appropriate to clear yang and converge yang; Yin evil hurts yang, and warming yang is also appropriate, but yin is closed. Dongyuan refers to cold asthma and hot asthma, which is also true for those who are unwilling to give up five flavors, but it is a taboo for those who have exogenous pathogens and miscellaneous diseases that have nothing to do with lung qi.
14. Materia Medica Justice: The cough of lung is yin fire, and the fire of yang deficiency floats. Therefore, when it is cloudy at dusk, the virtual fire starts, which is the first cough. It is advisable to treat lung and kidney. But pulse deficiency, red tongue and no phlegm are combined. If the tongue coating is greasy with phlegm, you should also pay attention.
15. Meridian: controlling qi, coughing up adverse qi, overcoming fatigue and weakness, tonifying deficiency, strengthening yin and benefiting men and essence.
16. "Bielu": Nourish the five internal organs, remove heat, and generate yin and muscle.
17. compendium of materia medica of rihuazi: improving eyesight, warm water pollution, treating wind, reducing qi, promoting digestion, twitching muscles due to cholera, running cold air in dolphins, eliminating edema, nausea, flatulence, quenching thirst, relieving restlessness, relieving alcoholism and strengthening bones and muscles.
18. Gaoli: Promote the production of body fluids to quench thirst. Treat diarrhea, replenish qi deficiency, collect dissipated qi, and dilate pupils.
19. Wang: Treating asthma and dry cough, promoting diuresis and suppressing yang.
20. "Compendium of Materia Medica": colds and coughs, five flavors in the south, and five flavors in the north are the best.
2 1. "Herbal Xuan Tong": consolidating essence and astringing sweat.