With two bombs and one satellite, China's space industry has made great progress. The first atomic bomb exploded successfully in China on June 1964+05438+06, and the first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully in China on June 1967. This is the famous "two bombs". 1970, China's first artificial earth satellite "Dongfanghong-1" entered space orbit, announcing China's entry into the aviation era. Two bombs and one satellite go down in history. After more than 10 years' efforts, according to the needs of space flight, China successfully developed four series of rockets, namely Long March 1, Long March 2, Long March 3 and Long March 4, and then developed nine types of rockets. The manned space test spacecraft Shenzhou was successfully launched in 1999. In 2003, Shenzhou 5 carried Yang Liwei, creating a new space age in China. In 2005, Shenzhou VI sent two astronauts Fei Longjun and Nie Haisheng into space. In 2008, three astronauts Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng successfully completed the space mission aboard Shenzhou VII, taking the first step of China's spacewalk. China became the third country in the world to send humans into space after the Soviet Union and the United States. "Chang 'e I" is another feat of the aerospace industry. In 2007, the successful launch of China's first lunar exploration satellite "Chang 'e-1" became a new milestone in China's space industry.
China's entry into the Internet age is a great social change. 1986, China scientists founded China Academic Network. 1994, China achieved full-function connection with the international network and became a member of the Internet family. China society has entered the information age. 1998, the Ministry of Information Industry of China was established. In 2005, the total number of Internet users in China exceeded 1 billion, ranking second in the world. Everyone can send e-mails, exchange videos and access information online. Online transactions can include blogs and personal web pages. China has made remarkable achievements in Internet and social informatization.
Great achievements have been made in education, health and culture, and the state has implemented the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. Nine-year compulsory education is popularized throughout the country, high school education is vigorously developed, and a vocational education system with complete structure and complete specialties is basically formed. Higher education countries started the "2 1 1 project", and the education reform was comprehensively promoted, and a set of policy systems of award, loan, assistance, supplement and "reduction" were established. In recent years, there are more than 20 million college students in China, which is 1949 times 170 times. In 2008, there were 5,500,000 college graduates, and more than 654,38+0,000,000 were studying as graduate students, which provided professionals for the modernization drive.
After the founding of New China, the Party and the government put people's health and life safety in the first place. The national average life expectancy has increased from 35 years before liberation to 72 years, and the health level of 654.38+300 million people is close to that of developed countries. The basic medical insurance system for urban workers was established and the new rural cooperative medical system was launched. A large number of health towns and villages have emerged throughout the country, and medical and health facilities have been continuously improved. China has basically solved the health problems of the most populous country in the world. According to the annual report of the World Health Organization, the health level of the people in China is generally in the forefront of developing countries. At the same time, China has formed the most populous modern radio and television network in the world, with a comprehensive population coverage rate of 94%, covering a population of more than 654.38+0.2 billion.
Sports undertakings are thriving and stepping into the ranks of sports powers. The state implements the Outline of the National Fitness Program and the Outline of the Olympic Glory Program. 200 1 China won the right to host the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Realize the centennial Olympic Games and realize the centennial dream. Let the world feel the improvement of China's national soft power. In 2008, China successfully hosted the Olympic Games, and the world cheered for China. In the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, China athletes won 5 1 Gold, 2 1 Silver and 28 Bronze, ranking first in the gold medal list. This year, China athletes won 120 world championships, with 65438+.
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I. Biotechnology
-Biological sciences
( 1)
1965, China scientists successfully synthesized the bovine insulin gene after decoding for the first time in the world.
Insulin. Tisliyus, chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee, commented on this: "It is more convincing than nuclear capability.
It's insulin Because people can learn to make atomic bombs from books, but they can't learn from books.
Making insulin ... "
(2)
1April, 998 15, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences successfully recombined human pancreatin by gene method.
(3)
1984 On March 9th, B. Shorgan, a young scholar from China, cooperated with Japanese scholars to cultivate the world's first child.
Test-tube goat ",1989," test-tube goat "was successfully cultivated.
(4)
Yuan Longping, known as the "father of hybrid rice" in the world, bred indica hybrid rice for the first time in the world in 1973.
rice. Until the 1990s, the influence of hybrid rice continued.
-Genetic engineering
(5)
Starting from 1980, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics and Fudan University Institute of Genetics cooperated in milk neutralization.
A great breakthrough has been made in the research of transgenic sheep containing human coagulation factor ⅸ, which makes the technology of transgenic sheep in China in China.
International leading level.
(6)
A transgenic pig with low feed consumption, good meat quality and strong disease resistance has been cultivated by the Animal Husbandry Institute of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
After successful breeding, the total efficiency of gene introduction is 2. 1%, which is more than double that of foreign countries and exceeds the international advanced level.
(7)
In terms of genetic drugs, 1988, China has successfully developed a genetic engineering vaccine for hepatitis B; 1992 Re-study
A number of genetic engineering drugs, such as synthetic interferon, which have special effects on hepatitis A and hepatitis C, have been successfully prepared, among which
Some drugs have entered the market. Second, agricultural technology.
(8)
As early as 1956, Guangdong farmers' breeding experts cultivated the first large-scale dwarf indica rice in China.
Purebred. Since then, with the breeding and popularization of a series of dwarf varieties 1965, the rice areas in southern China have basically
Realize short indica rice, and increase the yield per mu from 200-250 kg to 300-350 kg.
(9)
In 1990s, China agricultural scientists and technicians used modern biotechnology to isolate and clone the photosensitive genic male sterility gene.
A two-line hybrid rice technology using only male sterile lines and maintainer lines was developed by one-step method. In most parts of the country.
It is characterized by high yield, high quality and multi-resistance, and the average yield per hectare can reach 1 1250 kg.
( 10)
1995165438+10 was jointly cultivated by the State Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Biology Department of Shandong University.
The world's first transgenic wheat variety resistant to barley dwarf virus.
( 1 1)
1In July, 1997, Huang Danian, a researcher at China Rice Research Institute, and his research collaborators successfully solved the key problems for many years.
The herbicide-resistant gene was successfully transferred into rice and applied to hybrid rice.
( 12)
1997 10, Biotechnology Center of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guo Sandui, successfully developed the first bivalent insect-resistant cotton in China.
.
( 13)
65438+1September 1998, Professor Gao from Institute of Nuclear Agronomy, Zhejiang Agricultural University and others led the research group to use Agrobacterium-mediated method.
It is the first time in the world to successfully cultivate transgenic rice resistant to stem borers.
In addition, China has also made progress in advanced technology fields such as laser breeding, radiation mutation breeding and space breeding.
Great achievement. Third, industrial technology.
(14)1956 In July, Shenyang Aircraft Factory successfully trial-produced the first jet plane in China.
(15)1957 In July, Kunming Machine Tool Factory successfully trial-produced the first high-precision electric coordinate boring machine in China.
( 16)
1957 10 China's first 1 150 mm blooming mill was successfully trial-produced by Angang No.2 blooming mill.
( 17)
1June, 958, Changchun No.1 Automobile Factory successfully trial-produced the first domestic limousine in China.
(18)1961April, Shanghai Jiangnan Shipyard successfully manufactured the first 10,000-ton hydraulic press in China.
Fourth, communication technology.
-Mainframe computer
( 19)
198365438+In February, the Computer Research Institute of National University of Defense Technology developed a large-scale calculation called "Yinhe".
Machine system. Since then, China has stepped into the ranks of the world's development giants.
(20)19931010. In October, Shuguang-1 large parallel computer was successfully developed.
microelectronic technique
(2 1)
Since the first monolithic integrated circuit of 1965 was successfully developed, several key departments of integrated circuits have been established one after another.
Scientific research and production base. Now it can produce 250 million circuits every year, an increase of 45%. The last episode of the ninth five-year plan
The mass production level of the finished circuit is 1- 1.5 micron, and the research level is 0.8 micron, and it is 0.5-0.6 micron.
Achievements have been made in the pre-research of art and technology.
intelligent robot
(22)
At present, the intelligent robots that have been successfully developed in China mainly include: mobile robots for nuclear industry; climb?the?wall；become?a?fan?of?another?idol
Walking robot; Mobile robots working in harsh outdoor environment: underwater1000m and 6000m cableless robots.
……
-Laser technology
(23)
After 10 years of research, China has made great progress in X-ray, oxygen-iodine chemical laser, free electron laser and high-power solid titanium.
The research of glass laser and excimer laser has reached or approached the international advanced level.
-Three high-energy physics research devices
(24)
In 1980s, China successively built three high-energy physics research devices-BEPC and BLDC.
National Heavy Ion Accelerator and Hefei Synchrotron Radiation Facility.
-New material technology
(25) Following the United States, Germany and several other countries, scientists in China developed microalloyed steel.
(26)
China has been able to draw large diameter silicon single crystals with a diameter of 300mm and a weight of 8 1kg. Actual information
Writing is at the international leading level.
(27) The performance of materials such as energy, ceramics and superconductivity has reached the advanced level in the world.
Five, two bombs and one satellite and space technology
-Two bombs and a satellite
(28)
196410 June 16, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully, which shocked the whole world. 1967, I
China's first hydrogen bomb exploded successfully. This is China's famous "two bombs". 1April 24, 970, China first.
A satellite flew out of the earth and went into space, singing "Dongfanghong". From then on, I wrote "two bombs and one satellite".
Enter the history of new China science and technology.
(29) 1960, China successfully developed the first short-range surface-to-surface missile.
-Long March rockets
(30)
China began to develop large-scale launch vehicle technology in the early 1960s. 1May, 980, delivered to the Pacific Ocean.
The successful launch of a large launch vehicle marks that China's launch vehicle technology has reached a new level.
(3 1)
1981On September 20th, China used a large rocket to launch three satellites with different purposes into Earth orbit for the first time.
Tao has successfully achieved the feat of killing many stars with one arrow.
(32)
According to the needs of space transportation, China has successfully developed Long March 1, Long March 2 and Long March 2.
Chang 'e III, Long March IV and other four "Long March" rockets. At present, the Long March rocket family in China has been released.
There are 9 rocket series in the exhibition, which makes foreign countries realize the carrying capacity and level of China's space flight and marks China.
China has a solid foundation in space technology.
artificial/man-made earth satellite
(33)
1On April 24th, 970, China launched the first artificial earth satellite and successfully sent the first satellite.
Enter the predetermined orbit. 1on March 3, 972, China launched its second scientific and technological experimental satellite. 1975 1 1 month
16, China's first recoverable remote sensing satellite was successfully launched. Intransitive verb energy engineering
-Peaceful use of nuclear energy
(34) 1966 10, China successfully conducted its first missile nuclear weapon experiment.
(35)1971August, the first nuclear submarine made in China was launched.
(36)
1958 In June, with the help of the former Soviet Union, China built the first experimental atomic reactor. Located in Zhejiang
Qinshan nuclear power plant in this province is the first nuclear power plant designed and built in China. It adopts the mature technology in the world,
Safe and reliable PWR type, and adopt safety design standards that have been tested in practice. /kloc-started construction in 0/984, 199 1 year.
65438+February completed the first grid connection. So far, there are two nuclear power plants in China, Qinshan and Guangdong Daya Bay.
Economists plan to build four more nuclear power projects in the near future.
(37)
In addition, several other nuclear reactors under construction in China, 1, have been developed by Tsinghua University Nuclear Energy Design and Research Institute.
Successful 5 MW nuclear heating reactor; The AC600 of 26,000 kW advanced PWR nuclear power plant is currently in China.
Developed by Nuclear Power Research and Design Institute; 3. Development of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor, currently in Tsinghua.
Learning nuclear energy design and research institute; 4. Fast breeder reactor nuclear power plant is expected to be put into commercial operation around 2020.
Operation; 5. Since 1958, fusion reactor nuclear power plant manufacturers have been included in the "863 Plan".
-Other new energy sources
(38)
Magnetohydrodynamic power generation began to be studied in 1960s, and three research bases with certain scale were established in 1980s.
At present, the project has been included in the "863 Plan", and it is planned to build a 2 MW coal-fired MHD generator by the end of this century.
Experimental device for combined cycle of electric heating and steam.
(39)
The development of solar power generation began in 1958. At present, about 38 units and universities in China are engaged in photovoltaic research.
Peace and development work. Commercial production of ground solar cells began in 1976, and now there are 12 solar cells.
Solar cell production line or factory on the ground.
(40)
Wind power generation has developed rapidly in the northern and southeast coastal areas and islands of the Three North Region, and 19 86 was introduced to Rongcheng City, Shandong Province.
Three generator sets constitute the first wind power station in China. 199 1 year, Zhejiang Shengsi Wind was jointly completed with Germany.
Power station construction and grid-connected power generation run well.
(4 1)
In recent years, the China Municipal Government has adopted the policy of "adapting measures to local conditions, complementing each other's abilities, making rational use of them and stressing efficiency".
Huimin "policy, vigorously develop rural energy, and achieved remarkable results.
(42)
In terms of geothermal energy, the Yangbajing geothermal power station, which uses geothermal energy to generate electricity, has been built in Tibet, China, and has the power generation capacity.
It's 27,000 kilowatts.
(43)
China has established several experimental tidal power stations in the southeast coastal areas with an installed capacity of 40-640 kW. six
Scientific investigation
-conducting scientific investigations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
(44)
Since 1960s, China's scientific investigation activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have never stopped. 60-70 years old
In 1970s, China Academy of Sciences made two scientific expeditions to Mount Everest and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
, conducted a comprehensive and systematic survey of Xizang Autonomous Region, and published 46 books and 56 volumes.
Since 1973, several generations of China scientists have visited the Grand Canyon eight times.
We have a new understanding of history, resources and environment and their relationship with human beings and natural resources.
Marine and polar scientific expedition
(45)
1970, the ship "Xiang Yanghong 5" made a comprehensive survey of a specific sea area in the Pacific Ocean for the first time, and obtained the ocean gravity.
, magnetism, water depth, geology and hydrology. 1980 in may, the ship "Xiang Yanghong No.5" came again.
Go to the Pacific to carry out the task, in order to explore the "El Nino" phenomenon, for China's marine industry, for national defense construction, for China.
International marine cooperation has made contributions.
(46)
In the mid-1980s, China began a polar expedition. 1984 12.30, the first Antarctic expedition in China.
China Antarctic Great Wall Station was established on George Island, which was completed on February 20th. 1985. 1September 26th, 989, South China.
The extreme Zhongshan station was completed on the Antarctic continent.
(47) On June 1999, China made his first expedition to the North Pole.
-investigation of paleontological fossils
(48)
From 1984 to 1995, scientists in China discovered a large number of fauna fossils in Chengjiang, Yunnan, revealing biological evolution.
The sudden impact on the traditional "gradualism" represented by Darwin's theory of evolution is an international science.
Academics call it: one of the most amazing discoveries of the 20th century.
(49)
During 1997, Chinese scientists investigated the Precambrian phosphorus-bearing strata in Weng 'an, Guizhou, and found a large number of micro-multicells.
Fossils of animals and their embryos advanced the origin of animals by 50 million years, and re-conducted early animal research.
Major breakthrough.
-Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project
(50)
The dating project of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is a combination of natural science, social science and humanities to solve the dating problem of three generations.
Large projects. The project consists of 9 topics, 40 special topics and 170 scholars. After a joint investigation, they have made great achievements in philology.
Great achievements have been made in astronomy, archaeology and ancient philology, which will be a step towards 2 1 century.
A new starting point for the study of ancient civilization in China.
The above is from Baidu