The ship consists of a main hull and a superstructure.

I. Main hull

The main hull can also be called the main body of the ship. Usually refers to the hull below the upper deck (or solid deck), which is the main component of the hull.

The main body of the ship is a watertight shell composed of deck and outer plate, and the interior is divided into many compartments by deck, longitudinal, transverse bulkheads and its skeleton.

The outer plate is the plate that constitutes the bottom, stern and hull of the ship, commonly known as the hull plate. Deck refers to a large longitudinal continuous plate frame that divides the internal space of the hull into several layers in the depth direction of the ship. According to the different positions of the deck in the depth direction of the ship, the deck is called the upper deck, the second deck and the third deck from top to bottom.

The upper deck is the all-through (longitudinally continuous from the bow to the stern) nail plate at the highest level of the hull. The second and third floors are collectively referred to as the lower floor. A section of deck that is discontinuous along the captain's direction is called platform deck, which is called platform for short. A layer of longitudinal continuous deck above the double bottom is called an insole wrench.

The bulkhead is a vertical wall or inclined wall that divides the internal space of the hull into several compartments and is arranged along the width direction of the ship, which is called a transverse bulkhead; The vertical walls arranged along the captain's direction are called longitudinal bulkheads. At the front of the hull, the watertight transverse bulkhead located at the rear end of fore peak tank is called collision bulkhead, also known as fore peak tank bulkhead. The watertight transverse bulkhead at the front end of the stern peak cabin is called the stern peak cabin bulkhead.

Second, the superstructure

On the upper deck, closed buildings that extend from one side to the other, or whose side walls do not exceed 4% of the ship width B (usually indicated by symbol B) are called superstructure, including forecastle, bridge building and poop building. Other enclosed buildings are called deck rooms. However, usually, under the condition that the distinction is not strict, all kinds of closed buildings above the upper deck are collectively referred to as superstructure.

(1) Bow building

The superstructure at the bow is called the bow building. The length of the arch tower is generally about 10% of the captain L (usually represented by the symbol L). A forecastle with a L greater than 25% is called a long forecastle. Generally, the arch building has only one floor; The function of the forecastle is to reduce the waves at the bow and improve the navigation conditions of the ship; The cabins on the first floor can be used as storage rooms and other cabins.

(2) Qiaolou

The superstructure in the middle of the ship is called the bridge building. A bridge whose length is greater than 15%L and not less than 6 times its height is called a long bridge. The owner of the bridge should be used to arrange the accommodation of the cab and crew. (3) Stern building

The superstructure at the stern of a ship is called the stern building. When the length of the stern building exceeds 25%L, it is called the long tail building. The function of the poop is to reduce the waves at the stern, protect the engine room and arrange cabins for crew accommodation. (4) Deck room

For large ships, it is not difficult to arrange crew rooms due to the large deck area. , and the deck room can only be set in the middle or tail of the upper deck. Because the outer decks on both sides of the deck room are open, it is beneficial to the operation on the deck and easy to walk back and forth.

(5) Superstructure Deck

(1) The compass deck, also known as the top deck, is the highest open deck of the ship, which is located at the top of the bridge. There are masts, signal light frames, various antennas, searchlights and standard compasses on the deck.

(2) The bridge, that is, the first deck with the bridge, is located at the highest position of the ship, the steering room and the chart.

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Rooms, radio rooms and pilot rooms are all arranged on this deck.

(3) The boat deck is the deck on which lifeboats or rescue boats are placed. This deck is required to be high, and there should be some open space around the ship, so that people can gather in an emergency and board the ship quickly. Lifeboats are arranged on both sides and can be quickly lowered into the water. The master's room, chief engineer's room, conference room and reception room are generally arranged on this deck.

(4) The living deck is lower than the boat deck, which is mainly used to arrange the auxiliary cabins for crew accommodation and living services. Most crew rooms and public places are generally arranged on this deck.

) The deck in the superstructure is generally equipped with cabins for boatswain, carpenter, sailor and mechanic, with a count value of (5

The classroom is also arranged on this deck.

(6) Walking deck, the deck on a passenger ship or passenger and cargo ship for passengers to walk or move, with relatively spacious passages and activity places on the deck.

Third, the cabin layout

(1) engine room

Generally, merchant ships have only one engine room, which must be separated from the cargo hold. So there are watertight transverse bulkheads at the front and rear ends of the engine room.

The double bottom in the engine room is higher than other cargo holds, mainly to match the propeller shaft, so as to avoid the high base of the main engine and reduce vibration. In addition, the higher double bottom can increase the volume of fuel tank and fresh water tank.

(2) Cargo hold

In a general cargo ship, the space between the inner bottom plate and the upper deck, from the bulkhead of the bow peak cabin to the bulkhead of the stern peak cabin, is basically used to arrange the cargo hold except the engine room.

The cabin between two decks is called the inter-deck cabin; The cabin below the lowest deck is called the bottom cabin. The cargo hold is arranged from the bow to the stern. The length of cargo hold is generally not more than 30M. Usually, there is only one hatch in each cargo hold. Some ships have longitudinal bulkheads, and 2~3 cargo holds are arranged side by side horizontally, such as oil tankers, container ships and larger general cargo ships. The layout in the cargo hold shall be neat and tidy, and shall not hinder the stowage and loading and unloading of goods. Ventilation pipes, piping systems and other facilities should be arranged under deck beams or near the edge of cargo hold.

(3) tanks

Liquid tank refers to the tank used for loading liquid, which contains fuel oil, fresh water, liquid cargo and ballast water. Because of the high density of liquid, it is generally located in the lower part of the ship, which is beneficial to the stability of the ship. In order to reduce the influence of free liquid surface on stability, its transverse dimension is small and it is symmetrically arranged relative to the longitudinal centerline of the ship.

1. Fuel tank

It is a cabin for storing the fuel used by the main engine and auxiliary engine, which is generally arranged at the double bottom. Because the heavy oil used by the main engine needs to be heated, in order to reduce the arrangement of heating pipes, the heavy oil tank is mostly at the double bottom near the engine room.

2. Lubricating oil tank and circulating lubricating oil tank

Usually located at the double bottom below the engine room, in order to prevent oil pollution, there are isolated empty cabins around. 3. Waste fuel tank

The position of the cabin for storing dirty oil is low, and spilled and leaked dirty oil can flow into the cabin by itself. 4. Fresh water tank

Drinking water and boiler water tank are collectively referred to. Domestic water is generally near the double bottom below the living area, and is also arranged in the fore and aft peak cabins of the ship. The boiler water tank is mostly at the double bottom below the engine room, which is special for the engine room.

5. ballast tank

It is specially designed for loading ballast water to adjust draft, pitch and center of gravity. Double bottom cabins, fore and aft peak cabins, deep cabins, upper and lower cabins of bulk carriers, and side cabins of container ships and ore carriers can all be used as ballast tanks.

6. Deep water tank

When an ordinary cargo ship is empty, it is still difficult to reach the seaworthy draft when it is filled with ballast water. For ships with high stability requirements, it is necessary to set up another deep tank.

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It can be used not only for loading, but also for ballast water when there is no load. The deep tanks are symmetrically arranged on both sides of the longitudinal center line and separated watertight to reduce the influence of free liquid level.

7. Cargo hold

Some general cargo ships have 1~2 deep tanks for transporting liquid cargo.

(4) isolate the empty cabin

It is a narrow empty cabin, usually with only one rib spacing, which is specially used to separate two adjacent cabins, such as an oil tanker and a fresh water tank. The cargo oil tank on an oil tanker must be separated from the engine room. Isolation of empty cabin is also called dry cabin.

(5) Anchor chain cabin

Two circular or rectangular watertight cabins are located in the bow and tip cabin below the anchor machine, surrounded by steel plates, symmetrically arranged with the center line of the ship, and have drainage holes at the bottom.

(6) Axial tunnel

For medium-sized and medium-sized ships, the propulsion shafting should pass through the cargo hold behind the engine room, and a watertight structure should be set between the rear wall of the engine room and the stern peak cabin to protect the shafting from damage and prevent water from entering the cargo hold from the stern tube. The width of the shaft tunnel is about 1200~ 1800mm, and the height is about1000 mm. Its center line deviates from the side of the ship's center line, generally to the starboard side, with a width of about 600 mm. At the front end of the shaft tunnel, that is, the rear wall of the engine room, there is a sliding watertight door, which needs to be opened and closed on the bulkhead deck.

At the end of the shaft tunnel, near the bulkhead of the stern peak cabin, there is an emergency well leading to the open deck, which serves as the emergency exit of the engine room and shaft tunnel, and is usually used as a vent, and the emergency exit cover cannot be locked.

(7) Steering engine room

The cabin where the steering gear power is arranged is located on the deck of the watertight platform at the top of the stern peak tank above the rudder.

(8) Emergency fire pump room

According to SOLAS requirements, the emergency fire pump should be located outside the engine room, generally in the steering room, even in the lightest navigation waterline.