Before Liang Wudi, the "rule of culture and scenery", low taxes, medical care for the people, made the state treasury rich. It was on this basis that Emperor Wu felt the time was ripe and declared war on the Huns in 133.
The manpower, material resources and financial resources invested in the war are very large, and the national treasury is consumed quickly. In this context, Emperor Wu of Han initiated financial reform:
1, salt and iron wine, all belong to the official camp;
2. Add and collect business tax;
3. Reform the monetary system and prohibit private casting;
4, the implementation of both sides, leveling policy.
Now let's say the same thing:
First, in the early days of Hanwu, Wen Jing continued and adopted the policy of preserving health and benefiting the people.
Very good! This is beneficial to the people, to the national finance and to social stability.
Second, salt, iron and wine belong to the government.
1. is conducive to the rapid increase of finance;
2. It is unfavorable to the long-term economic development. Sima Qian also denied this. After Liang Wudi's death, a salt and iron meeting was held to discuss whether salt and iron belong to the people. This is a very important economic meeting in the history of our country, and the minutes of the meeting are compiled as "On Salt and Iron".
3. In fact, after the implementation of this policy at that time, many private salt merchants and iron merchants were transformed into * * * officials, which to some extent increased the complexity of the bureaucratic team at that time and reduced the quality of the bureaucratic team. This practice also promotes the confluence of businessmen and officials, which will inevitably aggravate corruption and political darkness.
Third, add calculation and levy business tax.
1, which is conducive to the rapid increase of finance;
2, due to the serious increase of industrial and commercial tax burden, it has hit their enthusiasm. It is not good for economic development. Sima Qian also denied this view.
Fourth, reform the monetary system and prohibit private casting.
It is beneficial to prevent economic chaos.
Five, the implementation of a lose-lose policy.
It is necessary to describe this.
The law of equal transportation means that the state purchases and transports goods uniformly in all places.
The stabilization law is a national policy to stabilize prices and seek benefits. According to the market price, sell it when it is expensive and buy it when it is cheap.
It is a good national macro-control policy to increase finance and stabilize prices (to prevent businessmen from hoarding goods and selling them at high prices for profiteering) and benefit the people.
The disadvantage is that even the loss with the flat has also hit the enthusiasm of businessmen.
To sum up, the financial reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty fundamentally changed the route of social and economic development-from the free development of "doing nothing" to monopoly intervention. Strengthening national economic unity is beneficial to fiscal revenue and political rule, but it seriously restricts private industry and commerce.
Emperor Wu's "salt and iron official camp" and "equal loss leveling" have very profound historical significance, and many subsequent dynasties have adopted this economic model. This is also an important reason why capitalism is difficult to grow in China.
There are different opinions on how to evaluate the fiscal policy and the salt and iron policy in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. At the Salt-Iron Conference during Emperor Zhao's reign, Sang Hongyang, who supported Emperor Wu's economic policy, waged a war of words with Xianwen, who opposed the policy. To this day, when discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these policies during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, people still hold their own opinions and argue endlessly, just like at the salt and iron conference.
At the Salt and Iron Conference, Sang Hongyang believed that the official operation, leveling, loss sharing and liquor monopoly system of salt and iron benefited the country and the people, increased the national income and restrained the expansion of local forces. German literature believes that these policies are competing for profits with the people, and the fundamental way to enrich the country is to strengthen agricultural production.
It should be said that Liang Wudi's policy was very effective in a short period of time, and accumulated a lot of wealth, thus filling the vacancy of the national treasury, so that the Xiongnu in the Northern Expedition would not give up halfway (of course, a large part of it was used by Liang Wudi to build large-scale buildings), but because officials often acted on their own when implementing policies, they were inefficient and even counterproductive in some aspects, which was one of the reasons why Xianwen opposed it.
But in any case, Huo Guang, the assistant minister who supports virtuous literature, also understands that although these policies have disadvantages in implementation, they do have a decisive role in increasing national income. So after the meeting, they just gave up drinking, and other policies remained unchanged.
In addition, another very important economic measure during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was currency reform. First of all, the right to coin was returned to the central government, and it was forbidden for counties and townships to privately cast coins. Secondly, the value of new coins is consistent with the actual weight, the casting technology is very high, and imitation is often not worth the loss, which makes the number of stolen coins decrease day by day, and the state controls the right to coin, which also controls an important financial source. This move should be said to be relatively successful.
Finally, I want to mention calculations and accusations. The calculation is to collect taxes from industrial and commercial people and let them declare their property, while the accusation is to expose the false reporter. These two policies have also accumulated a lot of wealth in a short period of time, and also led to the bankruptcy of many wealthy businessmen. Whether this policy is good or bad, everyone must have different ideas, hehe.
Opinions vary from person to person. At the Salt-Iron Conference during Emperor Zhao's reign, Sang Hongyang, who supported the economic policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and Xianwen, who opposed the policy, launched a verbal war. To this day, when discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these policies, people still hold their own opinions and argue endlessly, just like at the salt and iron meeting.
At the Salt and Iron Conference, Sang Hongyang believed that the official operation, leveling, loss sharing and liquor monopoly system of salt and iron benefited the country and the people, increased the national income and restrained the expansion of local forces. Xianwen believes that these policies are competing for profits with the people, and the fundamental way to enrich the country is to strengthen agricultural production.
It should be said that Liang Wudi's policy was very effective in a short time, and accumulated a lot of wealth, thus filling the vacancy of the national treasury, so that the Xiongnu in the Northern Expedition would not give up halfway (of course, a large part was used by Liang Wudi to build large buildings). However, because officials often go their own way and profit from it when implementing policies, they are inefficient or even counterproductive in some aspects, which is one of the reasons why Xianwen opposes it.
But in any case, Huo Guang, the assistant minister who supports virtuous literature, also understands that although these policies have disadvantages in implementation, they do play a decisive role in increasing national income. So after the meeting, they just gave up drinking, and other policies remained unchanged.
In addition, another very important economic measure during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was currency reform. First, the right to coin is centralized, and private coins are prohibited in all counties and townships. Secondly, the value of new coins is consistent with the actual weight, the casting technology is high, and imitation is often not worth the loss, which reduces the number of counterfeiters. The state controls the right to coin, which also controls an important financial source. This measure should be said to be relatively successful.
Finally, I want to talk about counting and prosecution. Inventory is to collect taxes from industrial and commercial people and let them declare their property, while prosecution is to expose those who report false information. These two policies also accumulated a lot of wealth in a short time, and led to the bankruptcy of many wealthy businessmen. Whether this policy is good or bad, everyone's ideas are definitely different.
The characteristics of trade policy in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty are simply as follows:
Wealth is transferred from society to the central government, which controls the lifeblood of the national economy and cracks down on business. The economic policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became the representative of China feudal autocratic economic state monopoly, which opened the era of state monopoly and fundamentally changed the track of social and economic development.
Detailed analysis:
First of all, it briefly analyzes the economic policies during the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
To sum up, the economic policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is a highly centralized state monopoly economy, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects: monopolizing salt, iron and wine, cracking down on attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business, increasing taxes, advocating equal loss, issuing a warning, and unifying the currency in the central government. The following is the economic policy of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.
1. Currency, reverting to the right to coin: In the early Han Dynasty, the central government * * * implemented the financial management policy of "governing by doing nothing" to encourage people to coin coins, and the coins minted in different places were very inconsistent. The "chaos in Qian Wen" caused serious weight loss, leading to currency devaluation and inflation. Around the third year of Yuanshou (BC120th year), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to abolish four and a half baht and cast a new three baht, and accordingly formulated fur coins (one foot of white deerskin was priced at 400,000) and white gold coins. However, this policy also failed. After a series of failures, the five-baht coin was born, which, as the name implies, weighed five baht, about 3.5 grams. It was not until the appearance of Kaiyuan Bao Tong in the Tang Dynasty (AD 62 1) that it was replaced. This unified the national monetary system, stabilized the currency circulation, and solved the problem of currency depreciation that has existed since the early Han Dynasty.
2. Salt-iron liquor franchise: This is an important part of Emperor Wu's economic reform policy, and it is also the representative of Emperor Wu's policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. The monopoly of salt and iron wine has hit big businessmen, greatly increased the country's fiscal revenue and improved the country's social and economic control. Since the third year of Yuanshou (BC120th year), the income from salt industry has been included in the big agricultural order to help the state treasury, and a big agricultural city has been set up to manage the salt industry. From the sixth year of Yuanshou (BC 1 17), the state began to monopolize the production and circulation of iron industry, and the production scale gradually expanded. In the third year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (98 BC), Wei Zhaori said, "Brewing is forbidden, and the officials are independent, and the benefits are also unique." From then on, the economic reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty completed the franchise of salt and iron wine and created a complete franchise system of feudal dynasty. Among the three franchises, the profit of wine is lower than the first two.
3. Equal loss leveling: In the second year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 15), the equal loss method and leveling method were implemented. These two laws control the transportation of goods and materials and the adjustment of prices, so as to curb the profits of big businessmen and try to increase the national fiscal revenue. The content of equal loss method is not clear, it is a comprehensive & gt grade book,> and other documents, which is probably as follows: * * The required materials are purchased from the people and transported to the central government without quality guarantee. Therefore, transportation officials have been set up in various places to be responsible for the procurement and transportation of materials. Obviously, the profits usually delivered by businessmen have disappeared, and the expenses of * * * have been cut. Five years later, on this basis, the equalization law was implemented. The content of leveling is: "leveling in the capital", asking the workers to manage the vehicles and distribute them all to the big farmers. The officials of the big farmers tried their best to win the goods from all over the world. Sell if it's expensive, buy if it's cheap. Such a businessman with deep pockets, everyone who has nothing to gain, can't fly by turning over books. As a result, everything in the world is restrained, and the price fluctuates violently due to the expansion of the central demand for materials and the competition of various departments. In order to prevent this phenomenon, Sang Hongyang, who actually mastered the implementation of this policy, bought and stored when the price was low and sold when the price soared. The combination of the two prevented the price from fluctuating sharply and put an end to the possibility of big businessmen speculating and making profits.
4. Counting and complaining: Counting and complaining is an economic deprivation for big businessmen. Remuneration is a kind of property tax levied by feudal countries on businessmen during the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Complaining was a compulsory measure against businessmen's tax evasion at that time. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (before 100), in view of the phenomenon of businessmen hiding property and evading taxes, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also issued a denunciation decree, saying that "anyone above the middle family must be prosecuted", and the state confiscated "hundreds of millions of property, tens of millions of handmaiden, hundreds of hectares of land in big counties and hundreds of hectares in small counties", which is also the case. As a result, the home court rate of the merchants was broken. "
5. Tax increase: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, on the basis of the original taxes, in addition to the above-mentioned calculation and declaration, the tax rate was increased. First, the taxes that increase farmers' burden have been adjusted, and the farmland income is still "30 taxes and 1 tax", but the original paid-in amount per mu is changed to 30 mu according to the standard of 100 mu, which invisibly increases farmers' burden by more than 3 times. The luck to eat delicious food was changed from seven to three years old, four years ahead of schedule, from 20 yuan to 23 yuan, and San Qian was added. Farmers, businessmen and court officials have to pay taxes for three days to three months. The tax reform for the rich was the increase in property tax mentioned above, which directly hit the rich and gentry at that time.
Combing the economic policies of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, we can see a common feature, that is, wealth is transferred from society to the central government, which controls the lifeline of the national economy and at the same time cracks down on commerce. The economic policy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty became the representative of China's feudal autocratic economic state monopoly, which opened the era of state monopoly. These policies played a great role in helping the country and society at that time during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, but they caused serious consequences in the later period. From the perspective of economic thought, the economic reform of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was a change from hiding wealth from the people to hiding wealth from the country, and a change between laissez-faire economic thought and strict feudal economic control thought in the early Han Dynasty.
The following policies that did not belong to the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty are option () D.
A: You should all know that the publication of "Kindness and kindness" was also played in Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty.
B typical generals who sent troops to attack the Huns, and Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked the Huns.
C vigorously promote Confucian education "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which was put forward by Dong Zhongshu and promulgated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
D. advocating thrift, not like this. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty emptied all the treasures preserved by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.
What are the characteristics of the educational policy in the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? The first is political and principled.
Politics is the fundamental feature of education policy, which directly reflects the interests and requirements of the policy makers.
Principle means that the content of education policy must clearly reflect the political intention of the interests of political parties and countries, and it stipulates what people should and should not do.
What to do, what to advocate or encourage.
Second, the purpose and feasibility
Education policy is formulated by people according to certain needs, is the product of people's subjective consciousness and initiative, and has a clear purpose.
Clear purpose is the basic feature of education policy, and there is no education policy without purpose. In order to make the purpose of education policy come true, we must also consider the feasibility of education policy.
Third, stability and discontinuity.
Once the education policy is formulated and published, it will remain relatively unchanged in its effective time and space.
Four. Legitimacy and authority
The educational policy is an educational criterion formulated by the party and the state to realize the people's educational will according to the authorization of the Constitution.
The constitutionality of the behavior of the party and the state determines the legitimacy and authority of the educational policies they promulgated.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) is systematic and multifunctional.
The systematicness of education policy determines that the actions guided by education policy must involve all aspects of education, which determines that the functions of education policy must be multi-faceted, not single and scattered.
Social internal worries in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: the power struggle within the imperial court at the beginning of his accession to the throne when the vassal state was still very powerful. Emperor Wu was very happy in his later years and abused people's power.
Foreign invasion: the threat of Xiongnu in the north has not been removed.
Zhang Tang, a cruel official in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was nicknamed "Goshawk", Zhou, Wang, Du Zhou and so on.
During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the economy developed rapidly and well.