Section 1 Introduction to Volleyball
First, the concept and form of volleyball.
Volleyball is a collective, offensive and defensive sport in which two teams with equal numbers of people hit the ball from the net into the opponent's court in two equal courts separated by the net according to the rules.
Volleyball has many forms. Its main forms are divided into two categories:
Competitive volleyball: a form of sports that aims at improving sports performance and has unified competition rules internationally.
For example: six-a-side volleyball, beach volleyball.
Recreational volleyball: a form of sports that is different from other games and has special regulations on the number of participants. It is mainly used for entertainment and fitness, and there is no uniform competition rule in the world.
For example: soft volleyball, gas volleyball, mother volleyball, four-person volleyball, nine-person volleyball, disabled volleyball (sitting, standing, blind), lawn volleyball (mud, snow, water, sand), wall volleyball, etc.
Second, the methods and characteristics of volleyball (six-a-side volleyball)
(1) competition method
According to the rules of volleyball competition, each half is divided into six zones, from 1 to 6/.
Players in the top 2, 3 and 4 positions of the net are called front row players.
Players in the backcourt 1, 5, 6 positions are called backcourt players.
Volleyball matches begin with serving, that is, the player on the right side of the back row (No.1) of the player who has the right to serve first directly hits the ball through the net with one hand in the serving area, and then both sides use various hitting techniques and tactics to form an attack and defense, and according to the rules of volleyball matches, hit the ball into the opponent's court without making it fall into their own court. The game continues until the ball hits the ground, goes out of bounds or a team fouls, which determines the outcome.
1, batting rules
Each team hits the ball at most 3 times to make the ball pass the net; Each player must not hit the ball twice in a row; The ball can touch any part of the body, but it must be hit, not caught or thrown, and it can bounce in any direction.
2. The scoring method adopts the scoring system for each ball.
(1) If the server wins a goal, one point will be scored, and the original server will continue to serve.
(2) The receiver wins a goal, gets the right to serve, and gets one point at the same time.
Step 3 rotate
The team with the right to serve must first rotate one position clockwise, and the player with the position of 1 will serve.
4. The outcome depends on the number of games and the number of games.
(3) Number of matches: The team that wins three games wins the match by adopting the best-of-five system.
(4) Competition score: The score of each of the first four competitions is 25 points. When a team wins 25 points first and surpasses the other team by 2 points, it wins a game. The two sides drew 2-2, and the fifth game (deciding game) will be played. The score of the deciding game is 15. When one team wins 15 points first and surpasses the other team by 2 points, the game wins.
(B) the characteristics of volleyball
1, diversity of forms and extensive mass 2, comprehensiveness and high skill of technology.
3. Strong antagonism and strict collectivity. Easy entertainment, elegant leisure.
Third, the exercise value of volleyball
Improve health and physical fitness.
(B) cultivate and exercise good psychological quality
(3) Cultivate the excellent qualities of diligence, helping others and striving.
(four) to cultivate people's information awareness, improve cooperation and adaptability.
The origin and spread of volleyball in the second quarter
First, the origin of volleyball
(A) the background of the birth of volleyball
Keywords:/kloc-America at the end of 0/9 → the fourth industrial revolution (electric power technology) → economic development → life improvement
→ school physical education curriculum → community and park construction → entertainment plan → traffic improvement → news media communication.
The progress of society and the improvement of understanding make it possible for people to participate in sports activities, and their interest is growing.
(B) the process of the origin of volleyball
Keywords: 1895 USA → william morgan → crowd adaptability of sports activities → games → "mintonet" → "volleyball" → "volleyball".
Second, the spread of volleyball.
Volleyball spread from the United States to all parts of the world in two ways:
(A) the spread of American Christian missionaries
(B) the US military and the spread of war
According to historical records, volleyball was introduced to Canada in 1900, Cuba in 1905, Puerto Rico in 1909, Uruguay in19/2, and 1965438+. Most of the volleyball rules used in American countries directly refer to the American volleyball rules and adopt 6-player volleyball.
In Asia, volleyball was introduced to India in 1900, to China in 1905, to Japan in 1908 and to the Philippines in19. Because there were no complete and stereotyped rules when volleyball was introduced into Asia, Asians combined their own characteristics of "more people and less venues", and Asian volleyball competitions experienced the evolution from 16-a-side volleyball to 12-a-side volleyball to 9-a-side volleyball. This process experienced 40 years of twists and turns until 1949, the first world volleyball championship.
In Europe, 19 13 During World War I, American soldiers brought volleyball to Europe. 19 14 was introduced to Britain, 19 17 to France, Italy and Russia, 19 18 to Yugoslavia, 19 19 to Czechoslovakia and Poland. Although volleyball was introduced to Europe late, it was a six-a-side volleyball as soon as it entered Europe, and its competitiveness was mature, which attracted the attention of European countries, so it developed rapidly.
In Africa, 1923 was introduced to Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and other countries. Due to its late start, it has not been widely developed since its introduction, and its development is slow, its level is very low and it is in a backward state.
Section 3 Development of World Volleyball
First, the stage and characteristics of world volleyball development.
The development of world volleyball in the past century can be roughly divided into three stages: recreational volleyball, competitive volleyball and modern volleyball.
(1) Leisure Volleyball (1895- 1947)
Keywords: the birth of volleyball → entertainment games → development and evolution (rules, techniques and tactics)
→ Competition and antagonism
Features: 1, from the nature of entertainment games to the direction of competitive confrontation.
2. There is no unified organization, unified competition system and unified competition rules in international competitions.
(2) Competitive Volleyball (1947-70s)
Key words: International Volleyball Federation was established (1947 FIVB)→ World Volleyball Competition ①→ Single style of play → Different styles and schools ② → Leap in technical and tactical quality ③ → Volleyball is thriving.
① World Volleyball Competition
1948 First European Men's Volleyball Championship
1949 the first world men's volleyball championship
1949 the first European women's volleyball championship
1952 the first world women's volleyball championship
1957 was approved as an official Olympic event by the Olympic Games.
1964 Men and women enter the Olympic Games in a row 18.
1965 First World Cup Men's Volleyball Competition
1973 First World Cup Women's Volleyball Match
1977 the first world youth volleyball championship
It is held every 2 or 4 years and continues to this day.
② Different styles and schools
Power school: represented by the Soviet men's and women's volleyball team, it is tall and strong, with strong spike power and fierce attack. Their attacks often make opponents feel scared, lose their defensive ability, and win world championships many times.
Skill school: represented by Czechoslovakia men's volleyball team, its movements are delicate, the spike line changes greatly, the landing point is well controlled, and the combination of hitting and hanging makes the opponent hard to prevent. 1956 the third world championship defeated the Soviet union to win the championship, which was a sensation.
High school: Take GDR men's volleyball team as the representative, highlight the role of tall players in the attack, and use super-hand spike. The ball passed by the setter to the spiker reaches a height of 9- 10 meter, which destroys the take-off rhythm of the opposing blocker, thus greatly improving the high success rate of spike. 1969 the second world cup, 1970 the seventh world champion.
Speed school: represented by Chinese and Japanese boys' schools, it relies on tacit cooperation, collective wisdom and fast and changeable "fast break" play to deal with European and American volleyball powers with fast control and high speed. The Japanese men's volleyball team won the runner-up and champion in the 19 Olympic Games and the 20th Olympic Games respectively.
(3) A qualitative leap in technology and tactics.
In the early 1950s, the technical level of volleyball in Eastern European countries was relatively high, but the technical style and tactical play were basically similar. Technically, most of them are overhand serve, overhand pass and spike, and their tactics are relatively simple. The world volleyball skills and tactics present a single development model.
The rise of Japanese women's volleyball team in the early 1960s created techniques such as "forearm pad", "tumbling defense" and "hook and float". With excellent defense, swinging serve and Asian fast break, it broke the monopoly of the Soviet women's volleyball team, broke through the same technical and tactical model, and won the championship in one fell swoop, from 1962 to 1967 for three consecutive world championships.
From the mid-1960s to the end of 1970s, the world was full of flowers and disputes.
Women's Volleyball Team: Japan's "defense plus cooperation" confronted the Soviet Union's "attack plus strength" and won four gold medals in each of the eight games.
Men's Volleyball Team: Five teams representing four schools (the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Japan and the Democratic Republic of Germany) and Poland (all-round attack and defense, pioneering backcourt attack tactics) won the first place in eight competitions.
Features: from a single mode to the emergence of different schools;
From heavy attack and light defense to both offensive and defensive;
From pursuing height and strength to paying attention to skills and tactics;
From focusing on individual skills to focusing on collective cooperation.
(c) Modern Volleyball (11980s to present)
Since 1980s, volleyball has entered the stage of modern volleyball. The concept of modern volleyball is broad, including all-football volleyball, socialization, commercialization, professionalization and "big volleyball".
1, football volleyball total
Key words: it is difficult to unify the whole country with one skill → total football's overall volleyball thought ①→ The rise of China women's volleyball team and American men's volleyball team ②.
The technical and tactical development of modern volleyball requires the all-round development of sports teams and athletes, including not only comprehensive offensive and defensive techniques, but also athletes' comprehensive physical, psychological and intellectual qualities. In the fierce confrontation with high intensity and high technology level, any defect or weak link may be the fatal factor leading to failure.
② China Women's Volleyball Team put forward the idea of "developing to all-football type on the basis of comprehensive technology". China volleyball adheres to the technical and tactical guiding ideology of fast, highly developed and striving for online superiority. After nine years of competition and training, it has formed an all-round technical and tactical play with comprehensive attack and defense, changeable tactics, high-speed dominance of Asia and high-speed dominance of Europe.
American men's volleyball team boldly uses jump serve technique and back row attack technique; Double serve receiving technique; Created an expanded defense; Designed three-dimensional attack tactics; The balanced development theory of equilateral triangle with height, speed and synthesis is put forward.
The advanced technical and tactical guiding ideology has made the "five consecutive championships" of China women's volleyball team and the "four consecutive championships" of American men's volleyball team come true, marking the arrival of a new era.
2. Socialization, commercialization and professionalization of volleyball.
Keywords:1984 great changes in FIVB → reform and adjustment → all-round development
Towards social professional clubs
Business operation
3. The formation of the concept of "big volleyball"
Key words:
New challenges, new topics → popularization → diversified forms, population development → formation of "big volleyball"
↙ ↘
Competitive volleyball and recreational volleyball
"elite movement"
"watch sports games"
Features: all forms of volleyball development will be valued;
"Yangchun Baixue" and "Xialiba people" simultaneously;
Competitive volleyball and recreational volleyball coexist;
Form the concept of "big volleyball".
Section IV Development of Volleyball in China
First, the introduction of volleyball
Volleyball was introduced to China in 1905.
history
From 65438 to 0905, Ren Huang College and Guangdong Nanwu Middle School were famous for developing volleyball.
During the period of 1906, it was reported in Chengdu, Sichuan that YMCA missionaries played volleyball and passed the ancestral temple.
1908, the American YMCA sent Jensner, a sports official, to Shanghai, and volleyball was also introduced to Shanghai, and the first volleyball exhibition was held in Shanghai in 19 1 1.
19 10 Anhui established a new school, and volleyball has been listed as a physical education textbook in some missionary schools.
……
(2) The first official international volleyball competition in the world.
Key words:1965438+The 1st Far East Games in February 2003 (Philippines) → Invited to form a team → Sharpen guns in the cold → Take the lead.
→ tenacious struggle → 0: 2 is still glorious despite defeat.
Therefore, volleyball was introduced into China mainly through the YMCA Sports Department, overseas students, foreigners and athletes of the Far East Games in the form of teaching, competitions, training courses and exhibition matches. First spread to Guangzhou, Hong Kong, then spread to Taishan in Guangdong, Wenchang in Hainan, Shanghai, Beijing and other places, then gradually entered the mainland, and finally spread to the whole country.
Two, volleyball in China before the adoption of "six-a-side volleyball" (old China).
Influenced by the Far East Games, volleyball has aroused people's interest and promoted the development of volleyball in China. Since then, volleyball matches have been gradually developed in all parts of China.
(1) China men's volleyball team was listed as an official event in the 2nd National Games on 19 14. 19 15 At the 2nd Far East Games held in Shanghai, China men's volleyball team won the first championship. The 1st 10 Far East Games was held in 1934 * *, and China won the men's volleyball championship with five titles and the runner-up with five titles.
(2) The women's volleyball team in China started late and first appeared in Guangdong National Games 192 1. 1924 was listed as the official event of the 3rd National Games. From 1923, China women's volleyball team began to participate in the 6th Far East Games, and 1934 won the fifth runner-up.
(3) Volleyball in China experienced sixteen-player system (1915-1919)-twelve-player system (191927)-.
The name of volleyball is literally translated from English as "Hua Libo" (the name of some schools in Guangzhou)-"Team Ball" (the name of the second National Games in 2004+1965438)- "Volleyball" (the name of the fourth National Games in 930: verbally attack back and forth with its ball and stand in a row).
Although volleyball in China has developed for more than 40 years during this period, the country is poor and backward, and it is difficult to popularize it, and it is only developed in several big cities and southeast coastal areas.
Third, the development of "six-a-side volleyball" in China (New China)
After the founding of New China, volleyball, as a key project, has been promoted all over the country, and it is one of the projects that have developed and improved rapidly.
(a) popularization stage (1950- 1959)
Keywords: Go out, please come in.
At that time, six-a-side volleyball was widely used in the world to meet the needs of international competitions. 1950 In July, the Rules and Measures for Six-a-side Volleyball Competition formulated by FIVB was first promulgated at the National Summer Learning Conference on Physical Education held by the All-China Sports Federation. Since then, six-a-side volleyball has gradually developed throughout the country.
In order to learn from Eastern European countries, especially the Soviet Union, which were in the leading position in world volleyball in 1950s, China set up men's and women's volleyball teams to visit and compete. At the same time, some strong teams in Eastern Europe and volleyball experts from the Soviet Union were invited to China to exchange competitions and give lectures, and systematically learn advanced techniques, tactics and training methods, which greatly promoted the development of volleyball in China.
While learning the advanced level of foreign countries, the All-China Sports Federation actively promotes and popularizes six-a-side volleyball in China. 1951May held the National Basketball and Volleyball Competition Conference in Beijing. This is the first national volleyball competition held after the founding of New China. 1952 In February, the "Central Sports Training Class Men's and Women's Volleyball Team" (the national team) was established, and six-a-side volleyball technical demonstrations and exhibition matches were held in 14 cities across the country, which promoted the development of local volleyball and the construction of local volleyball teams.
1953 China Volleyball Association was established. 1954, FIVB officially accepted China FIVB as a full member.
On the basis of learning (foreign advanced techniques and tactics) and inheriting (nine-a-side volleyball), China volleyball has laid a solid foundation and reached a certain level after several years of efforts. 65438-0956 In the 3rd World Men's Volleyball Team and the 2nd World Women's Volleyball Championship held in Paris, China ranked ninth in men's volleyball and sixth in women's volleyball. Among them, the "fastball" technique of men's volleyball is amazing and is known as "acrobatic volleyball".
In short, in the 1950s, while learning from Europe, China volleyball quickly pushed China's six-a-side volleyball to a new stage through its own efforts, focusing on popularization and improvement on the one hand. One of the biggest gains is to inherit and develop the fastball style of nine-a-side volleyball, unswervingly follow its own path and play a fast and changeable style.
(2) Development and perfection stage (1960-1978)
Keywords: following the law of motion, adapting to new rules and creating new technologies
The 1960s, especially the middle period, was an important stage for the rapid improvement of volleyball in China. 1960165438+10 In October, the State Sports Commission held the "National Training Work Conference" in Beijing, and Li Menghua, director of the Sports Commission, put forward the principles and requirements of "comprehensive, practical, accurate and skilled" technical training. Then, at the Shanghai National Volleyball Training Conference, it was put forward for the first time to strengthen the training of defensive counter-attack, which was a leap in China volleyball circle's understanding of volleyball training rules. And promote it throughout the country.
1962, the Japanese women's volleyball team defeated the European champion and won the world championship in one fell swoop. This is the first women's team in the world to win by defense. China attaches great importance to Japanese experience. 1964, Premier Zhou Enlai invited Japanese coach Big Ben to lead the Japanese women's volleyball team to visit China, and personally went to the scene to watch the training and competition of the Japanese team. We are required to learn from the spirit of strict training of Japanese women's volleyball team, proceed from actual needs, and insist on large-scale exercise training from difficult to strict. 1965, Dasongbowen came to China again to guide the training of China women's volleyball team. After more than a month of training, we have a systematic and clear understanding of Dasong's training methods, training requirements and guiding ideology. By learning from and studying Dasong, China team has found its way of development and made remarkable progress.
1964, FIVB modified the blocking rules to allow blockers to block. According to the characteristics of the new rules, China athletes created the blocking technique. In July of the same year, in the five-nation international volleyball match held in the former Soviet Union, China men's volleyball team repeatedly used this technique, and finally won the third place with the same results as the Soviet Union and Germany. In June 165438+ 10, the Japanese men's volleyball team visited China, and China blocked the attack, which was a great threat. 015 lost a game. In addition, the Beijing Men's Volleyball Team also innovated the No.4 flat kick-off, with the fastest time of 0.8 seconds. The Japanese call it "supersonic volleyball".
In short, in the mid-1960s, we not only learned the advanced techniques and training methods of Japanese women's volleyball, but also made innovations according to the laws of volleyball and combined with our own characteristics, thus taking a gratifying step on our own development.
After 1966, the "ten-year turmoil" caused unprecedented catastrophe to the sports cause in China, with the competition interrupted, the training stopped and the sports level dropped. The game was not resumed until 1972. 1974 When China resumed its participation in the World Volleyball Championships, the men's volleyball team dropped from ninth to 15, and the women's volleyball team dropped from ninth to 14.
In order to revitalize volleyball, the State Sports Commission has formulated a five-year development plan for volleyball, established a volleyball training base, started to organize annual training in a planned way, and quickly trained reserve talents, which has promoted the national volleyball training, especially laid the foundation for the rapid growth of China women's volleyball team and its subsequent world championship. 1976 Reorganized the national men's and women's volleyball team. After short-term training, in the 1977 World Cup volleyball match, the women's volleyball team won the fourth place and the men's volleyball team won the fifth place. In the 1978 World Championship,
The women's volleyball team was sixth and the men's volleyball team was seventh. During this period, China Men's Volleyball Team, after learning the advanced styles of time difference and position difference created by Japanese Men's Volleyball Team, innovated the offensive styles of "flying in", "flying back" and "neutral" on the basis of inheriting the traditional fast attack style. 1977, the international volleyball rules stipulate that you can still hit the ball after three blocks. According to the characteristics of women's volleyball team's relatively balanced attack and defense and more opportunities for counterattack, China women's volleyball team developed the tactics of "quick counterattack" and began to lead the world in technical and tactical play.
(3) Rushing out of Asia and going to the world (1979-1987)
Keywords: world champion, five consecutive championships
1979 12 China men's and women's volleyball teams won the Asian Championship for the first time, qualified for the 1980 Olympic Games, and realized their desire to rush out of Asia.
From 198 1 to 1986, China women's volleyball team won the world championship for five consecutive times.
Five consecutive championships
198 1 the third women's volleyball world cup champion
1982 champion of the 9th World Women's Volleyball Championship
1984 Women's Volleyball Champion in 23rd Olympic Games
1984 The 4th Women's Volleyball World Cup Champion
1986 champion of the 10th World Women's Volleyball Championship
China men's volleyball team also reached its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s. 198 1 year1month won the fifth place in the world cup. From ninth to fifth in the world, from third to champion in Asia. At this time, China men's volleyball team not only has the strength to rush out of Asia, but also has the ability to compete with the world's top teams.
(4) Step into the trough and regain the glory (1988- present)
Keywords: 17 Struggle for many years and relive the champion.
In the late 1980s, especially in the 1990s, China men's and women's volleyball teams didn't make further development and innovation in skills and tactics, but the original style of play was mastered by the world's top teams. Compared with the top teams in the world, it has lost its original strengths and advantages, and there has been a big decline.
China Men's Volleyball Team 1987 lost its qualification for the 24th Olympic Games, and 1989 was the third in the Asian Championship.
China Women's Volleyball Team/KOOC-0/988 lost the Seoul Olympic Games, and won two second places and one third place in the/KOOC-0/989 World Cup Volleyball Championship and/KOOC-0/9 World Cup Volleyball Championship. In the 1992 Olympic Volleyball Tournament and the 1994 World Volleyball Championship, it fell to the seventh and eighth places. 1994 Asian Games lost to South Korea, ranking second and losing its dominance in Asia.
In view of the decline of men's volleyball team and the depression of women's volleyball team, 1994, the State Sports Commission held a "National Report Meeting on Men's and Women's Volleyball Work and a Seminar on Revitalizing Volleyball Work" in Beijing. 1995 With the competition system as the breakthrough, the reform of volleyball competition system has moved forward. China women's volleyball team won the championship in 1995 Asian Volleyball Championship, the third place in 1996 World Cup Volleyball Competition and the second place in Olympic Volleyball Competition. The establishment of 1997 volleyball management center further deepened the reform of volleyball management system. 1997 China men's volleyball team won the Asian Championship after ten years, and qualified for the World Championships in the same year. At the 1998 Asian Games, both the men's volleyball team and the women's volleyball team in China won the championship, and the women's volleyball team in China won the second place in the World Volleyball Championship. 1999, China men's volleyball team and women's volleyball team made their debut again, ranking only fifth in the world volleyball championship, but the men's volleyball team missed the Asian Championship. China volleyball has resumed the difficult climb of "rushing out of Asia and going to the world".
On March 6th, 20001year, China Volleyball Association held a national volleyball work conference in Beijing, and put forward "deepening reform, pioneering and enterprising, and reviving the glory of volleyball". China Volleyball Association issued the Volleyball Development Plan from 200/KLOC-0 to 2008.
Specific planning:
China women's volleyball team won the championship in the 2002 Asian Games;
In 2004, the Olympic Games entered the top four in the world and strived for medals.
Strive for the gold medal in the 2008 Olympic Games.
China men's volleyball team strives to enter the final of the 2002 Asian Games championship;
Qualified for the 2004 Olympic Games;
Strive to enter the top eight in the 2008 Olympic Games.
Women's beach volleyball in 2004 Olympic Games strives to enter the top eight and hit the top four;
Strive for medals in the 2008 Olympic Games.
Men's beach volleyball strives to enter the Olympic Games in 2004;
Strive to enter the top eight in the 2008 Olympic Games.
On June 5438+065438+1October 15, 2003, China Women's Volleyball Team won the Women's Volleyball World Cup with its 11-game winning streak! This is the second time that China women's volleyball team won the world championship after 17!