Zuo Zhuan is a chronological historical work in ancient China.
Zuo Zhuan is the full name of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, formerly known as Zuo Chunqiu, and also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Zuo Shi in the Han Dynasty. It was called Zuo Zhuan only after the Han Dynasty.
It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
It is generally believed that Zuo Zhuan was not written by one person, and it was written in the middle of the Warring States Period (the middle of the 4th century BC). Some scholars compiled it during the Warring States Period, and most of it may have been written by Zuo Qiuming. Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan illustrates the outline of Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Sima Qian said in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid of heresy among his disciples, and each had his own opinions and lost his reason. So because Confucius' Historical Records has his own words, it became Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. "Zuo Zhuan represents the highest achievement of pre-Qin historiography, is an important document to study pre-Qin history and the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, and has had a great influence on later historiography, especially on establishing the status of chronological history books.
Moreover, because it has a strong Confucian tendency, emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, attaches importance to the distinction between honor and inferiority, and also shows the idea of "people-oriented", so it is also an important historical material for studying Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Zuo Zhuan mainly records the decline of the royal family in Zhou Dynasty and the history of the hegemony of princes, and records and comments on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends, and ballads.
Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical work, but also an excellent literary work. Shown in: good at describing wars, good at portraying characters, and paying attention to written records.
2. Knowledge of Zuo Zhuan
Zuo Zhuan is a chronological historical work in ancient China.
Zuo Zhuan is the full name of Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, formerly known as Zuo Chunqiu, and also known as Zuo Chunqiu and Zuo Shi in the Han Dynasty. It was called Zuo Zhuan only after the Han Dynasty.
It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.
It is generally believed that Zuo Zhuan was not written by one person, and it was written in the middle of the Warring States Period (the middle of the 4th century BC). Some scholars compiled it during the Warring States Period, and most of it may have been written by Zuo Qiuming. Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan illustrates the outline of Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Sima Qian said in the Chronicle of Twelve Governors in Historical Records: "Zuo Qiuming, a gentleman of Lu, was afraid of heresy among his disciples, and each had his own opinions and lost his reason. So because Confucius' Historical Records has his own words, it became Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. "Zuo Zhuan represents the highest achievement of pre-Qin historiography, is an important document to study pre-Qin history and the history of the Spring and Autumn Period, and has had a great influence on later historiography, especially on establishing the status of chronological history books.
Moreover, because it has a strong Confucian tendency, emphasizes hierarchical order and patriarchal ethics, attaches importance to the distinction between honor and inferiority, and also shows the idea of "people-oriented", so it is also an important historical material for studying Confucianism in the pre-Qin period. Zuo Zhuan mainly records the decline of the royal family in Zhou Dynasty and the history of the hegemony of princes, and records and comments on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends, and ballads.
Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical work, but also an excellent literary work. Shown in: good at describing wars, good at portraying characters, and paying attention to written records.
3. Cao Gui's Notes on the Controversy of Zuo Zhuan.
Translation:
In the spring of the tenth year of Duke Zhuang of Lu, the Qi army attacked Lu. Duke Zhuang of Lu is ready to fight. Cao Gui asked for an interview. His fellow countryman said, "They are all high-ranking people with rich salaries. Why should they participate?" Cao Gui said: "Powerful people are short-sighted, lack knowledge and cannot see far." So the court went to visit Duke Zhuang of Lu. Cao Gui asked, "Why are you fighting?" Duke Zhuang said, "I dare not have clothes and food for my health, so I have to give it to a courtier." Cao Gui replied: "Small favors have not affected ordinary people, and ordinary people will not listen." Duke Zhuang said, "Don't dare to make false reports about the sacrificial cows, sheep, pigs, jade and silks. You must tell God sincerely." Cao Gui replied: "This little sincerity cannot be trusted by God, and God will not bless it." Zhuang Gong said: "Even if I am not good at scrutiny, I should handle cases with different severity according to the facts." Cao Gui replied, "This is something that I have done my duty. You can use this condition to fight a war. If you want to fight, please allow me to follow. "
Zhuang Gong sat with him in a chariot. The armies of Lu and Qi are fighting with spoons. Duke Zhuang intends to drum and order the March. Cao Gui said, "No." Qi played drums three times. Cao Gui said, "You can attack." The Qi army was defeated. Zhuang Gong wants to drive after him. Cao Gui said, "No." So he looked down at the marks left by the wheels of the Qi army, boarded the crossbar in front of the car, looked at the Qi army and said, "That's enough." I pursued the Qi army.
After defeating the Qi army, Zhuang Gong asked the reason. Cao Gui replied, "Fighting depends on courage. The first drum beat inspired courage, the second drum beat suppressed courage, and the third drum beat destroyed courage. Their courage disappeared, and our army was full of courage, so we defeated them. A big country is hard to estimate, and it is afraid of an ambush. I saw that their tracks were chaotic and their flags were falling, so I went after the Qi army. "