Peiligang culture
(7000 BC? ~ 5000 BC? )
On behalf of relic, Pei Ligang, Xinzheng, Henan. What shape? Square vertical hole dwellings, millet crops, agriculture and agriculture. のししたのやなどをとする features.
Laoguantai culture
(6000 BC? ~ 5000 BC? )
Represents the remains of Huaying old official station in Shaanxi. のののにらしなどのがれてぃたのがてて.
Legendary era (also known as the age of doubt) refers to the ancient historical era described by word of mouth, which is a part of ancient legends and myths in China. Before written records appeared, history was passed down from generation to generation by dictation. These contents were later recorded in words and became ancient historical legends in the literature. China's ancient literature is rich in ancient history and legends, from which we can see the overall appearance and development of China society in primitive times.
During the Warring States Period, people had a lot of thoughts about the social conditions in China's primitive times. Qu Yuan's Tian Wen: "At the beginning of ancient times, who passed it on?" The top and bottom are shapeless, how to test them? Later, I asked, there is a goddess named Nu Wa, is there a match? Why can she have nine sons? According to legend, people are made of loess and mud by Nuwa, so who made Nuwa's body? From these questions, we can see that the thinking about the origin of human beings has included a considerable number of ancient history and legends.
The legendary life of ancient ancestors
There are some correct speculations about the life of ancient ancestors in ancient legends. The situation of Youchao and Suiren mentioned in Fei Zhu is consistent with that of China in the Paleolithic Age.
The legendary ancient society
Regarding the social situation in ancient times, Lu Chunqiu said: "In the past, there was no gentleman, but his people lived in groups. Anemarrhena asphodeloides knows nothing about the difference between father, relatives, brothers, husband and wife, and men and women. There is no way up and down, and it is rude to advance and retreat. " "Book of Rites Li Yun" said: "The first king had no palace, lived in a cave in winter and lived in a nest in summer. No cremation, eating real plants and animals, drinking their blood, such as their hair, no marijuana, clothes, their feathers and skin. These records are very valuable for explaining the situation in the legendary era.
The legendary development of ancient society
Fuxi Statue (murals of Buqianqiu Tomb in the Western Han Dynasty) is a legendary era of social development, and the ancients used "Datong" and "Xiaokang" to make a comparative explanation. Legend has it that in the era of "Great Harmony", "the world is for the public, choose talents and talents, uphold faith and cultivate harmony. Therefore, we are not only relatives, but also children, so that we can be old, strong and useful, young and strong, lonely and independent. Men have points, women have returns, and goods are abandoned on the ground, so you don't have to hide them for yourself or for yourself. Therefore, it is said that "Datong" seeks harmony without prosperity, and thieves do not do it, so they leave the house without harmony. " (The Book of Rites). The era of "Great Harmony" is a legendary era without class and exploitation. Then I entered the "well-off" world. At this time, "the road is hidden, the world is home, each family is close, each child is a child, and the goods are for himself." Great men take it as a gift, while Guo Cheng takes the ditch and pool as a solid and takes the gift as a training; Be honest, be upright, be honest with father and son, be friendly to brothers, be harmonious with husband and wife, establish a system, establish a field, be both wise and brave, and take merits as your own, so utilization is a matter of doing things, and we must proceed from this matter. " (The Book of Rites). Obviously, it is a reflection of the social situation in the transitional period from primitive times to class society.
People in the legendary era
There are many famous figures in the legend of the Yellow Emperor, such as the Yellow Emperor, the Emperor, the Emperor Yao, the Emperor Shun and the Emperor Yu. They are often in a demigod state and should be the leaders of the famous tribal alliances at that time. China's ancient legends are close to historical truth to some extent in reflecting some characteristics of primitive society, although there are elements and mythological contents that are continuously processed by later generations, as well as their imagination and superstitions.
The Three Emperors and Five Emperors were the legendary "emperors" in China before the Xia Dynasty. Now it seems that they are all tribal leaders, and they have become the leaders of tribal alliances because of their strength. Basically, no matter according to myths and legends or historical records, people think that Huang San lived before the Five Emperors. But different historians have different definitions of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors". Huang San has five theories, and so do the five emperors.
There are many controversies about the understanding of the history of this period, but it is basically uncontroversial that China was in a primitive society during this period. Due to the entanglement of the existing data of Dachuan myths and legends in this historical period, it is difficult to judge the authenticity of many things. According to historical data, the popular saying now is:
There was a tribe named Ji in the Yellow River valley at the earliest, and the leader was the Yellow Emperor. This tribe is active in central Shaanxi, mainly engaged in agricultural labor. There is also a tribe named Jiang headed by Emperor Yan nearby, and there are frequent frictions between the two sides. The battle of Hanquan finally broke out between the two tribes. Huangdi defeated Yandi and the two tribes formed an alliance. Finally, the Yellow Emperor recovered the surrounding tribes. This is how the Huaxia nationality, the main body of the Han nationality, came into being. Now China people call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people", which is why.
Xia Dynasty (about 2000 BC-about 65438 BC+0600 BC) was the first dynasty recorded in China's history books. According to historical records, there are many countries in the Xia Dynasty, so it is generally believed that the Xia Dynasty is a country in the form of tribal alliance (while Chinese mainland's Marxist historiography thinks that the Xia Dynasty is a slave country), and there are a certain number of bronze and jade vessels in the cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty (cultural relics before 1600 BC), so its culture/civilization level is higher than that of the late Neolithic culture. But so far, there is no written evidence of the existence of the Xia Dynasty in archaeology (the earliest written record began in the early Western Zhou Dynasty), so its real existence has not been officially confirmed. However, we can't deny the existence of the Xia Dynasty, because if the words at that time were written on some hard-to-preserve items, it is entirely possible that they would not be handed down. The existence of Shang Dynasty was also confirmed by the easy preservation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronzes. History records that "the five stars in jade are as bright as pearls." According to comprehensive calculation, there was a good five-star party on February 26th, 65438 BC+0953 BC, which can be used as a reference for dating the Xia Dynasty.
According to historical records, the Xia Dynasty was a country founded by Yu's son Qi. Yu Xia changed from him to the hereditary system of the throne through his son, not the previous abdication system. There were kings of 13 generation and 16 generation in Xia dynasty (speaking of kings of 14 generation and 17 generation, it was mainly the dispute whether Dayu was the monarch or the leader of tribal alliance), which lasted for about 400 years and was later destroyed by Shang dynasty.
According to archaeological standards, the real existence of the Xia Dynasty can't be confirmed, or before the powerful cultural relics were unearthed (such as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, who proved the existence of the Shang Dynasty), the existence of the Xia Dynasty was not recognized academically, only recorded or fabricated by later generations. According to the traditional ideas of China people and some scholars in contemporary China, there is a Xia Dynasty without written archaeological objects in history, which is not rigorous from the archaeological point of view. However, another group of western historians have repeatedly criticized that China's historians and archaeologists are too skeptical about the past, which leads to insufficient exploration of the historical value of legends and myths. According to Professor Yin from the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, many people doubt the existence of the Xia Dynasty in history, because there are few historical materials about it. However, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is as clear as that of Shang Dynasty recorded in this book Yin Benji, and the Oracle bones unearthed in Anyang Yin Ruins also confirm the lineage of Shang Dynasty. Therefore, the lineage of Xia Dynasty recorded in Historical Records Xia Benji is believed to be credible by most scholars, while Shang Dynasty was not accepted by mainstream views like Xia Dynasty before that. In this way, on the basis of archaeologists' further understanding of the material and cultural remains of Shang Dynasty, such as Yin Ruins in Anyang and Zhengzhou Shopping Mall, etc. Put forward the research topic of Xia culture exploration, hoping to find the material and cultural remains of Xia dynasty through archaeological means, and then restore the history of Xia dynasty.
At present, in Erlitou culture of Yanshi, Henan Province, Miyagi, with an area of 6.5438+0.08 million square meters (much larger than Yanshi, the nearby capital of Shang Dynasty), has been found, and a rut dating back to 3,700 years has been confirmed as a cultural relic of Xia Dynasty. The China Municipal Government specially allocated funds for the dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and the research on Xia Dynasty is increasing day by day. There are two views on Erlitou culture in academic circles. One thinks that Erlitou culture is a cultural relic from the first to the fourth period of the Xia Dynasty, and Miyagi discovered is the summer capital; Another view is that the first and second phases are cultural relics of the Xia Dynasty, and the third and fourth phases are cultural relics of the Shang Dynasty, so the discovered Miyagi is the capital. Because the archaeological evidence of the capital of Xia Dynasty has not been fully confirmed so far, the existence of Xia Dynasty can only be proved by ancient documents for the time being.
The eggshell high-handle cup of Longshan culture unearthed from Chengzi site in Zhucheng, Shandong Province, 1976. According to documents, ancient historians represented by Xu suggested that Xia people might have lived in two areas: one was Dengfeng, Yuxian and Luoyang Plain near Songshan Mountain in western Henan; One is the lower reaches of Fenshui River in the south of Shanxi. Because the legendary capital of Xia Dynasty and some important historical events are mostly related to these two regions. From 65438 to 0959, the investigation of "Xia ruins" began, which opened the prelude to the exploration of Xia culture. In recent 40 years, a series of archaeological investigations and excavations have been carried out in western Henan and southern Shanxi, which gradually narrowed the goal of exploring Xia culture. At present, most scholars think that Erlitou culture named after Erlitou site in Yanshi (including Erlitou type and Dongxia peak type) and Longshan culture in western Henan are the main objects to discuss Xia culture, and they have expressed various views on Xia culture. However, due to the lack of direct evidence such as words, academic circles have not yet reached a consensus on which remains are Xia culture. However, both Longshan culture and Erlitou culture in western Henan have accumulated quite rich materials, creating certain conditions for finally solving this problem.