Feng Youlan

92 ideas

The author's preface

& gt& gt A good history must have three qualities: talent, knowledge and knowledge. Scholars are proficient in historical materials; People who know, choose the right materials; Talent, delicate writing. People who write short stories are meant to be popular, and it is not easy to show their knowledge. Compared with academic masterpieces, they need their knowledge of their talents in particular.

The position of philosophy in China culture

& gt& gt But China people don't care so much about religion because they care too much about philosophy; Their religious consciousness is not strong because their philosophical consciousness is too strong. They found the existence beyond the real world in philosophy, and expressed and appreciated the value beyond ethics in philosophy; In their philosophical life, they experienced these values beyond ethics.

be suddenly enlightened

& gt According to the tradition of China's philosophy, the function of philosophy is not to enhance positive knowledge (I mean information about objective things), but to improve people's minds, transcend the real world and experience values higher than morality. The forty-eighth chapter of Laozi says: "Learning goes bad and Tao goes bad." I won't say the difference between "loss" and "benefit" here, and I don't fully agree with this sentence of Laozi. This sentence is quoted to show that China's philosophical tradition is different from "learning" and "Tao". "Learning" is what I said earlier, which increases the right knowledge, while "Tao" is to improve the mind. Philosophy belongs to the latter category.

& gt& gt According to the tradition of China's philosophy, the function of philosophy is not to enhance positive knowledge (I mean information about objective things), but to improve people's minds, transcend the real world and experience values higher than morality. The forty-eighth chapter of Laozi says: "Learning goes bad and Tao goes bad." I won't say the difference between "loss" and "benefit" here, and I don't fully agree with this sentence of Laozi. This sentence is quoted to show that China's philosophical tradition is different from "learning" and "Tao". "Learning" is what I said earlier, which increases the right knowledge, while "Tao" is to improve the mind. Philosophy belongs to the latter category.

& gt& gt People don't need religion, but they must have philosophy.

The Spirit and Problems of China's Philosophy

& gt& gt is both a WTO entry and a birth. When talking about Taoism, a philosopher in the Song Dynasty said, "Painting is inseparable from daily life." This is the direction of China's philosophical efforts. With this spirit, China's philosophy is both idealistic and realistic. Very practical, not superficial.

> > Plato's "philosopher king" theory. Plato believed that in an ideal country, philosophers should become kings, or kings should become philosophers.

& gt& gt Since philosophy takes the way of being sage inside and being king outside as its theme, learning philosophy is not only to seek philosophical knowledge, but also to cultivate such moral character. Philosophy is not only knowledge, but also the experience of life. This is not an intellectual game, but a very serious matter.

language barrier

& gt& gt Any translated text is, in the final analysis, just an explanation.

& gt& gt Kumarajiva in the 5th century AD was a great translator of Chinese Buddhist scriptures. He once said that translation work is like chewing rice to feed people.

Entering WTO and being born

& gt& gt。 Confucianism emphasizes individual social responsibility, while Taoism emphasizes the naturalness and automaticity of human heart. "Zhuangzi" said: Confucianism is internal and Taoism is external.

& gt& gt During the third and fourth centuries, a group of Taoists tried to make Taoism close to Confucianism, which was later called "new Taoism"; 1 1 and1in the 2nd century (Song Dynasty), some Confucianists tried to make Confucianism close to Taoism, which was later called "neo-Confucianism".

Methodology of China's Philosophy

& gt& gt has this different view because "being" and "finiteness" are clear, while "nothing" and "infinity" are not. Philosophers based on assumptions like clear things, while philosophers based on intuition need to pay attention to unclear things.

The concepts that have been distinguished by>& gt in the continuous investigation, the concepts that have not been distinguished and the concepts that have been distinguished (ibid., p. 187) are basically the concepts of farmers.

& gt& gt They are in a primitive and naive state of mind, and regard what they know directly as precious things. No wonder philosophers who reflect on their own thoughts also take what they know directly as the starting point of philosophical thinking. This is enough to explain why epistemology has not been developed in China's philosophy. Philosophers in China never take seriously whether this table is real or just an illusion (only Buddhists take it seriously, and Buddhism comes from India). The problem of epistemology arises because there is a clear boundary between subjectivity and objectivity. In the process of continuous investigation, the boundary between subjective and objective has not been clearly distinguished, and the subject and object of cognition are still one. This also helps to explain why the language of China's philosophy is suggestive, but not clear. I don't know, because it doesn't represent the concept deduced by reason. A philosopher just tells people what he sees. So what he said is very rich, but the language he used is very short. This is why the language of China philosophers is often only suggestive and not clear.

Sima Tan and Liu Jia.

& gt& gt This is a school that talks about cosmology. Because it boils down the principle of the universe to two main principles, Yin and Yang, it is called Yin and Yang Family.

Revision of Liu Xin's Theory

& gt& gt The vassals who owned the fiefs were not only the owners of the land, but also the owners of the economy and the fiefs. They were called "gentlemen", meaning "sons of the monarch", which became the same surname of feudal princes. Another social stratum is "little people" or "Shu Ren", which means ordinary people. They were serfs of feudal princes, who farmed for gentlemen (princes) at ordinary times and served in military service for gentlemen in wartime.

& gt& gt The mobility of Confucian scholars was founded by the scribes; Mohist school, built out of the ranger; The Tao flows, and the hermit covers; Celebrity traffic, covered by debaters; Yin and Yang family flow, covered by alchemists; Legalist school is made by magicians.

Identify and correct the name of someone or something.

& gt& gt In social relations, every name contains certain social responsibilities and obligations. Monarch, minister, father and son all have responsibilities and obligations in society. Anyone with a name should fulfill his responsibilities and obligations. This is the significance of Confucius' advocacy of "correcting the name".

benevolence and uprightness

> > Confucianism believes that "righteousness" and "benefit" are diametrically opposed. Confucius said, "A gentleman means justice, while a villain means profit." Later Confucianists often emphasized "the distinction between righteousness and benefit", which is regarded as the most important point in moral theory.

& gt& gt In The Analects of Confucius, when Confucius uses the word "benevolence", he sometimes refers to all human virtues, not just a specific one. This is the meaning of the word "benevolence". In this case, "benevolence" means "perfect moral quality".

Loyalty and forgiveness

& gt& gt This is the positive aspect of "benevolence", and doing one's best is called loyalty. The meaning of "benevolence" is not only "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", but also "forgive", that is, "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". Together, these two aspects are called "the way of loyalty and forgiveness". Confucius thinks this is the way to put benevolence into practice, which is what Confucius calls "the side of benevolence"

& gt& gt "Evil is not doing anything, evil is not taking precedence over the former, evil is not taking precedence over the former, evil is not taking precedence over the right, and evil is not taking precedence over the left. This is called the right path. "

Understand god's will

& gt& gt Taoism advocates "doing nothing" and Confucianism teaches "doing nothing without seeking anything".

& gt& gt So what people can do is to do their best, and success or failure is irrelevant. This attitude towards life is "knowing life". According to Confucius, "know life" is an important condition for becoming a gentleman, so he said, "If you don't know your own destiny, you don't think you are a gentleman."

Dedicate to fraternity

> > Mozi put forward "three tables" to measure right and wrong, that is, three standards: first, whether people act according to God's will and whether they are consistent with the cause of ancient holy kings is the root of things; Second, what people do should be what people can hear, see and verify, which is the origin of things (verification); Third, it is up to the government to see whether it benefits the country and the people, that is, the so-called use of things (see the first and second chapters of Mozi's "No Desire").

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Yang Zhu's Basic Thought

& gt& gt The book "Do Everything" says that Yang Zhu "does not seek to benefit the world."

Yang Zhu Thought in Laozi and Zhuangzi's Works

Chapter 13 of "Lao Zi" says: "If you are the world, you can make a fortune in the world; Love is the world, if you can trust it. "

The development of Taoist thought

Three stages of Taoism: Yang Zhu-seclusion in the mountains; Laozi-exploring the laws of all things to arrange his own actions; Zhuangzi-Escape from one world to another.

> The starting point of Taoist philosophy is to preserve life and avoid destroying it. In order to achieve this goal, Yang Zhu's practice is to "escape". Hermits usually do this: escape from society and hide in the mountains, hoping that they will not be polluted by the evil in the world. However, the world is so complex that no matter how individuals escape, it is difficult to completely escape the evil and filth. So "escape" can't achieve the goal.

Most of the expositions in Laozi are trying to show the laws of the change of the universe. In the view of these Taoists, although things are ever-changing, at the bottom of all kinds of changes, the law of evolution of things is unchanged. If people understand these laws and arrange their own actions according to them, they can make the evolution of things beneficial to them. This is the second stage of the development of Taoist thought in pre-Qin period.

Even so, people still feel that life is in jeopardy. There are always unpredictable factors in the changes of nature and human society. Therefore, no matter how people protect themselves, injuries are inevitable. This is the thirteenth chapter of Laozi's book, lamenting, "I have a big patient, so I have a body;" I have no body. What's wrong with me? This idea was further developed in Zhuangzi, and became the idea of "all things are unified, and people are born". It means looking at yourself and the outside world from a higher angle, life and death. Looking at things from this higher perspective, we can transcend the world outside ourselves. This is another form of "escape", it is not from the secular society to the mountains, but from this world to another world. This is the third stage of ancient Taoist thought.

Chapter 7: The idealistic school of Confucianism: Mencius.

& gt& gt In Confucianism, Mencius represented the school of idealism, and later Xunzi was the school of Confucian realism.

Theory of goodness

& gt& gt The reason why people are human is to uphold justice without profit. In other words, it is "pushing yourself and others". This is the practice of benevolence.

On the basic differences between Confucianism and Mohism

& gt& gt The answer to this question has always been: According to Mozi's theory, love has no hierarchy or difference; According to Confucian theory, love is hierarchical and different.

There is another fundamental difference between Confucianism and Mohism: Confucianism believes that if people follow nature, they will naturally develop a benevolent character; Mohism, on the other hand, believes that universal love depends on external forces.

political philosophy

& gt& gt。 The country is a moral system, and the leader of the country should also be the moral leader of the society.

& gt& gt If a saint becomes a monarch, his rule is called "kingly way". According to Mencius and later Confucianism, there are two kinds of political rule, one is "kingly way" and the other is "overbearing". The kingly way is "Saint Wang Zhidao", who rules by bullying and relying on violence. They are two completely different rules. St. Wang Zhidao is carried out through moral teaching and education, and bullying is carried out through coercive means. The power of kingly way comes from moral education, and the power of overbearing comes from force.

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occultism

& gt& gt In the second section of Gongsun Zhang Chou's Sentence, Mencius had a conversation with his student Gongsun Chou, and the student asked, "Dare to ask what the master is good at?" Yue: "I know what I say, and cultivate my noble spirit." "Dare to ask what is the noble spirit?" "It's hard to say. It is qi, as strong as it is, and it is harmless to raise it directly, so it is stuffed between heaven and earth. It is also qi, which is consistent with righteousness and Tao; Nothing, nothing. "

& gt& gt There are two ways to cultivate noble spirit: one is "Ming Dow" to improve people's understanding of "Tao"; On the other hand, it is what Mencius called "gathering righteousness", that is, persistently doing "things between heaven and man". The combination of these two aspects is what Mencius called "matching righteousness with Taoism".

Famous artists and debaters

& gt& gt It was Hui Shi and Gong Sunlong who really founded the famous philosophy.

& gt& gt Hui Shi and GongSunLong represent two different tendencies of famous artists. Hui Shi emphasized the relativity of reality, while GongSunLong emphasized the absoluteness of name.

Hui Shi's Theory of Relativity of Things

& gt& gt The first point is: "The greatest thing is nothing but rebirth; To the smallest, it is called small. "

& gt& gt "Ten Things to Meet"

& gt& gt "No accumulation and thin hair, a thousand miles a day."

& gt& gt "The world is humble, and the mountains are flat."

& gt& gt "The Japanese side was dumbfounded by the Chinese side, and things are life or death."

& gt& gt "Much the same, but little different, this is called little difference; When everything is over, it is almost said. "

& gt& gt Debate on Contract Differences "

& gt& gt "Infinite poverty in the South"

& gt& gt "Today is better than the past."

& gt& gt "Serial killings can be solved"

& gt& gt "I know the center of the world, and the north of Yan is the south of Vietnam."

& gt& gt "Universal love of all things, the integration of heaven and earth."

Gong Sunlong's Theory of * * *

& gt& gt "A white horse is not a horse"

& gt& gt "Li Jian Bai"

& gt& gt theory of referent. Gong Sunlong used "things" to represent concrete things and "fingers" to represent abstract "* * * phases".

& gt& gt GongSunLong's above argument shows that the "concept" he used is not a concept that reflects subjectivity like Bekele or Hume's philosophy, but a concept that reflects objectivity like Plato's philosophy.

The Significance of Hui Shi's and GongSunLong's Theories

& gt& gt Hui Shi said, "Love everything." Gong Sunlong also said: "Push and argue, correct your name, and change the world." Both of them clearly believe that their philosophy is the way to be a saint inside and a king outside. But it is Taoism that really brings into play the meaning of the world outside the image revealed by famous artists. Taoism opposes famous artists, but it is Taoism that really inherits famous artists.

Lao Zi and Lao Zi's Book

& gt& gt Now I think the book Lao Zi was written later than I expected, after Hui Shi and Gong Sunlong. This is because there are a lot of discussions about "namelessness" in Laozi, which can only be done after people's concept of "name" is developed.

Tao, nameless

Famous thinkers of>& gt began to discuss "name", which is a great progress in thinking. Thinking about "fame" means thinking about "thinking", which is a higher level of thinking.

& gt& gt Tao, as the source of all things, cannot be named, so it cannot be said. But if we want to express it, we must describe it in words. Call it "Tao", but "Tao" is not a name. In other words, we praise that it is not the same as calling a table a table. When we call a table a table, it has some properties that enable us to call it a "table". However, when we call it "Tao", it is not because it has some nameless attribute, but just a reference of the name, or in the words used in China's philosophy, it is called "nameless". Chapter 21 of Laozi says: "Since ancient times and today, its name can't be read." Tao is the source of all things. Since things are uncomfortable, Tao is uncomfortable, and the reference of Tao is uncomfortable. It is the origin of all origins, so it sees the origin of all. Since the name "Tao" has never been comfortable, it will last forever, which is not a name at all in reality. Therefore, in the first chapter of Laozi, it is said: "A name can be named, but it is very famous."

An immutable law of nature

& gt& gt Laozi's theory is based on "too one" and "nothing is constant". One is the Tao, and the Tao gives birth to one. Therefore, Tao is called "Taiyi". The meaning of "Chang" is permanent and eternal. Everything is the same, but the laws that determine everything are the same. Therefore, the word "Chang" in Laozi is both "Chang" and "Chang".

Chapter 16 of Laozi says, "He who knows always knows." Then, he said: "To be tolerant, tolerance is public, public is king, king is heaven, heaven is Tao, Tao is long, and nothing is dangerous."

expression

& gt& gt "Knowing enough is not humiliating, knowing it is not dangerous."

& gt& gt Tao is the source of all things, and virtue is the nature of all things.

& gt& gt。 According to the theory of "inaction", human activities should be limited to the scope of "inevitability and obedience to nature". "Necessary" refers to achieving a specific and limited goal; "Conforming to nature" means conforming to the current situation, conforming to the essence of things and not imposing requirements. People should be as simple and simple as possible when they act for others.

Chapter 38 of "Laozi" says: "If you lose your virtue, you will be benevolent; If you lose your benevolence, you will lose your righteousness, and if you are rude, you will be rude. " . The gift of a husband is the first of thin and chaotic loyalty. "

& gt& gt and Lao Tzu also emphasized that people should abandon wisdom.

Political theory

Can't agree

& gt is the rule of saints, who empty their hearts, strengthen their bellies, weaken their aspirations and strengthen their bones, often making the people ignorant and have no desire.

Political and social philosophy

& gt& gt Zhuangzi and Laozi both advocated "governing by doing nothing", but their reasons were not exactly the same. Lao Tzu focused on the "anti-Tao movement" and thought that if the rulers concentrated on strengthening their rule, the more they could not achieve the expected results. Zhuangzi emphasized the difference between nature and man-made. The more man-made rulers rule, the more misery and misfortune there will be.

Emotion and reason

& gt& gt "The Punishment of Escaping from Heaven"

& gt& gt Spinoza once said, "The more people know about the cause and effect of things, the more they can grasp the consequences of events and reduce the pain caused by them." In Taoist terms, this is "physical and chemical feelings."

Limited point of view

The first section of>& gt The Theory of Everything describes that when the wind blows, it will make various sounds, and each sound has its own characteristics. These are called "earth sounds". In addition, there are "people". "Earth voice" and "human voice" together constitute "natural voice". Lyman is the "speech" in the world.

A higher level of knowledge

Philosophy can't help people live forever, nor can it help people get rich. What it can do is: give people a point of view, let people see that life is worse than death, and what people lose is what they get.

Mysticism methodology

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& gt& gt "ignorance" and "ignorance" are two different things. "Ignorance" is the original state of human beings, and "ignorance" is the stage of "ignorance" that human beings reach after "knowledge". The ignorance of man's original state is a gift from nature, and the achievement of man's "ignorance" is the achievement of mind (that is, spirituality).

& gt& gt saints are not naive to old age. Saints have also pursued common sense and tried to distinguish the gains and losses of things and people, but later they all "forgot" all this.

& gt& gt is only detached from the measurement and judgment of secular knowledge, which is what Taoism calls "ignorance".

On knowledge and name

> > Mo Jing also logically classifies knowledge. According to different sources, knowledge can be divided into three categories: knowledge from personal direct experience, knowledge from authority (that is, knowledge heard or read from words) and knowledge from reasoning (from known to unknown). As far as different objects of knowledge are concerned, they can be divided into four categories: knowledge of name, knowledge of reality, knowledge of application and knowledge of action (see classics).

& gt& gt "name-reality coupling"

Discussion on "Debate"

Most chapters in>& gt Xiaoqu are about "debate". Among them, it says: "Husband and wife must distinguish right from wrong, judge chaos and discipline, distinguish similarities and differences, examine the authenticity of names, deal with interests and determine suspicions. Describe the essence of everything and discuss the proportion of words. Give examples, express ideas in words, and tell the reasons. Take it by class and give it by class. "

In another part of the chapter of "Xiaoqu",>& gt said: The seven methods of argument, "or, endless. Fake, still fake today. Effective, for the law; To this effect, it is also the law. Therefore, it is also effective; If not, then not. So is this effect. People who put pressure on others will make it clear. You also, than words and deeds. The helper also said, Zi Ran, can't I be independent? Those pushes are the same as what they don't take and what they take. Give it. Still called, the same, I also called, not the same. " In this passage, "or" refers to a special assertion, but not entirely. "False" is a hypothesis, which has not yet become a reality. "Effect" is imitation, which means imitating a model: if the imitation is the same as the model, it is correct; If imitation does not conform to the model, it is wrong. This is imitation. "Comparison" is a method of comparison, which uses one thing to explain another. "You" is to compare two sets of propositions in parallel. "Aid" is a metaphor. "If you do this, why can't I?" "Push" is a method of seeking the unknown from the known and extending it.

Clarify the theory of fraternity

In the later period of>& gt, Mohism inherited the tradition of Mozi's utilitarian thought, and advocated that all human activities should seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. It is for this reason that it is said in "A Great Victory": "Cut off your fingers and save your wrists, so as to gain big profits and harm small ones. Take the least harm, don't take its harm, take its advantage. ..... If you steal someone, just cut off your fingers and avoid your body. In case it is stolen, it is also harmful. ..... take the biggest advantage, unless absolutely necessary; Accept the least harm, you must accept it. Take the unprecedented, that is, take the greatest benefit; To give up what you have is to accept the least harm. " The law of human activities thus drawn is: "Take the maximum benefit and take the minimum harm."

& gt& gt This is exactly what Mohism did in its later period. They first established the definition of "benefit", and then established the moral meaning on this basis, which is beneficial to people. Therefore, in the classic, it is said: "Righteousness is also beneficial." "Loyalty, thinking that it is beneficial and strong." "Filial piety is also beneficial to relatives." "Work for the benefit of the people." "Benefiting the people" means "seeking the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people".

Criticism of other schools of thought

> > Classic says: "Similarity, weight, style, harmony and class." That is to say, there are four kinds of similarity, one is similarity, the other is that the quality of part is similar to that of the whole, the third is coexistence and the fourth is homology. Lun Jing explains this: "Identity: two names are true, and identity is also important. Nothing more than the two, the same body. Everything is in the room, and so is the contract. There are similarities and similarities. "

Six skills

& gt& gt Six skills. The first is astronomy. "History of Han Art and Literature" said: "Astronomers take 28 nights as their lodging, step five stars, the sun and the moon, and take good or ill luck as their symbol." The second is the calendar. "Yi Wen Zhi" said: "Genealogists, in the order of four seasons, put the sun, the moon, the summer and the five-star days to test the fact of killing people in cold and summer. .................................... ............................................................................................................................................. The third is the five elements. "History of Arts and Literature" said: "Its law also began with five virtues (Jin Mu's fire, water and soil, called five virtues), and when it was pushed to the extreme, it was complete." The fourth is the tortoise, which are two ancient divination methods in China. The latter method is to drill a hole in the tortoise shell or flat bone and bake it on the fire. Cracks appear around the hole after heating. Witchcraft in history is responsible for divination, which is called "divination". On the basis of judging good or bad things, it asks. The former method is to take yarrow from witch history, one for every two plants, and the last one is either odd or even. If it is six times, the combination of every three groups is obtained, and then the hexagrams in the Book of Changes are checked to judge the quality of the things asked, which is called "divination". The fifth is miscellaneous occupations, and the sixth is formal methods. The latter includes physiognomy and what was later called "Feng Shui". The theoretical basis of "Feng Shui" is that man is a product of the universe and a part of it. Therefore, the residence and "ghost house" (cemetery) after death must be in harmony with the natural environment (geomantic omen).

& gt& gt Yin and Yang theorists try to explain natural phenomena with natural forces, which represents a tendency of scientific exploration. It always deals with facts.

& gt& gt In ancient China, people had two different ideological lines about the origin and structure of the universe. One is the ideological line represented by the yin and yang family. On the other hand, some anonymous Confucianists wrote in the form of Yi Zhuan (annotation) at the back of the text of Yi Jing.

The Five Elements in Hong Fan

& gt& gt Its original meaning should be five motives and five activities. In China's ancient books, it is also called "five virtues", which means "five abilities".

Zou Yan

& gt& gt Zou Yan's method is: "The small ones should be pushed forward, and the big ones should be pushed forward. As for infinity." His interests seem to lie mainly in geography and history.

Historical philosophy

& gt& gt According to Sima Qian's "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang", Qin Shihuang "pushed the spread of five virtues, thinking that Zhou De was a fire virtue and Zhou De was invincible in the Qin Dynasty." Jin Fang is the beginning of water virtue ",its color is still black, and its substance is water. The Yellow River was renamed "Deshui", "thinking it was the beginning of water virtue. Resolutely and vigorously, everything is legal, benevolence and righteousness are tangent, and then the number of five virtues is combined. "

& gt& gt But it was not until 19 1 1 that the Qing Dynasty fell, and emperors of all dynasties called themselves "Fengtian carriers", meaning that they were responsible for the transfer of "five virtues".

The Principle of Yin and Yang in Yi Zhuan

& gt& gt One, two, three, four and five are all numbers that generate five lines, and six, seven, eight, nine and ten are numbers that are completed.

& gt& gt The explanation in Shuo Gua Zhuan is: dry, [graphic], for heaven, for love, for monarch, for father. Kun, [illustration], is the ground and the mother. Earthquake, [graphic], is thunder. Xun, [the picture says], for the wood, for the wind. Pei, [the picture says], for water, for the month. From, [illustration], for fire, for heaven. Gen, [illustration], is a mountain. Exchange, [example], for ze.

& gt& gt Gangua consists of three uninterrupted horizontal lines, representing pure Yang. Kungua consists of three intermittent horizontal lines, representing pure yin. The other six hexagrams are formed by the intersection of Gan and Kun. Therefore, it is considered that Gan and Kun are parents, and the other six are children: Gan (pictured from the bottom), the first one, and Kun (pictured from the bottom), the second one and the third one are combined into one earthquake, which is called "long man". Kun's first thought, together with Gan's second and third thoughts, became Xun [illustration], known as the "eldest daughter". Gan's second thought, combined with Kun's first and third thoughts, became a hurdle [illustration], called "middleman", and Kun's second thought, combined with Gan's first and third thoughts, became a separation [illustration], called "middle girl". Gan's third idea, combined with Kun's first and second ideas, becomes a "boy". Kun's third thought, combined with Gan's first and second thoughts, became an illustration called "Girl".