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What are the most popular medical works in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period?
Medical works (Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period)

First, the short book "Everything"

"Everything" is one of the Han bamboo slips unearthed from the tomb of Xiahouzao, the second generation Ruyin, Shuanggudui, Fuyang, Anhui Province (Ancient Literature Research Office of the Ministry of Culture, Fuyang Regional Museum of Anhui Province, Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips Arrangement Group: Fuyang Han Bamboo Slips, Cultural Relics, (4): 36, 1988). Xiahou died 15 years before Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty (BC 165), so the date of "All Things Bamboo Slips" is the early Western Han Dynasty. According to the names of Yue and other places on bamboo slips, all the books may have been written in the early Warring States Period or the Spring and Autumn Period (",Han. Bamboo slips were badly damaged, so they were originally called "miscellaneous parties". According to bamboo slips, no. Hou et al.' s wo 0 1: "... you can't smell it; The root of everything must be observed; We must know the transformation of Yin and Yang and name it "Everything". There are 133 pieces of all things, about 1 100 words, the longest is about 2 1.6 cm, including more than 30 words, and the rest are different in length and number of words. Recite the narrative, read one sentence first, separate the two sentences with ink dots, and write two or three sentences briefly.

Everything: According to preliminary statistics, there are 7 1 species of drugs in everything, including 5 species of jade, 23 species of grass, 5 species of wood, 4 species of animals 1 1 species, 4 species of poultry, 0/65438 species of fish and 4 species of fruit. In addition, there are Don't Steal, Enjoy the Mouse, Dafa and Shigua waiting to be tested. By analyzing the drugs recorded in animism, it is found that most of them are things that can be touched in daily life, which is a feature of the early development stage of drugs. As far as "Sichuan pepper" is concerned, it can be speculated that drug exchange between different places already existed in the early Warring States period or the Spring and Autumn Period.

There are 3 1 species of diseases recorded in the Records of Everything, among which "Yue" has yet to be verified. These diseases include internal and external diseases, facial features, nervous system diseases and other subjects. Diseases and symptoms recorded in the Records of Everything, such as cold and heat, upset, heartache, abdominal distension, fistula, acne, folding, flaccidity, carbuncle, ear, coma, sleep, nightmare, insomnia, forgetfulness, etc. , spread to later generations, some are still in use today.

Many medical functions recorded in Everything are not only consistent with later herbal medicines, but also still used in clinical medicine. There is hardly any record of everything receiving poison. However, several primitive methods have been recorded in processing, such as "boiling" and "baking". The records of medication methods and taboos are also very simple, and only one is related to medication methods or taboos, such as: "Taking Darkmouth for a hundred days makes people tend to be good." Black beak, aconite, is poisonous. Due to the proper processing method, the toxicity of Aconitum can be reduced. So although it is not exact, it can be preliminarily speculated that it is taking aconite.

According to the analysis of various data, the book of Everything should be written earlier than Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases. The excavation of animism filled the gap in the history of herbal medicine in China from the early Warring States to the Spring and Autumn Period, and provided very precious documents.

Second, medical books unearthed from Mawangdui

From the beginning of 1972 to the beginning of 1974, archaeologists successively excavated the No.1, No.2 and No.3 Han tombs in the eastern suburb of Changsha. According to textual research, the owner of the No.1 Han Tomb is the wife of Hou Licang, the minister of Changsha in the Western Han Dynasty, named Xin Zhui; The owner of Tomb No.2 is Li Cang himself; The owner of Tomb No.3 is Li Cang's son. In this group of tombs, a large number of precious documents have been unearthed, including many lost medical documents.

Among the silk books unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb, there are ancient medical books: Eleven Vein Foot and Arm Moxibustion Sutra, Eleven Vein Yin and Yang Moxibustion Sutra, Pulse Method, Death of Yin and Yang Veins, Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases, Que Gu Chi Qi, Eleven Vein Yin and Yang Moxibustion Sutra B, Guide Map, Health-preserving Prescription and Health-preserving Prescription. The above eleven kinds, because there are two kinds of books, A and B, whose characters are basically the same, can be regarded as one kind, so there are actually ten kinds. There are also 200 bamboo slips unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb. They are all medical books, which are divided into four categories: Ten Questions, Combination of Yin and Yang, Miscellaneous Prescriptions and the Best Way to Discuss the World, and the above silk books and wooden slips are counted as fourteen categories. These are all ancient medical books lost in later generations.

1, two ancient pulse moxibustion meridians

The silk manuscripts of Mawangdui Han Tomb, Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins of Foot Arm (hereinafter referred to as Foot Arm) and Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins of Yin and Yang (hereinafter referred to as Yin and Yang), comprehensively discuss the running direction of eleven meridians of human body and the diseases they are attending. This is the earliest literature on meridian theory discovered by China. Judging from the time of writing, among the two pulse meridians, the foot arm is the most primitive, the yin and yang are a little later, and the Lingshu meridian is later than the two pulse moxibustion meridian. We can say that two-pulse moxibustion meridian is the originator of Lingshu meridian. Its main basis is:

First, the two-pulse moxibustion meridian only records eleven meridians of the human body, and compared with the Lingshu meridian, there is one hand Jue Yin meridian missing. The twelve meridians in Neijing was developed on the basis of eleven meridians in Silk Book.

Secondly, in the direction of meridians, the twelve meridians described in Neijing is interrelated and the direction of meridians is very regular; The eleven classics contained in the silk book are not interrelated, but only emphasize a part along the walking direction.

Thirdly, in the two meridians of moxibustion, we can't see any inevitable connection between each meridian and viscera, even if there is accidental connection, there is no law to follow.

Fourth, the names of meridians in the two meridians are not uniform, and some names are primitive.

2. Silk Book Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases

There are more than 10,000 words in the silk book "Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases", and the book is divided into fifty-two topics, each of which is a method to treat a disease, ranging from one or two prescriptions to more than twenty prescriptions. There are 283 prescriptions and 247 kinds of drugs. The name of the diseases mentioned in the book is 103, including internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, five senses and other diseases. The treatment of internal diseases does not account for a large proportion in the book, but it reflects the treatment level of internal diseases at that time from one side. For example, there are reasonable prescriptions for gonorrhea in the book, which are mostly used in clinic today. Especially the syndrome differentiation and treatment of blood stranguria, stone stranguria, ointment stranguria and female stranguria can be said to be the embryonic form of syndrome differentiation and treatment of gonorrhea. The proportion of surgical diseases in the book is the largest and the most prominent. When discussing the treatment of gangrene in the book, the principle of syndrome differentiation and treatment has been initially applied, and its prescriptions pay attention to addition and subtraction and medication according to the syndrome. For example, "sui (gangrene) disease, white peony, yellow peony, peony (medicine), cinnamon, ginger, pepper, Zhu Zhu and Cornus officinalis, all have seven things. Bone (carbuncle) is twice as white (carbuncle), meat (carbuncle) is twice as yellow (carbuncle), kidney (carbuncle) is twice as peony, and the rest is one each. And drink with three fingers and the biggest (pinch) every five or six days. "

In other words, gangrene is generally treated with seven kinds of drugs, such as ampelopsis, astragalus, peony, cinnamon, ginger, pepper and dogwood. But we must pay attention to syndrome differentiation. Different symptoms will lead to different doses.

When discussing the treatment of hemorrhoids, Fifty-two Diseases Prescription not only used various drug therapies, but also recorded wonderful surgical therapies.

There are many other therapies, besides oral decoction, there are many external treatments, such as external application, fumigation or steam fumigation, ironing, moxibustion, massage therapy, trumpet therapy (cupping therapy) and so on. The diversification of treatment methods was also one of the signs of the improvement of medical level at that time.

3. "Eating Gas in the Valley" and "Guide Map"

Quegu Shi Qi, a silk book, is the earliest monograph on qigong instruction discovered by China so far. The silk book Quegu Shi Qi is very long, with nearly 500 words in the original text. Unfortunately, due to the great damage, only 270 words can be recognized today. Judging from the existing remnants of Quegu Shi Qi, it mainly records the methods of guiding the operation of Qi machine and the taboo of eating Qi at four seasons. This paper holds that we should guide qi according to the dim moon, the morning and evening of the hour and the characteristics of different ages, pay attention to breathing and breathing, try our best to get rid of the old and take a deep breath.

The silk painting "Guide Map" is the earliest existing medical gymnastics map in China. After restoration, this picture is about 100 cm long and 50 cm high. In this colorful tour guide map, 44 people of different genders and ages are doing various tour guide actions. They are arranged in four rows, each row has 1 1 person, and the height of the figure is 9 ~ 12 cm. These characters are lifelike, with different postures and costumes, and they are all practicing attentively. The postures of these 44 people can be roughly divided into three categories: one is breathing movement, the other is moving limbs and trunk, and the other is armed movement. For example, "inducing deafness" means guiding the prevention of deafness and "inducing spleen disease", that is, guiding the prevention of arthralgia or abdominal pain. These are rare and precious materials.

In the silk painting "Guide Map", there are many guide techniques to imitate animal movements. Guided by bionic action, it has a great influence on future generations.

4. Silk books nourish the master's prescription, miscellaneous therapy prescription and fetal delivery book.

The silk book "Health Care Prescription" was seriously damaged. It is estimated that the original book was about 6000 words, and now there are only 3000 words left. The text of this book is in the front and the table of contents is in the back. There are 32 original titles, and 27 of them can be recognized after sorting out, such as I can't afford to be old, I am happy, the most common disease (swelling), the stem (light) is good for the body, and the middle energizer is removed.

Judging from the contents of the book, it mainly includes two aspects: first, health-preserving tonic, which is mainly used to strengthen the body, enhance muscle strength and benefit the beauty of black hair. One is the nourishing function.

When describing the monthly development of the fetus, the book clearly wrote: "Fat begins in March, and the fruit is slow and effective. When it is, there is no definition (document), it depends on things. Therefore, your Excellency, don't be Zhu (Jurassic) Confucianism, don't look at Mu (Mu) Hou (Monkey) and so on. This is the earliest discussion about prenatal education. It is believed that the diet, daily life, thoughts and feelings of pregnant women will have a direct impact on the quality of fetal development and even the formation of fetal gender.

Three, Jiangling Zhangjiashan medical slips

From the end of 1983 to the beginning of 1984, the Jingzhou Regional Museum of Hubei Province discovered a large number of bamboo slips during the excavation of M247, M249 and M285 tombs in Zhangjiashan, jiangling county. Among them, M247 unearthed the most bamboo slips, reaching more than 1000 pieces, and most of them were stored in bamboo slips (boxes), which were relatively intact and legible. In addition to legal, military, mathematical and manual documents, there are two kinds of medical books, called "Pulse Book" and "Introduction Book". According to the genealogy calculation of the tomb shape, unearthed artifacts and M247 bamboo slips buried with the tomb by Zhangjiashan Bamboo Slip Sorting Team, the burial age of this tomb is from the Western Han Dynasty to the early years of Wendi (about the middle of the 2nd century BC), which is the same as or earlier than the 12th year of Wendi in Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb in Changsha (BC 168 BC).

1, "pulse book"

* * * The 2028-character pulse book was copied on 65 bamboo slips in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and its content can be divided into five parts. The first part mainly discusses the symptoms, describing the names and brief symptoms of 67 diseases from head to toe, involving internal and external diseases, facial features, gynecology and pediatrics, of which internal diseases account for about 2/5, which is different from Mawangdui's medical book "Fifty-two Diseases Syndrome" which focuses on surgical diseases; The second part is completely consistent with parts A and B of Mawangdui's medical book Yin-Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classic, saving 332 words more than the first part and 122 words more than the second part, which makes it possible to restore Yin-Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classic to a greater extent. The third part is basically the same as Mawangdui's medical book "Death of Yin and Yang Veins", with 69 more words, in which it says: "The husband leaves (flows) water without rot, and the pro does not bite, so let it move. If you move, you will have five internal organs (dirty) and five internal organs will be in good health. " It is the earliest metaphor of "running water" and "home pivot" in ancient books known at present, and discusses the principle that human exercise is beneficial to health. The fourth part discusses the six tissues or physiological functions of human body, such as bone, tendon, blood, pulse, meat and qi, and the symptom characteristics of the four-character rhyme "pain"; The fifth part is basically the same as Mawangdui's silk book "Pulse Method", with an extra word 124, which can make up for the shortage of silk books to a great extent.

2. Introduction of this book

The Preface to the Book is 3235 words, copied from the bamboo slips of 1 13 in Lv Hou about two years before the Western Han Dynasty (BC 186). Its content consists of three parts. The first part discusses the way of keeping in good health at four seasons. At the beginning of the article, it is pointed out that "spring life, long summer, autumn harvest and winter storage are also the ways of Peng Zu", and then the health preserving methods of each season are introduced in order of four seasons. The basic spirit of this part is consistent with the way of health preservation, growth, collection and hiding the spirit contained in Su Wen's theory of four qi, namely

The second part discusses the guiding method and its function.

In a word, Introduction to Books contains 1 10 kinds of introductions, in addition to repetition, there are10/0 kinds of introductions. Among them, there are 85 operations, 50 treatments and 16 functions. It can be seen that before the early Han Dynasty, we had accumulated rich experience in using guidance to treat diseases, and Introduction was a summary of medical guidance before the early Han Dynasty.

Compared with Mawangdui's silk painting "Guide Map", the introduction contained in "Introduction Book" has similar style and the same naming principle. However, the introduction contains more seeds. The content is richer. Except for five kinds of guides, such as folding yin, carrying menstruation, inducing knee pain, inducing deafness and inducing fatigue, the number of guides contained in silk paintings is only about 2/5 of that of Yin Shu, so it is difficult for a static picture of a single action to reflect the dynamic process of the guides, let alone depict the essentials of breathing and thinking. Yin Shu can make up for these shortcomings. In a word, the discovery of Yinshu provides extremely valuable information for studying the cited books before the Han Dynasty.

The third part discusses Yin Shu's pathogenic factors, prevention methods and health preservation theory.

In a word, the discovery of Zhangjiashan medical slips in Jiangling is of great significance to the study of Chinese medical history. For example, it rewrote some of the earliest records in the medical history of China, such as the reduction and percussion of mandibular joint dislocation, which was four or five hundred years earlier than that of Ge Hong in the Jin Dynasty. With the deepening of research, it will show its important value more and more.

Four. Huangdi Neijing

Huangdi Neijing, referred to as Huangdi Neijing for short, is a medical work named after Huangdi and his courtiers Qi Bo, Lei Gong, Guiwan District and Gao Bo. Huangdi Neijing includes Lingshu and Suwen, each volume is 8 1 article, with more than 800,000 words.

The date of completion of Huangdi Neijing is still inconclusive. Judging from its content, it is not a one-off work, but it is generally believed that its main content reflects the level of medical theory in the Warring States period, and the basic finalization period should be no later than the Warring States period. Of course, some of these contents may have been written by people in the Qin, Han and Six Dynasties.

Ancient medical books quoted in Huangdi Neijing. Are there any passages in Beijing, Xia Jing, Yidu, Yinyang, Qiheng and Meridian? Zozol, I blocked it? What do you bet on going back to K? Integral? What's the matter with you? Envy feed? Br> The meridians and acupuncture, which occupy a major position in Huangdi Neijing, inherit and develop the meridian theory and acupuncture treatment experience of Mawangdui silk book Moxibustion of Foot and Arm Eleven Veins, Moxibustion of Yin and Yang Eleven Veins, Pulse Method, Death of Yin and Yang Veins, Zhangjiashan Han Bamboo Slips and even Bian Que. In acupuncture treatment, it not only broke through the above-mentioned medical books on silk books and. Ling Shu in Huangdi's Internal Classic: meridian chapter, meridian syndrome differentiation and meridian tendon, which comprehensively and systematically discusses meridian science; Lingshu: nine needles, twelve elements and nine needles, etc. , discusses the preparation of acupuncture instruments; Su Wen: articles such as cavitation, qi movement, bone points and water-heat points discuss the distribution of acupuncture points; Lingshu: nine needles and twelve elements, evil guests, etc., discusses the law of holding needles; "Su Wen": eight righteous gods, separation of good and evil, etc. This paper discusses the reinforcing and reducing method of acupuncture; Lingshu: diagnostic points, end of menstruation, forbidden cases, etc. The taboo of acupuncture and moxibustion and acupuncture therapy of various diseases are discussed.

The theory of yin-yang and five elements was first introduced into medicine, which was the medical harmony of Qin State. In Mawangdui's silk book Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins of Yin and Yang, "When the wicked are sick, they are suddenly surprised by the sound of wood", which also reflects the content of the five elements theory. This passage was later included in Ling Shu Jing. Su Wen and Mai Jie Pian said: "The so-called fainting, the wicked and the fire, when you hear the sound of wood, you will suddenly be surprised. It shows that the theory of yin-yang and five elements has been introduced into medical theory.

At the beginning of the compilation of Huangdi Neijing in the Warring States Period, there were about 20 kinds of solo books, such as Huangdi Pulse Book and Bian Que Pulse Book. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and his son collated books, and Li and others began to collate eighteen volumes of Huangdi Neijing. By the time Ban Gu wrote Hanshu in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the manuscripts of these medical books were still intact and contained in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. When Zhang Zhongjing wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Huangfu Mi wrote Acupuncture Classic A and B at the end of the Wei Dynasty, Hanshu Yiwenzhi 18 volume Huangdi Neijing no longer existed, and it was not only divided into Su Wen, Jiu Juan or Zhen Jing, but also "lost".

1, Lingshu, also known as Jiujuan, Zhenjing, Jiuling, Jiuxu, etc. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, due to the long-term copying and circulation of many different names, the lost articles in the ancient version of Needle Sutra quoted by Tang Bing are basically the same as those in the ancient version of Lingshu, indicating that they are of the same clan, but they are the same as Lingshu discovered by Songshi in the Southern Song Dynasty (that is, the existing Lingshu). In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a block-printed Needle Sutra donated by North Korea, but so far there is no book to prove it. In the early Southern Song Dynasty, various versions of Ling Shu and Zhen Jing were lost. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1 155), Songshi re-collated eighty-one articles in nine volumes of Lingshu, expanded them to twenty-four volumes, and published them with annotations and engravings. At this point, the version of Lingshu has basically been finalized, replacing various versions, and has been published again and again, which has been passed down to this day.

2. Su Wen has different versions in Han Soul, Six Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Zhang Zhongjing, Wang Shuhe, Sun Simiao and Wang Tao all quoted this sentence in their works. Mainly: (1) Qi Liangjian (6th century A.D.) was the earliest annotated edition, but the sixth volume was lost at that time, with only eight volumes actually. This biography has been quoted by Tang, Song Lin, etc. It was lost after the Southern Song Dynasty. (2) Tang and Annotation, in the first year (762), took Annotation as the base annotation, and in the Northern Song Dynasty (1057 ~ 650), seven "big comments" were added to the seventh volume of Jiayou Zhiping's Lost Book.

The completion of Huangdi Neijing marks a new stage of China medicine from empirical medicine to theoretical medicine. Huangdi Neijing summarized the medical achievements before the Warring States Period and provided theoretical guidance for the medical development of China after the Warring States Period. It has laid a theoretical foundation for traditional Chinese medicine in the aspects of holistic view, contradictory view, meridian science, viscera imaging, etiology and pathogenesis, health care and preventive medicine, diagnosis and treatment principles, and has far-reaching influence. Most of the innovations and achievements of famous doctors in theory and practice are closely related to Huangdi Neijing.

The achievement of Huangdi Neijing is not only widely praised by doctors in China, but also has great influence abroad. Japan, South Korea and other countries have listed Huangdi Neijing as a compulsory textbook for doctors, and some of its contents have been translated into English, French, German and other languages and spread all over the world. In recent years, acupuncture organizations in some European and American countries have also listed Huangdi Neijing as a must-read reference book for acupuncturists.

Hope to adopt. Thank you.