The traditional materials mentioned in this paper refer to the materials commonly used in ancient gardens, such as stone, water, soil, plants and so on. These common and ordinary materials are not only full of vitality in modern gardens, but also widely used in gardens.
The application of stone in Chinese gardens has a long history, from digging mountains to setting stones to the construction of garden buildings and the application of stone. With the development of modern engineering technology, stones not only inherit and retain the functions of climbing mountains and placing stones, but also are widely used for surface decoration of various buildings, roads, sketches and other structures, and are processed into various landscape sketches as needed. The use of surface materials for paving and flower beds, as well as processed granite plates with different colors and textures, make the whole environment clean and elegant. Choosing local stone materials for processing according to local conditions can form various landscape sketches. At the same time, with the emergence of modern engineering materials such as reinforced concrete, the stone used as structural engineering materials in gardens is gradually decreasing.
2. New materials and new processes are constantly emerging.
At present, the ceramic products used in gardens mainly include colored glazed tiles, unglazed tiles, split brick, pitted tiles, glazed tiles, permeable tiles, ceramic mosaic tiles, ceramic murals and glazed products. Glazed tiles have been used as excellent decorative materials for buildings and structures in gardens since ancient times. In addition, the types and varieties of ceramic products that have appeared in recent years are really everything. However, it is often used in the pavement of Yuanlu Square, and the main types that produce good results are pitted brick and split brick. The materials used in the facade decoration of buildings, sketches and landscape walls are glazed tiles, unglazed tiles, glazed tiles, ceramic art tiles, metal glazed tiles, black porcelain decorative panels, large ceramic decorative panels, etc. In addition, ceramic murals made of ceramic tiles, ceramic plates and brocade tiles can be made into smooth or various relief patterns on the surface, which has high artistic value and integrates painting, calligraphy, sculpture and other arts. At present, it has been gradually popularized in some gardens. The bottom of the pool is paved with tiles of different colors, which greatly enhances the landscape expression of the pool. The stone washing surface of the stool is inlaid with local ceramic pieces, and the rough stone washing is in sharp contrast with the smooth ceramic pieces, which adds the characteristics of the landscape.
It is worth mentioning that the ceramic permeable bricks developed in recent years can make rainwater quickly penetrate into the ground when it rains, increase the groundwater content, adjust the air humidity and purify the air, which is especially valuable for water-deficient areas. At present, there are two types of environmentally-friendly permeable bricks and high-strength ceramic permeable bricks used in gardens. The former is not suitable for trucks, and is generally used in parks, leisure places without heavy load and garden paths. The latter has been calcined at high temperature twice, with high strength, good wear resistance and anti-slip performance, and can be used in parking lots, sidewalks and pedestrian streets.
Concrete is favored by builders because of its good plasticity and economic and practical advantages. In addition to ordinary concrete used as structural material, there are endless types and varieties that can be used in garden construction.
The colored concrete used to decorate the pavement better enlivens the atmosphere of the environment. O Impressed concrete, also known as "enhanced road art system". In the construction stage, three chemical raw materials, i.e. coloring agent, color release agent and colorless sealant, were used to fix color, match color and strengthen the surface of unhardened concrete. Its strength is better than other materials, even better than ordinary concrete pavement. Its patterns and colors are highly selective, and various patterns can be imprinted as needed, resulting in perfect visual effects and durability.
In addition, there are many other concrete products, such as concrete pavement bricks, colored concrete interlocking bricks and imitation stone blocks, which have a wide range of choices with different shapes, sizes and colors.
In addition to the above-mentioned materials that have just appeared or just been developed, there are some materials that were rarely used in gardens before, such as metal materials. Metals were widely used in ancient social production in China, but rarely used in ancient gardens in China. In modern gardens, metal materials are not only widely used as structural materials, but also garden sketches made of metal materials have appeared in many gardens, which have unique charm in the garden environment.
The Style and Characteristics of Setting Stones in Modern Gardens
Modern garden mainly refers to a new type of urban garden which was first developed in industrialized countries and combined with the structure and function of modern cities. It is a kind of balance or compensation for the consequences of human extreme man-made lifestyle, a way to use urban land, and realizes the identity of creators and users. For example, Central Park in new york, USA. Modern gardens serve the public and are public. Gardens dominated by nature and ecology will inevitably replace gardens dominated by visual landscapes.
The rapid development of social economy makes the city expand rapidly, and the negative effects such as the construction of a large number of artificial environments and the resulting environmental pollution have brought human survival crisis, restricted the development of social economy, and also posed a severe challenge to the survival and development of the city itself. People have to look back on the consequences of industrialization and reflect on how to control environmental pollution, purify urban air, reduce the artificial environment and improve the living environment, so as to benefit the sustainable development of human beings and cities. Garden construction can alleviate the above environmental pressure, because it can optimize the environmental quality, establish a good ecological environment, promote people's physical and mental health, cultivate people's sentiments and improve people's quality of life. Today, with the historical development of 2 1 century, modern gardens are vigorously advocating ecological gardens. Landscape space pays attention to ecological benefits, pays attention to the combination of site ecological conditions, advocates plant landscaping, and uses hard landscapes as little as possible. Rock is an inanimate building material, and it is not an essential material element in modern gardens. But because of its unique ornamental value, it gives people endless imagination and spiritual enjoyment. Therefore, it also plays an important role in the construction of modern garden landscape. Therefore, setting stones should also adapt to the development trend of modern gardens and carry out "ecological" setting stones for the purpose of creating an environment with ecological benefits. Stone placement often combines plants, water bodies, buildings, roads, squares and topography to form various garden landscapes. Common applications, such as (1), take the mosaic stone as the main scene, endow it with certain purpose and emotional color in the environment, and make the mosaic stone have unique artistic appeal and attract people to watch; (2) Setting stone can also divide the space and organize the space, guide the tour route and enrich the landscape level; For example, stepping and pacing with stones has the dual functions of dividing space, enriching the ground and water landscape and guiding the tour route; (3) Set up stone and plant landscape, fill the lower part of the plant with stones or enclose the roots, or set off the beautiful tree posture with stones, which complement each other. Under the ornament and background of plants, the original dull rock lines also appear natural and casual, full of wild interest; (4) Take rocks and water bodies as the landscape, with exquisite trees. Trees blend rocks with the environment. Rocks look natural under the ornament of plants. The water is lighter, livelier and Ming Che, and the quiet environment of water and rock makes people linger. The setting of stones and the combination of landscape elements have endless changes and many styles. From the excellent stone-placing works in gardens all over the world, there are some similar styles and characteristics of stone-placing in modern gardens, which can be summarized as follows:
The selection and arrangement of rocks conform to the requirements of the overall planning, with clear purpose, pursuit of harmony with the environment, attention to the expression of natural wild interest and simple aesthetic effect. Rock is a natural thing, with natural texture, outline, shape and pure texture. It is unpretentious and cleverly distributed in the environment, which can add a simple and natural atmosphere to the garden.
Use simple stones, choose important places to put them, advocate less wins more, simplicity wins more, and oppose a lot of bricks, "full shop." Rock is a transition between natural environment and architectural space, and it is a medium. Although there is no garden without stones, it can only be used as an ornament, a reminder, a sustenance and a supplement for local scenic spots. Don't abuse it, it will lead to rising costs and lose the ecological significance of gardening.
In the form of placing stones, "placing" is more than "stacking", and the arrangement of stone groups is mostly horizontal columns and layout, but vertical stacking and laying are less.
Stone inlay pursues spirit likeness, and is also good at imitating images, adding interest and vitality.
Stone landscaping is simple and clear in space, focusing on the combination of landscape effect and use function. For example, the irregular arrangement of stones on the slope can break the regular horizon, make the terrain feel crouching, increase the slope landscape, and have the function of road and slope protection.
Stone inlay pays attention to artistic charm and emotional expression. Stones are often placed in large-scale and large-area plant landscaping or in an environment dominated by plant modeling, creating a natural landscape of "many stones, many feelings in one inch, and seeing the big in the small".
Quarrying stones and putting stones according to local conditions, and building stone-laying projects with local characteristics.
Stone placement often uses its name and inscription, or combines it with myths and legends, historical stories, memorable events and activities to create a landscape and create artistic conception, which makes people feel moved, blended and thought-provoking.