(A) the classification of ancient people with disabilities

According to the textual research of Lu Deyang and Japanese kazuo inamori, in the poems of the pre-Qin, Han and Southern and Northern Dynasties, there appeared a poem like "Benevolence recommends Chu Yun, and the youngest son asks about disability". In ancient times, there were many words to express disability, such as "disuse, illness, injury and loss". Although the connotation and extension are slightly different, disabled people refer to those special groups with incomplete limbs and senses or organic sexual dysfunction. There was a clear classification of disabled people in ancient China, which is roughly the same as it is now.

1, blindness, blindness-visual disability

In pre-Qin ancient books, single words such as "Bi", "Meng", "Bi", "Blindness" and "Miao" are often used to express vision disability. According to Zheng Xuan's distinction, it is interpreted as "no carbuncle, no carbuncle, no carbuncle, no carbuncle". Blindness refers to blindness in both eyes; Multi-fingered monocular blindness. There are many words derived from the word "edge".

Such as the blind, workers, teachers, husbands, etc. , representing blind people with different identities.

2. Deafness and speech disorders-hearing disability

The ancients in China clearly pointed out a long time ago: "Deafness should not make you listen" and "The sum of five sounds should not be heard as deafness". As can be seen from Born Deaf, there was a preliminary understanding of the difference between congenital deafness and acquired deafness at that time.

3, clumsy, dumb and disabled

Language disability refers to the physiological defect that the pronunciation organs can't be used for oral communication normally. In the pre-Qin period, it was often expressed as a sigh, and later it was expressed as a mute. For example, "everything goes wrong, six evils" says: "people are sleepy and blind; Hey, I don't know. "

4. Lameness, lameness, strangulation and contracture-physical disability

Limb disability includes upper limb disability and lower limb disability. The explanation of Shuowen is "dead, no right arm; No left arm "refers to upper limb disability. Leg and foot disability and unbalanced walking are called claudication, which refers to lower limb disability. Contracture refers to mixed disability of upper and lower limbs. For example, in the Song Dynasty, Lu You's "Poems of Jiannan for Health" mentioned that "contracture is not bitter, but still harmful to limbs".

5, camel, rickets, rickets, dwarfism, partial death-physical disability.

Humpback refers to a physical disability in which a person's spine protrudes backward and cannot be straightened. In the pre-Qin period, hunchback was often expressed by bending over or bending over in ancient Chinese.

A dwarf is a person who is extremely short. Partial death refers to paralysis and paralysis caused by stroke.

6, stupid, stupid, stupid-intellectual disability

In ancient Chinese, a single word such as idiot, stupidity and stupidity, or two words such as dementia and stupidity are often used to express mental retardation such as perception, memory, language and thinking. For example, Shuowen pointed out: "Idiots are slow, so they are the opposite of wisdom." "Stupid, born stupid and ignorant, can't tell the north from the south." Ge refers to today's mild mental retardation, so there is a saying that "a little idiot is Ge"

7, epilepsy, madness, madness, madness-mental disability

The ancients often used words such as epilepsy, madness, madness and madness to express mental disabilities such as mental disorders. "Tai Yu Ping Lan" mentioned that "Yang is the only one,

It's epilepsy "The usage of these words is not much different from that of modern times.

Thus, people in ancient China paid great attention to all kinds of disabled people and made careful observation. The words used by the ancients to describe the disabled are very rich, and different types of disabled people can be clearly classified. These laid the foundation for the comfort, treatment and education of all kinds of disabled people.

(2) China's ancient policy towards the disabled.

In ancient Europe, people regarded all kinds of disabled people as "haunted by the devil" and "punished by God". Disabled people may be hurt at will again, and their situation is very miserable, and their right to life cannot be guaranteed. Comparatively speaking, the attitude towards the disabled in ancient China was relatively civilized, and some of them sometimes got some relief, help and sympathy.

As can be seen from the Historical Records of Social Life in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, at that time, specific tax relief policies for the disabled were put forward, such as "poly to support the masses, caring for the young and supporting the elderly, helping the poor, caring for the poor, and tolerating illness and happiness". The six kinds of assistance proposed here are not only directly related to the disabled, but also indirectly related to their lives, such as "helping the elderly", "helping the poor" and "caring for the poor". The above policy is not just an idea. At that time, local officials such as Xiao Situ could be appointed to be "more noble than nine points, the old and the weak, the sick and the disabled" to specifically implement matters related to identifying the disabled, reducing taxes for the disabled, and arranging their lives.

Following the thought of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, some small vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period also initiated the practice of consultation and recuperation. The so-called "taking care of the sick" means "taking care of the disabled and providing food and clothing for officials". During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Three Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, some enlightened emperors also sent ministers to show kindness to the disabled, giving five fights to those who could not survive from six diseases, and "setting up another workshop to send doctors to rescue them" ("Northern History, Wei Benji, Emperor Xiaowen of Emperor Gaozu")

In order to support the disabled, from the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the "mourning farmland system" (Sui Dynasty) and "Futian system" (Tang Dynasty) were set up in different scales, so as to obtain relatively fixed economic support from these fields. In addition, the rescue workshop (Sui Dynasty), Huimin pharmacy (Yuan Dynasty) and sanatorium (Qing Dynasty) were set up.

(c) Education of the disabled in slave society

In ancient China, disabled people not only received sympathy and charity, but also received some education. According to records, the education for the blind in the Zhou Dynasty has reached a considerable scale. A blind zone of 300 people is divided into the upper (40 people), middle (100 people) and Bian Xia (160 people). There are two doctors and four staff sergeants as master and primary teachers respectively. These masters and teachers themselves are also promoted from excellent blind musicians, with high professional level and personal experience as blind people. Because there are many students and few teachers, it is speculated that classroom teaching and individual education are combined. In the Zhou Dynasty, in addition to the education of the blind, there were other types of disabled people (dwarfs) such as dumb (deaf, dumb) and disabled (lame, broken). For example, "the ancients abandoned their children as the main fortune tellers." (Xunzi Wang Zhi) At that time, wizards hoped to serve many important decisions. From the country to send troops to fight, ordinary people's weddings and funerals are inseparable from the mage. Therefore, these disabled people must also receive special education. In the Zhou Dynasty, education for the disabled was not a blind practice, but began to form the initial theory. For example, people have realized that "you can't learn when you are born", and only through certain education and training can disabled people acquire the skills and means to make a living. In a sense, at this time, people have vaguely realized that the education of disabled people is more important than the education of normal people.

(D) Education for the disabled in feudal society

From 22 BC1Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor to BC191the demise of the Qing Dynasty, China experienced a feudal society of more than two thousand years. Under the influence of Confucianism, some emperors also took some measures of pension and relief in order to win the hearts of the people and consolidate their rule. However, in the feudal society where everything was inferior and only reading was high, disabled people who could receive education systematically were born in bureaucrats and rich families, but ordinary people were far behind.

The Constitution of Qin Ding Primary School promulgated by the Qing government in the 28th year of Guangxu (1902) clearly stipulates that anyone whose (1) is too low shall not benefit; (2) People who are trapped by diseases should drop out of school. The Constitution for the Establishment of Primary Schools promulgated the following year still stipulates: "If school-age children are insane or have no facial features and cannot be scholars, local gentry and directors can recruit local officials and be exempted from attending school after investigation." It can be seen that the education of disabled children in feudal society is exclusive.

According to records, the Qing dynasty also had an open system of awarding officials by appearance. "Juren won't win the Jinshi in all three subjects, but they can be awarded the official position after answering the list. Don't test the text, just test the appearance. " This is even more unfavorable for disabled people who study.

However, in the long feudal society, disabled people who studied hard and succeeded with tenacious will emerged one after another. Since ancient times, there are many disabled people with physical and mental disabilities, which makes the value of life shine. For example, Zuo Qiuming, who was blind, wrote two historical works, Zuo's Chunqiu and Guoyu. Sun Bin cut off his legs, but he was able to defeat the enemy with ingenuity and wrote the famous military work Sun Bin's Art of War. Sima Qian was jailed, but with a disability, he completed China's first biographical general history-Historical Records, which was called "Li Sao, the swan song of historians" by Mr. Lu Xun. In addition, Cai Lun, who invented paper, and Zheng He, who led an expedition, were also eunuchs who suffered castration. Their perseverance and talent are shining examples of generations of disabled people in books.

Under the influence of Confucianism, China's special education, especially the education for the disabled, was at the forefront of the development of special education in the world with its brilliant achievements in the Zhou Dynasty. However, the special education industry, like other disciplines, has not developed as it should after entering the feudal society. Whether it is the independence and scientificity of disciplines or the legislation and development of special education, the gap with the contemporary western world has gradually widened.