Improving cognitive ability refers to the ability of human brain to process, store and extract information, that is, people's ability to grasp the composition of things, the relationship between performance and other things, development motivation, development direction and basic laws. How to improve cognitive ability?
Improving cognitive ability 1 1. Cognition and intelligence
Cognition refers to the psychological process or activity that people perceive, learn, remember and think about information. The science of studying cognition is called cognitive psychology. Questions that cognitive psychologists may study include: How do people perceive various shapes? Why do people remember some things and forget others? How do people learn languages?
Cognition includes many aspects and there are individual differences. As a naturally judgmental species, people tend to pay attention to certain aspects, and some of them are "better" than others. This kind of performance is generally considered smart, and some people are considered smarter than others.
Intelligence refers to the ability to learn from experience, use metacognitive processing to strengthen learning and adapt to the surrounding environment. Different social and cultural backgrounds may require different ways of adaptation.
You can learn about intelligence (reasoning ability) first through the following quiz. The official account of WeChat replied "Looking for Abuse" to get the answer.
The concept of intelligence itself is closely related to culture. In the definition of intelligence, there is a special field to discuss cultural differences called cultural intelligence (CQ). In one culture, it is considered highly intelligent, but it is not in another culture. For example, Kpelle of African culture thinks that the method of classifying specific things in Webster's adult intelligence scale (such as putting apples and oranges in the same category-the basis of some items in intelligence test) is stupid.
The difference between cognition and intelligence
Generally speaking, cognition is a psychological process, and intelligence is the ability reflected in the cognitive process.
Second, the three cognitive models of intelligence
There are many models about intelligence. Among them, there are three models that are particularly suitable for connecting human intelligence with cognition, namely, Carol's three-level model of intelligence, Gardner's multiple intelligence theory and Robert Jeffrey Sternberg's three-dimensional theory of intelligence.
Carol: A Three-level Model of Intelligence
According to the three-level model of intelligence, intelligence includes three levels of cognitive ability:
The first layer contains many special abilities with narrow uses (such as spelling ability and reasoning speed).
The second layer contains all kinds of abilities (such as fluid intelligence, crystal intelligence, short-term memory, long-term storage and retrieval, information processing speed).
There is only one ability at the third level: general intelligence (sometimes called G factor).
The middle layer has fluid intelligence and crystal intelligence. Fluid intelligence determines the speed and accuracy of abstract reasoning, especially when facing new problems. Crystal intelligence refers to accumulated knowledge and vocabulary. In addition to these two, Carol also put several other abilities in the middle layer. They are the process of learning and memory, visual perception, auditory perception, easy to generate ideas (similar to language fluency) and reaction speed (including both pure reaction speed and accurate reaction speed).
Robert Jeffrey Sternberg: Ternary Intelligence Theory
According to this theory, intelligence includes three aspects: creative intelligence, analytical intelligence and practical intelligence.
Creativity is used to generate new ideas.
Analytical ability determines the quality of your (and others') ideas.
Practical ability is used to realize ideas and persuade others to achieve some value.
According to this theory, cognition is the core of intelligence. Information processing in the cognitive process can be regarded as consisting of three different parts. The first component is a meta-component, which is a high-level execution process (namely metacognition) and is used to plan, monitor and evaluate problem solving. The second component is the operational component, which is a low-level process of executing the instructions issued by metacognition. The third component is the knowledge acquisition component, which is used to learn how to solve current problems. These components are highly interdependent.
Suppose you are asked to write a term paper. You will use meta-components to make high-level decisions. So you will use meta-components to determine the theme and writing plan of the paper, monitor the writing, and evaluate whether you can successfully achieve your goals after writing the paper. You will use the knowledge acquisition component related to doing research to learn the relevant knowledge of the thesis topic. Finally, you will use the action component to complete the actual writing.
Third, intelligence test and IQ.
The research of intelligence test is earlier than cognitive psychology. In 1904, the Paris Minister of Public Education appointed a committee to identify children who need supplementary education. Alfred Binet. Alfred set out to develop a test that can objectively identify students with mental retardation. 19 16, Lewis pushed Meng to revise Binet.Alfred. Alfred's test made it applicable to American students. His efforts led to the Stanford-Binet.Alfred Prize. Alfred test, which is a major comprehensive intelligence test used in the United States today. Another major comprehensive intelligence test used in the United States is Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale, which has scales suitable for children and adults respectively. These tests include the measurement of number width, vocabulary, analogy reasoning, spatial judgment and arithmetic ability. Typical questions that adults need to answer in Stanford-Binet.Alfred test. Alfred's test is: "Which direction should you face in order to keep your right hand in the north?" People have to make a lot of efforts to choose from them, and these projects can predict academic performance.
The results of these two tests are called IQ.
Stanford-Binet.Alfred. Alfred Intelligence Test and Wexler Adult Intelligence Scale measure comprehensive intelligence, but there are many other tests to measure specific abilities, such as spatial ability. Part of the reason why these tests continue to be used in the United States is that they can accurately predict students' academic performance to some extent, which is one of Binet.Alfred's viewpoints. Alfred's original goal. However, the use of intelligence tests for this purpose is controversial.
Is IQ innate or acquired?
Compared with the fairness of intelligence test, people are more concerned about measuring internal endowment or acquired ability. The convincing data seems to come from the study of identical twins raised separately. Identical twins adopted by different families have the same genetic qualifications, but different environmental experiences. The explanation of this kind of research results is controversial, but the analysis shows that the IQ similarity between identical twins raised separately is much higher than that of fraternal twins raised in the same family. This evidence seems to show that IQ has a strong innate component. However, it is wrong to draw the conclusion that intelligence is mainly innate.
Intelligence and IQ are not the same thing. Intelligence tests ignore the contribution of specific experiences to intelligence. Intelligence tests try to measure everyone's natural abilities and general knowledge that can be reasonably expected in a culture. However, outstanding achievements in any particular field depend on knowledge and experience in that particular field, not general knowledge and experience in culture. For example, chess masters are usually not particularly intelligent.
Although specific experience is important for success in any field. However, it is worth noting that intelligence tests can predict success in some fields. They can predict academic achievements and general success in life with moderate accuracy (at least in western society).
Standard intelligence tests measure general factors that can predict academic performance.
Does IQ determine success in life?
Besides academic performance, IQ seems to be a powerful predictor of many social related factors. The report "IQ: Known and Unknown" of the American Psychological Association points out that IQ can explain about one-fifth of the changes in factors such as work achievement and income. It has a stronger correlation with social and economic status and a weaker negative correlation with anti-social behavior.
It is a natural trend that people infer from these data that IQ is directly related to becoming a successful person in our society. But we have reason to question this direct connection. The chances of getting all kinds of education and some jobs depend on the examination results. The chances of getting other jobs depend on the various educational programs you receive, and the acquisition of these educational resources depends in part on the examination results. Based on the strong correlation between IQ and these test scores, we can expect that people with high IQ in this society will get better training and career opportunities, while people with low IQ will only get limited opportunities, and they are often placed in a more anti-social behavior environment because of their low test scores.
Another puzzling factor is that success is often judged by other members of society. For example, most job performance studies are based on leaders' scores, rather than actually measuring job performance. Promotion depends largely on the opinions of the leaders. Similarly, legal resolutions such as criminal case judgments also have strong judgment factors. So IQ may affect these social judgments rather than the actual situation being judged, such as how good a person's work is or how bad a behavior is. People with power and status, such as judges and leaders, usually have high IQ. So it is possible that some success with high IQ is a group effect, and people with high IQ prefer people with similar IQ.
Improving cognitive ability 2 Cognitive ability is different from the difference of education or wealth. Cognition is a person's ability to analyze and judge things, which hides the breadth and depth of one's thinking, the way of receiving and processing information, and is the embodiment of one's comprehensive qualities and abilities such as emotion, thinking and vision.
The small gap in cognition reflects the big difference in overall knowledge between people. If there is a huge gap in cognition, we should keep a certain distance from each other. Don't discuss problems too much, and don't try to convince each other with common sense and logic, because the cognitive gap can't be bridged with intellectual rationality.
There are cognitive differences between people. The ancients realized this problem thousands of years ago, and they talked deeply and insightful. Reading today is also a high-five, enjoyable and insightful.
Confucius' private school pays attention to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, because each student has different foundation, different intelligence and different understanding of accepting knowledge. After Confucius knew his destiny, he embarked on a journey of traveling around the world by carriage. Wherever he went, some people were warmly received, while others wanted to kill him.
Others should represent most situations. Travel-stained to a place, exhausted, although there is no hardship of the wicked, but there is no waiting crowd, he is like an ordinary elder, neglected, like a tramp who has lost his spiritual home-"tired like a lost dog."
Some words don't have to be said to others because they don't understand; Some truths may not be told to others, because they are incomprehensible. Disciples and people are so, because people's cognition is different, so Confucius said:
"People on it can also speak; Below China people, you can't say it orally. "
People with above-average IQ can talk about high-level things, while people with below-average IQ can't talk about profound topics. When it comes to reasons, they are all different in thinking and knowledge, which eventually leads to different cognition. What's there to talk about knowing different people? What's worth discussing? It will only be misunderstood and add to the troubles.
Laozi is older than Confucius. It is said that Confucius went to Luoyang, the eastern capital, to study music and etiquette when he was young. He once consulted Laozi who preserved the history of the Tibetan room. Probably, people with great wisdom always see the same truth. Lao Tzu also said something similar to what Confucius said. He said:
"Staff sergeant heard this word and worked diligently; The sergeant heard that living is death; Corporal laughs when he hears this word, but it is not enough to laugh. "
People with great wisdom always study diligently and persistently, while people with medium IQ, although good at Tao, are often interrupted and unable to persist; A person with average IQ will laugh if you tell him profound truth. Because it is profound and mysterious, and the realm of the avenue can be ignored, so I can see it clearly. He doesn't care about the reaction of these people. If they don't laugh, it's not a high-level problem.
After Laozi, in the middle and late Warring States period, Zhuangzi, another representative of Taoism, also talked about cognitive problems in Autumn Water. He said more vividly, he said:
"Well frogs can't talk about the sea, summer insects can't talk about ice, and Qu Shi can't talk about Taoist priests."
Frogs at the bottom of the well, because of the limited space, can't talk about the sea with them; Summer insects who have only lived for one season can't talk about winter scenes with them because the seasons are limited; For those ignorant people, you can't talk about Taoism, because they know very little and their circles are too small.
Zhuangzi is good at rhetoric. His literary expression is to convey his insights to people in a figurative way, that is, people are different, so it is more difficult to convince others that a person with narrow vision and mediocre knowledge understands the vast world than to kill him.
There is a good saying on the Internet-"It is God who changes himself, and it is psycho who changes others", and I deeply agree. One should never try to change others. For people with different cognition, the best way is to quietly avoid meaningless communication and leave everything to time. Just like melons and fruits in summer, if they are forcibly opened before time, they will be very bitter, which is a kind of pain for everyone. Everything has its own essence, handed over to the law, and when the time comes, the melon will naturally fall.
A mature person should accept the differences between people and face all kinds of situations in the world, which is growth and practice.
Improving cognitive ability 3 It seems very popular to talk about cognitive problems now, and attribute the height of life, success or failure, living standard and accumulation of wealth to cognitive level. Perhaps cognitive ability is really a very important ability.
About cognition, I think it is people's ability to understand and accept the laws and knowledge of the world and things. According to Baidu Encyclopedia, cognition refers to the process of people acquiring or applying knowledge, or the process of information processing, which is the most basic psychological process of people. It includes feeling, perception, memory, thinking, imagination and language. The human brain receives information from the outside world, which is processed by the brain and transformed into psychological activities in memory, thus dominating human behavior. This process is the process of information processing, that is, the cognitive process.
People's cognitive ability is closely related to the process of knowing things. It can be said that cognition is the product and result of people's understanding of the world and things. Generally speaking, people's perception (feeling, perception) and thinking (imagination, association and thinking) of objective things are cognitive activities. The process of cognition is the process of subjective objectification, that is, the subjective reflects the objective and makes the objective manifest in the subjective.
Only with high cognitive ability can we better understand the true face of the world and society. You can know what is right and what is wrong; What should and should not be; What is caused by personal factors and what is caused by the laws of the world and society; What individuals should change, improve, avoid or ignore; What is beneficial and what is harmful.
For example, your views on the information forwarded by your circle of friends, including fitness, chicken soup for the soul, health knowledge, food compatibility principles, news, strange things and so on, all depend on your cognitive level. And this cognition will also affect your behavior, even your life. A simple knowledge about health, if you don't realize it, may one day affect your or your family's views on these physical problems and diseases, thus affecting the decision-making of treatment, and finally may affect a person's life or health. Why a college student is misled by Baidu's advertisement and goes to a dead end is because his cognitive ability is insufficient.
This cognitive ability is based on the knowledge of medicine, biology, pathology, pharmacology, human body structure, human body function, cells, viruses, bacteria and so on. Without this knowledge, it is impossible to form a correct cognition. Without correct cognitive ability, it is easy to be misled by Baidu. Many people even lie in hospital beds or operating tables, still brushing Baidu to ask questions, or looking for some remedies for how to cure cancer through articles such as "I am not from China" in a circle of friends; Instead of choosing to trust doctors and listen to their suggestions and demands. Even questioning doctors is different from what the internet says. Whether this cognitive level is high or low, does it also require certain cognitive ability to judge?
For example, your views on news or rumors are also influenced by your personal cognitive level. What you should believe is not true, and what you should not believe is true. But there may be no personal influence in one thing, but when this situation increases and becomes a habit, you will lose your correct view of the world, society, the relationship between people, people and society, people and law, and people and wealth.
This cognitive ability is based on comprehensive knowledge such as social rules, law, human sociology, psychology, international relations, national quintessence and rational thinking. When you think that society is full of evil without justice, copper stink without emotion, violence without order and conspiracy without love, these perceptions will affect your every thought and behavior, thus affecting your life and life. Evil can only bring you fear and insecurity, and affect your decision-making on work, travel, future planning, investment and financial management, education and other aspects, thus affecting your family and life.
Cognitive ability not only affects individuals, but also has the function of screening stratification. For example, do you look at events from the perspective of conspiracy theory and all things and relationships from the perspective of game theory? This determines the height and judgment of your influence on things. If you are an ordinary person, perhaps the most obvious influence is the social circle and the topic of conversation. But if you are a student, or a person who pursues growth, your wrong cognition will change the direction and way of your efforts and affect your successful results. Everything is analyzed by conspiracy theories, so you are unlikely to have positive, optimistic, active and objective thoughts and behaviors about the world. On the contrary, some people will be more pessimistic, negative and give up, believe in fate or authority too much, believe that the degradation of society cannot be changed, and believe that the meanness of human nature cannot be eliminated.
This cognitive ability is based on the insight into the current situation, politics, state relations, trade, economy, diplomacy and game theory, the understanding of the history and politics of all countries in the world, and the understanding and understanding of the principles of international cooperation, international organizations and international relations. Any field has its professional knowledge, rules and insider. When you are not a professional in this field, you must accept the reality you don't understand rationally and seek the assistance of real professionals. This is also a rational approach and a way to improve one's cognitive level.
Therefore, cognitive ability will determine many things about us, including our work, income, social status, achievements, value and significance.
As a poor man, the popular view now is that poor cognitive ability, or even no cognitive ability, makes individuals unable to change their class and poor state. In fact, after careful analysis, in addition to the lack of cognitive ability, or the lack of ability to understand, digest, transform and use knowledge, it is very important that even basic knowledge is insufficient. To change cognitive ability, we must start with increasing knowledge reserves and learning, and improve cognitive level step by step in the process of increasing knowledge.
Cognitive ability needs to be improved to survive and develop in this complex, division of labor and professional field; There is no doubt about it. We need to keep learning and increase our knowledge, so as to constantly improve our ability to judge things, understand the world and transform knowledge. We need to form our own knowledge framework, fill in enough content and get rid of the thinking of more poor people. Fully understand the world, see the world clearly, understand and master wealth, and realize the value and significance of life.
Understanding the world, wealth, social laws and rules will determine your social class and the height of your life. Director Qi of the TV series "in the name of people", which is now hotly debated, has never seen the basic rules of officialdom because of his ignorance of the rules of officialdom and the values of senior officials. I can't see the overall situation clearly, and I have been spinning around in my narrow cognitive category. His cognitive level is far from high school, and he basically has no political cognitive ability. I watched the embarrassing scene-the scene where he ran to find Chen Yanshi to sweep the floor, which was so pitiful. This is a cognitive limitation, which can only lead to his failure, and it is impossible to maintain a high position. He doesn't understand Gao at all-as long as you don't do it, who can do anything with you?
Although we people can't reach such a high position and have such great power. However, I still have to think about how to face my existing wealth and existing urban location, or when my wealth, status and income increase, I will not be beaten back to my original shape by my low cognitive ability. A very simple thing is what I am facing now, how to keep up with the situation of high housing prices and how to keep my accumulated wealth from being diluted by inflation. Or how to face future risks and keep your wealth in the case of economic crisis or recession. How to choose, now is the loan to buy a house, or keep the cash? Is there a greater probability of crisis or sustainable development in the future? All these require high cognitive ability to judge and make decisions.
Many things we have are not our own. A low-intensity accident, crisis or economic recession may push us into a corner, return to our original shape, let you go back to the countryside and start over. What little wealth you can earn is gone.
So, in a word, we should keep learning, increase our knowledge reserves, improve our cognitive ability, have more initiative in life and have more choices. When the crisis comes, it will not be too passive. In other words, in the development period, it is easy for us to keep up with the development of society and realize our own life value and significance.