1. Basic knowledge

Mathematical achievements of Liu Hui and Zu Chongzhi, Jia Sixie and His Book of Qi Yao Min, Pei Xiu, Li Daoyuan and His Notes on Water Mirror; The development of Taoism, the prevalence of Buddhism, Fan Zhen's theory of immortal destroying Taoism, and the destruction of Buddhism by Emperor Wu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty; Characteristics of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jian 'an literature, Tao Yuanming and pastoral poetry, folk songs in Southern and Northern Dynasties; The development of calligraphy art and calligraphy masters such as Wang Xizhi, Cao Walking, Gu Kaizhi and their masterpieces, grotto art treasures.

2. Ability and methods

The culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties has the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following and carrying forward the past. By studying this section in connection with the cultural achievements of the previous generation, students can understand the continuity of cultural development, cultivate the ability of understanding and synthesis, and learn the basic methods of studying history by grasping the historical relationship between social phenomena and cultural phenomena.

Combined with the social situation in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, learn the relevant contents of this section about the development of Taoism and the spread of Buddhism, and learn the scientific method that "when analyzing any social problem, the absolute requirement of Marxist theory is to bring the problem into a certain historical range" (Lenin: On the Right of National Self-determination), so as to cultivate and improve the ability to analyze problems.

Jian 'an literature and Tao Yuanming's masterpiece of pastoral poetry are the treasures of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Cooperate with Chinese teachers and combine students' creative environment to guide students to read the original works and appreciate their poems, so as to improve their appreciation level and ability of literary works.

3. Emotions and values

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, although the war destroyed and hindered the development of science and technology culture, China's science and technology culture still got great development, and absorbed new nutrition in national integration. The long-term sustainable development of culture is a major feature of China's civilization history. Through learning, we can further understand the great contribution of Chinese civilization to mankind.

A large number of scientists, poets, calligraphers and artists emerged during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Many scientific and technological achievements are in the leading position in the world, and many literary and artistic achievements have unique styles and charms. Through study, we can further enhance our national pride and learn from their spirit of assiduous study, excellence and innovation.

Emphasis and difficulty in teaching

Focus: Zu Chongzhi, Jia Sixie and their contributions; Literature of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Calligraphy art.

Characteristics and historical position of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Class arrangement

Coach class.

Preparation before class

Teacher: Collect pictures: Wang Xizhi's Preface to the Lanting Pavilion (or other calligraphy works), Gu Kaizhi's paintings, photos of Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes (the best is the picture of the Empress Dowager Buddha in Binyang Middle Cave). Select and print three poems by Cao and three poems by Tao Yuanming (2 ~ 3 poems each).

Students: Review the Culture in Qin and Han Dynasties (focusing on reading and understanding the mathematical achievements in Qin and Han Dynasties, the spread of Buddhism, the formation of Taoism, Yuefu poems and other related contents) and the introduction of this chapter. Read some representative works of Jian 'an literature, Tao Yuanming's poems, and let them read freely without specifying a specific title. Collect and circulate all kinds of pictures, photos and stamps of artistic achievements in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Students who have been to Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes are going to introduce their feelings of visiting to the whole class.

Teaching design

first kind

Review the introduction of this chapter to further understand the basic characteristics of social conditions in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and introduce new lessons. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, feudal countries were in a state of division, long-term war and social unrest, which caused great damage to economy and culture. However, our nation has strong vitality and enterprising vitality. During this period, China culture had new development and new achievements. With the strengthening of ethnic ties, ethnic integration made the culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties more colorful. The culture of this period inherited the pre-Qin and Qin and Han dynasties, and made some innovations, which made the Sui and Tang Dynasties prosperous.

I. Progress in science and technology

1. New achievements in mathematics

Mathematics is one of the most outstanding subjects in ancient natural sciences in China. Nine-chapter arithmetic in Han Dynasty was the most advanced applied mathematics in the world at that time. Liu Hui, a mathematician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, wrote Nine Arithmetic Notes, and creatively put forward the method of finding pi. He thinks that the area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle is smaller than that of a circle, but when the number of sides is doubled repeatedly, the area is closer to the area of the circle, thus obtaining pi. This is actually using the concept of limit to solve the problem of finding pi.

Zu Chongzhi was an outstanding scientist in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. He is knowledgeable and has made achievements in many fields. Mathematically, his achievement was the first accurate calculation of pi, and he got the seventh significant figure after the decimal point, which was between 3. 14 15926 and 3. 14 15927. Use this value to calculate the circumference of a circle with a diameter of 1000m, and the error is less than 1cm. This was a great achievement in the 5th century. It was not until15th century that someone got a more accurate value of pi. Zu Chongzhi also wrote Composition, a profound mathematical work, which was included in the Ten Calculations Classics in the Tang Dynasty as a textbook of traditional Chinese mathematics, but it was later lost. Until today, mathematical historians at home and abroad are still discussing the contents of this monograph. Zu Chongzhi's achievements in mathematics are the pride of China people and the spiritual wealth of all mankind. There is "Zu Chongzhi Crater" on the back of the moon in memory of this great mathematician.

2. Agronomy masterpiece ── "Qi Yaomin's Book"

China is a country with highly developed farming civilization. Since ancient times, agriculture has been regarded as "the foundation of the world". Before the Han Dynasty, there were many agricultural works in China, but unfortunately they were all lost. The Book of Qi Yao Min written by Jia Sixie is the earliest and most complete agricultural book in China.

Jia Sixie was an outstanding agronomist in the Northern Dynasties. He inherited and summarized China's ancient agronomy heritage by "collecting Confucian classics, feelings and ballads" and "asking questions from the past and practicing them". With a rigorous scientific attitude, he enriched and developed the ancient agricultural system in China and wrote Qi Yao Min Shu.

The comprehensive content is the outstanding feature of Qi Yao Min Shu. In addition to "business without recording", "business with capital will never finish the book." This book systematically and comprehensively summarizes the production experience of planting, animal husbandry and grain processing and storage in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and reflects the scientific and production technology level in northern China during the Northern Wei Dynasty, which has high scientific and practical value.

3. Significant development of geography

Geography was also a very important science in ancient China. Geography in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties developed greatly on the basis of geography in Han Dynasty. Pei Xiu and Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty were geographers who made great contributions to the development of China's geography.

Pei Xiu was a cartographer in the Western Jin Dynasty. Gong Yu is a precious ancient geographical record of China, which describes the geographical situation of Yu after the flood control. Pei Xiu of the Western Jin Dynasty believed that "the place names of mountains and rivers in Gong Yu have never been long ago, and have changed a lot; Later generations said that it was still a strong traction, and it gradually became obscure. "So he drew a map of Gong Yu and put forward important principles for drawing maps. Joseph Needham, a famous British scientist, praised Pei Xiu as "the father of scientific cartography in China" in the history of science and technology in China.

Li Daoyuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty was an outstanding geographer in ancient China. He wrote a note on water classics. This book takes the predecessor's Notes on Water Classics as the key link, and expands and enriches the contents of the Notes on Water Classics through collecting a large number of documents and field visits. The book has 40 volumes, more than 300,000 words, 20 times the "notes" of the original book, which is a masterpiece. The Water Mirror Notes recorded more than 65,438+0,000 rivers and waterways in China in detail, comprehensively and systematically described the origin and development of these waterways, and vividly recorded the physical geography, economic geography, historical geography and other aspects of the areas they flowed through. "Daoyuan is eager to learn and read strange books." Li Daoyuan has a wide range of knowledge and a high literary accomplishment. Water Mirror Zhu's writing is vivid and fluent (read the paragraphs of "Three Gorges" or "Mengmenshan" in Water Mirror Zhu). The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and the Longmen of the Yellow River described by Li Daoyuan show the natural beauty of the mountains and rivers of the motherland with the artistic beauty of words. Su Wu, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said, "Well, I am very happy. I have read the water mirror many times." . The Water Mirror Zhu is not only a masterpiece of geography, but also has high historical and literary value.

Second, the spread of Taoism and Buddhism and anti-Buddhism.

In the Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into China, and Taoism rose among the people. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism changed and developed. Buddhism is widely spread and popular; At the same time, anti-Buddhism also began, and Buddhism's "theory of god's extinction" and "theory of god's immortality" became the ideological struggle with great influence in this period.

1. Development and change of Taoism

Taoism originated from the people. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, it gradually acquired the basic characteristics of religion and formed an independent religion. At first, it had a great influence on the lower classes and became a spiritual tool for civil associations and even peasant uprisings.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism split. Some Taoist theorists have reformed it, making this religion gradually accepted by the ruling ideology. Ge Hong, a native of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a famous Taoist theorist. He regards the social ethics of Confucianism as the guiding ideology of Taoism, and at the same time talks about taking medicine to make an alchemy, preserving health and prolonging life, and cultivating immortals. His "Bao Pu Zi" is divided into two parts: the inner part mainly talks about "immortal prescriptions, changes in ghosts and gods, health preservation and longevity", and the outer part talks about "gain and loss in the world, but whether it is hidden in the world", advocating Confucian precepts of famous religions, and denouncing Taoism circulated among the people as "heresy". Ge Hong combined Taoism with Confucianism, which is very suitable for the needs of rulers. Therefore, Taoism is all the rage at the top of the bureaucracy, and Bao Puzi is also regarded as a Taoist classic. Ge Hong was an alchemist, and alchemy made great contributions to early chemistry unintentionally. There is a lot of chemistry knowledge in Bao Puzi. He is also a medical scientist, who has collected and compiled many effective prescriptions into books.

During the Southern Dynasties, Taoist theorists wrote some books, and Taoist classics increased. During the reign of Xiao Liang, Tao Hongjing further integrated Confucianism into Taoist teachings, absorbed Buddhist teachings, and introduced the feudal hierarchy into the Taoist immortal world, thus establishing the Taoist immortal system. After Tao Hongjing's reform, the transformation of Taoism has basically entered a stage. Folk Taoism has completely become orthodox Taoism. Tao Hongjing also made outstanding achievements in medicine.

2. The widespread spread of Buddhism

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, feudal countries split. The troubled times of social unrest and constant war provide a social environment for the widespread spread of Buddhism. The poor people struggling in suffering hope to be liberated spiritually. Buddhism preaches immortality of the soul, reincarnation of life and death, and karma, from which they get illusory comfort. Rulers also need Buddhism, which has a set of systematic teachings that can be used to control people's thoughts and paralyze people's fighting spirit. In this way, many rulers in the Southern and Northern Dynasties believed in Buddhism and vigorously promoted it to maintain the feudal ruling order.

Faxian was a famous monk at that time. He went west by land, "there are no birds and animals in the sky, and the air around him is endless and unpredictable", but he "went his own way and crossed the mountain danger" and arrived in Tianzhu, and then returned home by sea. He brought back and translated some Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote his experience of going west to learn from them as "Buddhist Story". This book is an important work to study the transportation, geography, history and social customs of the western regions and South Asian countries at that time. Faxian and a group of eminent monks who went west mostly had high cultural attainments, so they could better absorb the essence of Indian culture and spread China culture. With Buddhism as the carrier, Indian culture and Central Asian culture were also introduced into China, which had a positive impact on China culture in many aspects, such as language, art, astronomy and medicine. Teachers should ask students to consult reference books before class and understand the stories of Fa Xian and Buddha, otherwise they can't understand and master this passage through reading. On the other hand, teachers should prepare some examples about the positive influence of Indian culture on China, so as to answer questions raised by interested students.

3. The prevalence of Buddhism and the harm of anti-Buddhism.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism flourished unprecedentedly, which brought serious harm to the society. First, "religion is the opium of the people", and the kingdom of religion is "those illusory flowers decorated in chains" (Marx:

Because the prosperity of Buddhism has caused serious social problems, people have come forward to put forward anti-Buddhism, and some rulers have also destroyed Buddhism on a large scale in order to safeguard official interests.

Some emperors in the Southern Dynasties believed in Buddhism, but Fan Zhen, an outstanding thinker in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, declared that there was no Buddha and put forward the theory of "God's extinction", which dealt a heavy blow to Buddhism in theory. In On the Extinction of God, he pointed out that "God is immortal when form and spirit are separated in Buddhism, and the soul can exist independently from the body after death", "God is also in form, and form is also in God, so that God exists when form exists, but it is extinguished when form is thanked", and he also pointed out that "God is in quality, but it is beneficial to the blade, and the blade is useful to the relic ... Fan Zhen's thought on the relationship between human spirit and body is for China. Fan Zhen insisted on his own point of view, not inducements, not afraid of siege, which is very commendable.

Emperor Taizu of the Northern Wei Dynasty and Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Buddha twice (instructing students to read the text "Emperor Wudi of the Northern Zhou Dynasty Destroyed the Buddha", and combining the problem of "reading and thinking" in after-school exercises, asking students to pay attention to the background, purpose, measures and influence of this Buddha extinction).

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China made some new achievements in science and technology, especially Zu Chongzhi's accurate calculation of pi and Jia Sixie's Qi Yao Min Shu. In that turbulent era, Taoism changed, Buddhism prevailed in the north and south, and opposing Buddhism and destroying Buddhism also had a great influence.

Second lesson

Literature and art are the spiritual wealth of mankind. China is a country of poetry, and the excellent works of poets have been beautiful for thousands of years (Question: Outstanding achievements in poetry creation in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, please ask a student to recite his favorite poem in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties). Teachers appreciate and comment on the poems recited by students and introduce new lessons.

Third, literature connecting the preceding with the following.

1. The historical position of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties developed greatly on the basis of Han Dynasty. The rapid changes in society have enriched the connotation of literature and provided a realistic foundation for literary creation. Moreover, the nomadic people in the north moved inward, and the northern folk songs mainly composed of pastoral songs and battle songs also provided fresh blood for the development of literature.

The literature of this period has the characteristics of connecting the preceding with the following. Many poems directly inherited the realistic tradition of Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty and reflected the sufferings of the people. These masterpieces have had a far-reaching impact on the poetry creation of later generations. In terms of poetic genre, many poems inherited the tradition of the previous generation and reformed it. Poetry in this period completed the transition from four-character poems, five-character poems, Sao-style poems to seven-character poems, which made the seven-character poems form independently. All these have prepared for the unprecedented prosperity of Tang poetry creation.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, poetry, literary criticism, prose and novels all developed, and the most outstanding achievement was poetry. The era has created a group of famous poets who have far-reaching influence on later generations.

2. Jian 'an Literature

First of all, teachers and students appreciate and comment on Cao Cao's Good Li Xing (it is suggested that teachers print Cao Cao's poems Good Li Xing, A Bitter Cold Journey and Looking at the Sea before class).

The soldiers of the Kwantung Army rose up against the cruel people. At the beginning, I met Jin Meng, but my heart was in Xianyang. Dong Zhuo's army came together, each with its own plans, looked at each other and refused to stand out. These two sentences led to the battle of various armies, and then the armies of various armies killed each other. Yuan Shao's cousin Yuan Shu proclaimed himself emperor in Huainan, and the emperor Yuan Shaomou carved the emperor in the north. Because of the war, soldiers have long been unable to take off their battle clothes, their armor is covered with lice, and many people have died because of years of war. The bones were bare in the field, and there was no one among them, and there was no crowing. It is extremely sad to think that only one person in a hundred people is alive.

This poem shows the historical picture of the warlord's scuffle and the people's suffering in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, which is rich in social content. Scholars in the past praised it as "a real epic in the late Han Dynasty". The whole poem has only 80 words, the language is very concise, but the scene is very grand. This poem by Cao Cao uses the old theme of "Good Li Xing" in Yuefu to write current affairs. "Good" was originally an elegy, which Cao Cao used to express his grief over the tragic death of thousands of people in the war disaster. His feelings are deep and sincere, and he has a desolate and intense style, which is unprecedented in Han Yuefu's poems. He inherited the ideological content and artistic features of Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty, and made some innovations and developments (for example, teachers should affirm and guide students' appreciation of Cao Cao's other poems; If there are different opinions, the teacher should not draw a positive or negative conclusion, so different people have different opinions. Cao Cao's Short Songs, Longevity of Turtles and Watching the Sea express his personal feelings and his political ideals and ambitions. As an all-round politician and strategist, his aesthetic taste is completely different from that of ordinary scribes, and his personality is distinct.

Jian 'an is the title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. During the Jian 'an period (196 ~ 2 19), poets represented by Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi created many poems with rich content, desolate style and vitality, which was called "Jian 'an Literature" in history. Representative works include Good Li Xing by Cao Cao, Seven Wounded Poems by Wang Shen and Mourning the Past by Cai Wenji. They directly inherited the spirit of folk songs in Han Yuefu, reflected the social life at that time, and formed a new literary style called "Jian 'an Style", which had a far-reaching impact on later literary creation.

3. Tao Yuanming and his pastoral poems

Teachers and students appreciate Tao Yuanming's Returning to the Garden for the first time (Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are printed and sent to students before class, and it is suggested to print five copies of Returning to the Garden);

Few people do as the Romans do. Their nature is to love nature. I sneaked into the official career network and have been away from the game for more than ten years. Birds in cages are often attached to the forests of the past, and fish in ponds yearn for the abyss of the past. Land reclamation in the south and return to the countryside. The house is surrounded by about ten acres of land, thatched cottages. Willow trees cover the eaves, and peach trees cover Li Lieman in front of the hospital. The neighboring village of the neighboring village is faintly visible, and there is smoke in the village. Several dogs barked in the alley, and the mulberry tree was barked by a rooster. There is no dust and sundries in the yard, and the quiet room is comfortable and leisurely. Trapped in a cage without freedom for a long time, I finally returned to the forest today.

Square houses, thatched cottages, elm willows, peaches and plums, remote villages, kitchen smoke, chickens and dogs, deep alleys and mulberry trees, which are very common in the eyes of ordinary people, constitute a beautiful, quiet and charming pastoral scenery in Tao Yuanming's poems. He dismissed the dark officialdom of the Jin Dynasty as a "dust net" and a "cage" and regarded retiring the countryside as a return to nature. The poet contrasted the simple and quiet countryside with the hypocritical and treacherous officialdom, showing his lofty freedom from filth. Tao Yuanming's skill in describing the countryside is far superior to others. He is especially good at capturing beauty from ordinary scenery and showing it. The language of his works is natural, fresh and unpretentious, but careful study and appreciation will make people realize his uniqueness. Some common Tujia languages are highly refined by art, so his poetic language is bland, but by no means shallow. On the contrary, it makes people feel sincere and tasteful. Tao Yuanming's poem Peach Blossom Spring is also very famous, which shows people the ideal world in the poet's mind. Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems have a great influence on later generations. Poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu all wrote poems to express their reverence for Tao Yuanming.

During the Southern Song Dynasty and the Qi Dynasty, landscape poems began to flourish, and Xie Lingyun's landscape poems were very famous. Bao Zhao is good at writing Yuefu poems. His quasi-Difficult to Go is a group of extremely successful Yuefu poems, which shows his unyielding personality and strong uninhibited feelings.

4. Folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties

During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, folk songs were very popular. "There are different tunes in northern Wu Ge" and different styles. Southern folk songs are mostly love songs, which are characterized by lingering, euphemistic and implicit, and mulberry picking is a group of love songs combined with labor. There are also love songs in northern folk songs, but their pastoral songs and battle songs are more eye-catching, characterized by rough and simple, impassioned, magnificent and bold. The well-known masterpieces of northern folk songs, such as Chile Song and Mulan Ci, are full of strong artistic appeal.

Fourth, the art of shining brilliantly.

1. Calligraphy Art

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy gradually developed into a unique art. Cai Yong, a famous scholar at the end of Han Dynasty, was a famous calligrapher.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the first golden age in the history of calligraphy art in China, with many famous artists and diverse styles. In the Cao Wei era, Zhong You was famous for his regular script, and began to transform official script into regular script, which contributed to the finalization of Chinese characters. Wang Xizhi, a "sage of calligraphy", and his son Wang Xianzhi are also called "two kings of calligraphy". Wang Xizhi learned from others and made innovations in cursive script, official script and running script. He changed the simple calligraphy style in the Han and Wei Dynasties, devoted himself to the development of cursive script combined with regular script, and created a beautiful and convenient new style, combining the practicality and artistry of calligraphy (showing Wang Xizhi's Preface to Lanting or other calligraphy works). His calligraphy is "floating like a cloud, as dexterous as a dragon", elegant and smart, with a very rigorous structure, which has created a new artistic conception of calligraphy.

The northern dynasty calligraphy art represented by Weibei is magnificent, simple and dignified, retains the characteristics of official script, and reveals a strong aesthetic feeling in its simplicity.

2. The art of painting

Cao Buxing was a famous painter of Wu in the Three Kingdoms period, who was good at painting Buddha statues and "making Buddha paintings". His paintings are very vivid, leaving a story of "mistaking ink for flies" in history (he painted a screen for Sun Quan, "mistaking pen for flies". The emperor gave birth to flies and raised his hand to hit them ").

Gu Kaizhi, a great painter in Jin Dynasty, was praised by later generations as one of the four painters. He painted a wide range of subjects, especially figure paintings, which made the finishing point, surpassing his predecessors. Representative works include A History of Women, A Picture of Luoshen, etc. Tang Nv Shizhen Tu was originally hidden in the Qing Palace. When Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, it was looted by the British, and now it is stored in the British Museum in London.

3. Grotto art

The emergence of grotto temples and grotto art was introduced into China with Buddhism, and it is also a precious historical and cultural heritage and treasure house of national art in China. Many rulers in the Sixteen Countries and the Northern Dynasties were keen on carving caves and making statues, and the art of grottoes flourished. The Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Yungang Grottoes in Datong and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang all rose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties (please tell us about the students who have visited Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes). During the Northern Wei Dynasty, when Wen Chengdi first excavated Yungang Grottoes, it basically retained the artistic styles of India and Central Asia. The Buddha in Cave 20 of Yungang is13.7m high, which is solemn. Longmen Grottoes were excavated after Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved to Luoyang. Because Emperor Xiaowen advocated absorbing China culture, the artistic style of Longmen Grottoes was greatly influenced by Central Plains culture. The Buddha statue has the characteristics of beautiful bones, elegant clothes, elegance and chic.

4. Music and dance

For this passage, teachers should guide students to read, ask students to pay attention to summarizing specific historical facts, and put forward the development characteristics of music and dance in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. That is, introduce and absorb music and dance from ethnic minorities and foreign countries and innovate traditional music.

Teaching process guidance

In the teaching of literary content in this section, the main purpose is to cultivate students' cultural literacy and strive to improve their literary appreciation ability. Therefore, students should read more literary works. Facts show that in the growth process of teenagers, good thoughts and feelings can not only rely on political and ideological education, but also rely on cultural education.

The teacher provides representative poems related to this section for students to read freely. Teachers should not specify "required reading" articles, so that students have the freedom to choose; For the same poem, it is not to insist on unified evaluation, so that students can give full play to their imagination and get their own feelings and sentiments; Poetry doesn't need to be explained sentence by sentence. Students can respond by looking up reference books or skipping, and they can experience it as long as they have a basic understanding. If the effect is not strong, it will be counterproductive. Cultural literacy and the ability to appreciate poetry and prose are gradual and subtle, which can never be achieved overnight. Teachers should infect students with their own preferences; They should create a good atmosphere for their own experiential reading, and form the interaction between environment and object, between teachers and students. If conditions permit, teachers can also organize some extracurricular activities, such as poetry readings in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. If a student can find music that matches the poems he recites, his literary appreciation will be greatly improved.