Philosophical essays +0
On Philosophical Reflection in Scientific Development
1 the origin and development of philosophy of science and technology
The predecessor of philosophy of science and technology is dialectics of nature. It is an important branch of philosophy, as long as it refers to the study of science and technology from the philosophical dimension, including what is the general law of nature and what philosophical problems will appear in its development. In the past thirty years, the tradition of dialectics of nature and the tradition of philosophy of science have always maintained an antagonistic relationship. The former belongs to the tradition of German classical natural philosophy, pays attention to some practical problems of society and has ideological advantages; The tradition of philosophy of science belongs to the tradition of logical empiricism, which attaches more importance to discipline construction or tends to emphasize discipline autonomy. However, the long-term peaceful existence of the two is indeed a fatal problem in the philosophy of science and technology, that is, the long-term conflict between name and reality and the unclear orientation of the subject.
The origin of philosophy of science and technology is closely related to the history of science and technology. The history of science and technology first studies the internal logical connection and development law of science and technology, and at the same time discusses its dialectical relationship with various factors in the whole society. It can be seen that the history of science and technology is not a natural science in the general sense, and it is also different from the social history in the general sense. On the surface, philosophy of science and technology is a branch of philosophy, but in essence, it is not only humanities and social sciences or natural sciences, but also a highly comprehensive comprehensive discipline spanning between humanities and social sciences and natural sciences, with strong methodological nature. The famous Hungarian philosopher lakatos tried to make the philosophy of science and technology consistent with the history of science and technology. An important feature of his philosophy of science is that he advocates? Exquisite falsificationism? . In addition, Toulmin and other schools of philosophy of science also advocate testing the philosophy of science and technology with the history of science and technology.
2 the basic content of philosophy of science and technology
The main research fields of philosophy of science and technology are basic research, including natural science, philosophy of science, philosophy of technology, philosophy of engineering and methodology of science and technology. I also do applied research, including three well-known disciplines: philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics and philosophy of chemistry, as well as medical philosophy and biology closely related to people's lives, as well as metaphysical philosophy of astronomy and philosophy of earth. In addition, the research scope of philosophy of science and technology also includes science and religion, the history of scientific thought, ecological philosophy and environmental philosophy, as well as some methodologies, science and technology policies and development strategies in various industries and fields in our daily life.
At present, with the gradual entry of human society into the information age, in order to cope with new opportunities and challenges, philosophy of science and technology has begun to bring information technology into its own field of vision, and has gradually formed a discipline group of information philosophy that reflects the distinctive characteristics of the times and the nature of cutting-edge disciplines. Among them, computer philosophy, artificial intelligence philosophy and system philosophy have become relatively mature disciplines.
In addition, the philosophy of science and technology has also been applied to the field of military science and technology, becoming a special applied philosophy relative to others. In China's military academies, a unique discipline of military philosophy has gradually formed, including military technology dialectics, military technology innovation thinking and methods, military technology innovation, military technology and society, military technology philosophy, military science epistemology and methodology, national defense science and technology development strategy, military technology innovation and personnel training, military technology and culture, military technology ethics, military technology innovation and management, and so on. Philosophy of science and technology began to command and control military science and technology as a whole, and played an increasingly important role in improving the combat effectiveness of the army.
3 the process of China's philosophy of science and technology
Modern China is a closed-door China, and a modern history of science is essentially the spread history of western science in China. The first batch of scientists in modern China were also the first batch of scientific philosophers, because their task was to teach scientific knowledge in universities and research institutions in China and spread scientific concepts to China society and the people of China. Zhu Kezhen, Liang Sicheng, Mao Yisheng, Li Siguang and other natural scientists all have self-awareness and reflection on the humanistic level of science. Hu Shi, Jin, etc. Humanists also have a good quality of scientific philosophy. The earliest course of philosophy of science in modern China was 19 18 offered by Peking University? Introduction to science? . The Methodology of Science written by Professor Wang Xinggong of Peking University is the earliest work of modern philosophy of science in China, published in 1920, and is the first volume of Introduction to Science. In the 1920s, about? Science and outlook on life? The great debate objectively promoted people's philosophical thinking on science, and in the next twenty years, a large number of scientific philosophy works were published in large numbers. Earlier, Science and Philosophy (Zhang) 1924, Science and Life Philosophy (Fang Dongmei)1937; Later, there were 1948' s Introduction to Natural Philosophy (Roxitin), New Introduction to Science (Zhu Kezhen) and so on. Among them, the world-class works are 1945' s Philosophy of the Viennese School (Hong Qian) and 1948' s Theory of Knowledge (Jin).
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the philosophy of science from the west was regarded as a bourgeois philosophical trend of thought, which was criticized and liquidated, and this tradition was forced to be interrupted. On the contrary, the Marxist tradition is manifested in two aspects. Firstly, the classic Marxist writers, namely Marx, Engels and Lenin, published works on natural science, such as Mathematical Manuscripts (Marx), Dialectics of Nature and Anti-Turin Theory (Engels) and Criticism of Materialism and Empiricism (Lenin). Secondly, the research on the history of science, science of science and philosophy of natural science initiated by left-wing scientists in Cambridge, England, was further developed in the Eastern Group in the 1930s. In 1950s, Comrade Yu Guangyuan served as the Minister of Propaganda Department of the Ministry of Science of the Communist Party of China, specifically responsible for formulating China's scientific development policies and scientists' policies. He translated Engels' Dialectics of Nature as early as Yan 'an and organized a study group to study dialectics of nature. Therefore, Dialectics of Nature has become a guiding document for formulating China's scientific and scientist policies. Yu Guangyuan convened a group of interested natural scientists and formulated? Dialectics of nature? Draft professional plan. The draft points out that Engels' research on dialectics of nature should be directly inherited, and the science between philosophy and natural science should be tentatively named? Dialectics of nature? . But some people think it should be called a philosophical problem in natural science and mathematics. Although there is debate, over time, dialectics of nature? Still become the name of this new discipline.
4 future development trend of philosophy, science and technology
To evaluate the basic situation of China's philosophy of science and technology (dialectics of nature), we must first consider the weakening and weakening of political functions. At present, China has completely lifted the political shackles on scientists, so few scientists are willing to listen? A philosopher of science and technology? Our? Teaching? Yes Contemporary frontline scientists no longer care about dialectics of nature, and dialectics of nature is no longer a useful tool for United front if unity is needed. It is precisely because of the weakening of political function that the external resources for the further development of philosophy of science and technology will inevitably be greatly reduced. In order to focus on the long-term and better development, it is necessary to tap the potential from the inside, which is actually to do a good job in discipline construction. At the same time, in addition to discipline construction, should there be moderate reform before? Political compulsory course? Systematically and gradually transform its ideological and political education function into the function of scientific-humanistic quality education. Under the current national conditions, ideological and political education must be done, but it should be combined with humanistic education. Some mistakes or failures in the process of ideological education may be related to their departure from the traditional connection with humanistic education. For college students now, whether graduate students or undergraduates, it is the best ideological and political education to carry out scientific and humanistic quality education.
Quality education should first improve students' enthusiasm for learning and encourage their innovative spirit. Listen to the prescribed teacher at the prescribed time and place? This kind? Three laws? The compulsory course system can be changed to: within the time stipulated by the academic system (such as four years for undergraduates and three years for postgraduates), students must complete certain credits of science and humanities courses. As for the specific time, students are free to decide which course to listen to and which teacher to listen to.
Carrying out the reform of science-humanities quality education can encourage teachers to combine teaching with scientific research, and teachers can take out their best courses and teach their most familiar problems in teaching. At present, teachers who teach public courses usually have a large amount of teaching, relatively monotonous teaching content, no time for scientific research, and lack of innovative spirit over time. Therefore, when evaluating professional titles, I am always taken care of and always feel better than other teachers? Short? Some. In the future university courses, if public compulsory courses can be changed into restricted elective courses, teachers' scientific research and teaching level will be greatly improved, and the teaching position and scientific research position of philosophy of science and technology (dialectics of nature) will be continuously expanded.
Philosophical essay 2
On philosophy and longevity
I. Introduction
Since ancient times, immortality has been an eternal topic. Longevity seems to be a hot word, from Qin Shihuang's sending 500 boys and girls to the sea to look for elixir of life to all kinds of modern health preservation. Although with the progress of modern civilization, people understand more and more that it is unrealistic to live forever, but it is not easy for people to live. Who doesn't want to stay in this wonderful world for a while? Therefore, immortality has become an ancient and tempting desire, but the fact that people live and die for thousands of years has made people make some philosophical generalizations: for example, Du Fu wrote in his poem Qujiang? Life is 70 years old, which is rare? , Wen Tianxiang? Who hasn't died since ancient times? The great German philosopher Hegel wrote in his encyclopedia of philosophy? Life itself has the seeds of death? Engels summed up this dialectical argument more briefly in Dialectics of Nature: To live or die? . All these words show that human life is a natural process. Just like the laws of nature, human beings have no way to change this law, but can only exert their subjective initiative, apply the laws, conform to the laws, realize their wishes in some way under the guidance of wisdom, and stay in the world for a long time.
Second, philosophy and longevity.
The more advanced human beings are, the more advanced science and technology are, and the living standard is booming. People's material wealth and spiritual wealth are extremely rich, and various diseases emerge one after another, which is a major obstacle to longevity. How to break through this bottleneck? Modern medicine alone can't do it. The so-called temporary solution is not a permanent cure, and the key lies in treating the heart. How to treat the heart? This has to mention a very important factor, that is philosophy. According to the survey, the philosophy department of Peking University is recognized as? Longevity department? The reason is that scholars over 90 years old account for 1/4, and scholars over 85 years old account for almost half. The professor of philosophy department of Peking University said that the philosophy department of Peking University includes living professors, with more than 10 over 90 years old, Feng Youlan, Liang Shuming, Ren Ren all over 90 years old, and more than 85 years old, with more than 20 people, accounting for nearly half of the professors of philosophy department of Peking University. Longevity has something to do with major, but it is not absolute. However, longevity is indeed common in the philosophy department. From these examples, it seems that there is a certain connection between longevity and philosophy. At least it sends us a positive message. Who says it's useless to study philosophy? In the process of learning philosophy, they think, meditate and make progress. You get old before you know it, and you live a long life in a trance.
Third, the secret of longevity of philosophy.
Philosophy sometimes can't make you fall in love at first sight, but it can benefit you for life, at least it can make you live longer. This is the best testimony. What is the charm of philosophy that can make people live longer?
Benevolent people live long. People who study philosophy understand things, don't haggle over every ounce, and live long because of philosophy. Wang Bo, director of the Department of Philosophy of Peking University, also said that the longevity of philosophers may be related to the characteristics of the Department of Philosophy itself, because philosophy is an understanding of the world and life, which easily makes people have a relatively open mind. In addition, philosophy is a theoretical, systematic and scientific world outlook and methodology, and it is an inspiration to people and souls, which can answer many questions in this world and make people more sober. The essence of China's philosophy was expressed in four poems by Zhang Hengqu in the Northern Song Dynasty. Represents heaven and earth, represents life. For the past and the future, for eternal peace? . Philosophy, shouldering a great mission, needs sages with lofty sense of mission and historical responsibility to contribute. Longevity philosophers have dedicated themselves to philosophy, and philosophy is grateful in its special way of repaying gratitude, that is, to make them live longer.
Modern fast-paced life often makes people angry. People have lost that kind of heart-to-heart communication, and more often they perform with false masks, forget their original selves, and roll forward with the trend of desire. Philosophy can calm people's impetuous hearts, make them silent again, and not be trapped in their own hearts because of worldly troubles. Philosophy teaches people the truth of governing the country and leveling the world with a great detached attitude, helps people trace back to the source and return to their original heart, thus tempering themselves. Unconsciously, time passed like a white dog.
Four. Conclusion:
In view of the current development of China's philosophy, calling for the urgency of building socialist core values, philosophy plays an indispensable role. Many people think that philosophy is obscure and boring, and it is useless to learn it, and they don't have enough capital to make a living. As we all know, philosophy, like scaffolding for building a house, seems indispensable. Therefore, the application of learning philosophy can make people live longer and can be well combined. Learning philosophy is beneficial to the construction of socialist core values, which can give it deeper connotation and blow the wind of learning philosophy. This is an era of health preservation and a helpless society. To live a long and healthy life, learning philosophy is essential. No matter western philosophy, China philosophy or Marxist philosophy, they all have their rationality of existence and are worth learning. As three branches of philosophy, they can learn from each other academically and learn from each other. People are too utilitarian, so it is undoubtedly desirable to learn philosophy, preserve health, live longer and replenish the brain. If the development of philosophy and the curriculum design of philosophy are connected with this, more people will be willing to study philosophy, think about philosophy and summarize philosophy, and philosophy will no longer be just a matter for a few people.
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