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Skating is a sport in which (athletes) put on skates (boots) with slender metal blades on the soles and slide on the ice by their own strength. Figure skating includes men's single skating, women's single skating and men's and women's double skating. The striding is just double skating. This sport is played indoors.
Ice dance is basically a "transplant" of social dance. Male and female partners cooperate to complete traditional dances, such as waltz, foxtrot and tango. Pair skating in figure skating is rich and colorful, including many very complicated lifts and throws, especially in free skating, there are more unique and creative performances. In the single competition, there are many opportunities to show all kinds of difficult movements, all kinds of spins, all kinds of jumps and turns, and swallow-like balance movements.
The International Skating Federation, the governing body of world skating, was established in 1892. Figure skating is the first winter sport to qualify for the Winter Olympics. 1924 At the first Winter Olympic Games held in Schamoni, figure skating and ice dancing were both official events of the Chengdu Olympic Games.
The leading countries in skating in the world are the United States, Canada, Britain and Russia. Skating requires athletes to have strength, endurance, speed, coordination, flexibility, balance, grace and stability.
The origin of figure skating
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(Figure Skating)/kloc-originated in Britain in the 0/8th century, and then developed rapidly in Germany, America, Canada and other European and American countries. On Skating, written by Royal Artillery Captain robert johnson in 1772, was published in London, which is the first book on figure skating published in the world. During 1863, American ballet dancer Jackson Haynes combined skating with dance art and toured Europe, enriching the content and form of figure skating. 1868, Daniel Mey and George Mey of the United States performed pair skating for the first time, which was the earliest recorded figure skating performance in the world. 1872 Austria holds the first figure skating competition. The first world men's single figure skating championship was held in Petersburg, Russia on 1896, the first world women's single figure skating championship was held in Davos on 1906, and the first world ice dance championship was held in Paris on 1952. The figure skating rink is 56 ~ 6 1 m long, 26 ~ 30m wide and the ice thickness is not less than 3 ~ 5cm. 1924 was listed as the first Winter Olympics. There are four events: single skating for men and women (included in 1924), double skating for men and women (included in 1924) and ice dancing (included in 1976). Each country and region is limited to 3 people (teams) in each event.
Brief introduction of figure skating history
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The International Skating Federation, the governing body of world skating, was established in 1892. Figure skating is the first winter sport to qualify for the Winter Olympics. 1924 At the first Winter Olympic Games held in Schamoni, figure skating and ice dancing were both official events of the Chengdu Olympic Games. The leading countries in skating in the world are the United States, Canada, Britain and Russia. The main international figure skating and dance competitions are: World Figure Skating Championships, World Pairs Skating Championships and World Ice Dance Championships. The judges of the international competition are: there is a jury of 9 people. They judge the completion of the action by artistic impression and technical level. Skating requires athletes to have strength, endurance, speed, coordination, flexibility, balance, grace and stability. Personal basic skills of figure skating include: all kinds of balanced jumping, rotation, jumping, all kinds of sliding footwork and all kinds of coherent movements. Some special movements of pair skating include: spiral, arc leg lift, split leg lift and swallow rotation. There are several different jumps, including: back knot loop jump, Lutz jump, Axel jump and Sahoff jump. One of the most difficult jumps is to complete the three-week jump, and the three-week Lutz jump helps the three-week Sahoff jump.
Figure skating equipment and clothing
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The development and progress of figure skating technology is closely related to the gradual improvement of skates. The earliest skates found in the world were made of animal bones. /kloc-in the 6th century, in order to facilitate modeling, wooden skates were used, then made of wood and iron, and finally developed into all-metal or plastic and metal skates. The styles of roller skates are constantly improving, from flat blades without teeth to knives today.
The blade has a certain radian, and the front of the blade has teeth. The styles, radians and teeth of skates in different projects are also different.
Figure skating clothing also has a history of gradual improvement. At the beginning of this century, figure skating was still an outdoor ice event in winter. In order to resist the cold weather, clothes are thick. Female athletes wear tight buttons, long skirts and feet. Male players wear tall hats, long tuxedos and long suit pants. In the 1920s, sonja henie, the world champion of 10 and the winner of three-time Winter Olympics, made a bold reform in women's wear, raising the skirt to the knee. This amazing pioneering work has created favorable conditions for the progress of women's single skating technology.
At the same time, men's wear has also improved, and waist-length short suit tops and ballet tights are much more convenient to slide. After the 1940s, women's skirts became shorter and shorter, and a short skirt with a top and skirt appeared. In order to meet the needs of performance, the clothes are decorated with raw edges, sequins, beads and so on. After World War II, female skaters began to wear white or flesh-colored skates. Work hard on fashion design and production. Due to the development of modern industry, spandex and other fabrics have appeared, which are more suitable for the training and competition of figure skating. The selection, coordination and design of colors are conducive to the expression of musical characteristics and dance styles, which greatly improves the artistic performance effect. Clothing has become an important part of the players' complete set of movements and artistic performances.
Figure skating classification
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single skating
There are men's single skating and women's single skating. The competition was conducted in the order of short program and free skating, with short program on the first day and free skating on the second day. ① Short program: A set of programs consisting of eight movements and connecting steps, such as jumping, rotating, joint jumping and joint rotating, that athletes must complete in 2 minutes and 40 seconds. The referee first defines the action score according to the quality and difficulty of the athletes' actions, and then evaluates the performance score according to the balance of content arrangement, the consistency of music, speed, posture and the performance of musical characteristics. Every perfect score is 6, and the sum of the two scores is the athlete's score. Those who score more are ranked first. ② Free skating: Athletes choose their own music. The man completes a set of balanced sliding movements consisting of jumping, rotating, footwork and various postures in the specified 4 minutes and 30 seconds. The referee evaluates the technical level and performance score according to the difficulty, quantity and quality, content arrangement, music coordination, posture, expression, originality and venue utilization of the athletes. The method of grading and ranking is the same as short programs.
Double figure skating
A man and a woman paired up for the competition. The competition was conducted in the order of double short programs and double free skating, with double short programs on the first day and double free skating on the second day. ① Two-person short program: The athletes choose their own music and complete a set of prescribed actions of the two-person short program within the prescribed time of 2 minutes and 40 seconds. Only one action is allowed, and extra actions will be deducted. The referee provides action points and performance points according to the quality and completion of athletes' movements, the arrangement of contents and the cooperation of music. ② Double free skating: The athletes choose their own music and complete a set of self-made movements within the specified 4 minutes and 30 seconds. The referee evaluates the technical level and performance score according to the athletes' difficulty, quality, action arrangement, music coordination, posture, expression, originality and venue utilization. The method of scoring and ranking is the same as single skating.
ice dance
Originated from figure skating, it started in Britain in 1930s. Emphasis on dance steps, emphasizing the expression of music with movements. The first ice dance championship was held in England from 65438 to 0937, and it was listed as a separate event from 65438 to 0949. A man and a woman paired up for the competition. The competition is conducted in the order of standard dance, choreography and free dance. The first day is compulsory dance, the second day is choreography, and the third day is free dance. ① Prescribed dance: Complete the action according to the prescribed music, pattern, footwork and repetition times. There are 22 sets of dances, and the International Skating Federation will determine two sets as next year's events by drawing lots. Referees evaluate technical points and performance points according to the quality and posture of athletes' movements. 2 choreography: also known as stereotype dance. Athletes choose their own music according to the prescribed rhythm and complete a set of self-made dance steps and patterns within the prescribed time. The referee evaluates the arrangement score and performance score according to the actions completed by the athletes. ③ Free dance: The athletes choose their own music, and complete their own dance composed of footwork, lift, small jump, posture, grip, etc. within the specified 4 minutes. The referee evaluates the technical score and artistic impression score according to the quality, style and innovation of the athletes' actions. The scoring and ranking method of ice dancing is the same as that of single skating.
Figure skating competition procedure
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Length single figure skating
Men and women must compete separately. First the short program competition, and then the free skating competition, the two can not be mentioned in the same breath.
2. ice dancing
The prescribed dance (prescribed figure) must be skated first. The arrangement must be after the specified number, but not on the same day. Free dancing must slide to the end.
Step 3 skate in pairs
Short programs must be shown before free slides, but not on the same day.
rules of a contest/competition
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1. The main international figure skating and choreography competitions are: World Figure Skating Championships, World Pairs Skating Championships and World Ice Dance Championships.
2. The judges of the international competition are: there is a jury of 9 people. They judge the completion of the action by artistic impression and technical level.
The difference between pair skating and ice dancing is that ice dancing is not allowed to lift. The arrangement of ice dance is not arbitrary, and ice dance must complete various dances.
4. Personal basic skills of figure skating include: all kinds of balance jumping, rotation, jumping, all kinds of sliding footwork and all kinds of coherent movements.
5. There are several different types of jumps, including: one-lap jump after knot, Lutz jump, Axel jump and Sahoff jump. One of the most difficult jumps is to complete the three-week jump, and the three-week Lutz jump helps the three-week Sahoff jump.
6. Some special movements of pair skating include: spiral, arc leg lift, split leg lift and swallow rotation.
7. Some basic coherent movements of ice dancing are: Xia Sai step, side step and speed skating, Chocta step and Moho step.
Famous athlete
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Russian in plushenko
1997 world youth championship men's single skating champion;
1998 third runner-up of men's single skating in Russian national championships;
Men's Single Skating Runner-up in the European Championship1998;
13 rd place in men's single skating in the 998 World Championships;
1999 runner-up in men's single skating in the European Championship;
1999 runner-up in men's single skating in the World Championships;
Champion of men's single skating in 2000 European Championships;
Fourth place in men's single skating in the 2000 World Championships;
200 1 Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals Men's Single Skating Champion;
200 1 European Championship Men's Single Skating Champion;
200 1 World Championship Men's Single Skating Champion.
Runner-up in 2002 Winter Olympics
2003 European Championship Men's Single Skating Champion
Men's Single Skating Champion in 2003 World Championships
Runner-up in Men's Single Skating in 2004 European Championships
Men's Single Skating Champion in 2004 World Championships
2004 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals Champion, Russian Champion
Champion of 2006 Winter Olympic Games
Michelle Kwan
Michelle Kwan, a Chinese American athlete, is a well-known female figure skater at home and abroad. 1996, Michelle Kwan won the first national champion and world champion at the age of 15. Before that, she was the world youth championship champion of 1994. Michelle Kwan won five world championships, nine national championships, one Olympic runner-up and one Olympic runner-up. She is the figure skater who has won the world championship the most times in half a century: after winning five championships in 1996, 1998, 2000, 200/kloc-0 and 2003, she also won 1997 and 1999. From 1995 to the 1 1 World Championships in 2005, Michelle Kwan has maintained the highest level. In addition, Michelle Kwan is the second female single skater to win four world championships after the former figure skating queen Victor of East Germany, and won the fifth world championship in 2003, thus surpassing Victor's number of championships.
However, Michelle Kwan's three Olympic trips were full of ups and downs. At the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics, Michelle Kwan, at the age of 17, performed her free skating perfectly with the accompaniment of Lyla Angelica's harp concerto. Except for jumping around the ice at the back, other movements are completed with high quality and have extraordinary artistic appeal. But she still lost to the more difficult American tara lipinski at the age of 15, and won the Olympic silver medal.
In the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Michelle Kwan fought in the United States, and all the spectators, commentators and referees had high hopes for her, believing that she would definitely realize her dream of becoming an Olympic champion. In the short program, she ranked first. The next day, in the free skating competition, Michelle Kwan wore red clothes and danced to the beautiful music of the Arabian Nights by Russian composer Rimsky-Korsakov. However, to everyone's surprise, she jumped up and fell on the ice behind! This jump made her miss the gold medal four years ago, and this time she gave up the upcoming gold medal. In the end, American teenager sarah hughes won the championship, Russian star ruska won the silver medal, and Michelle Kwan wore a bronze medal to bid farewell to the Winter Olympics. In the performance after the game, she danced a song "Golden Field" in a golden dress. She was supposed to dance with a gold medal! The commentator said emotionally, "Everyone wants her to win the gold medal, but she only won the bronze medal. We all stood up to pay tribute to her. Success is sometimes not measured by gold medals! " Perhaps this success without a gold medal can only be enjoyed by Michelle Kwan.
Due to injury, Michelle Kwan did not participate in the national championship before the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, but the American Ice Association approved a special quota. On the afternoon of February 13, in the press conference hall of the Winter Olympics, Michelle Kwan announced his withdrawal from the Winter Olympics with a smile. The next day, she left Turin and flew back to America. This is the end of the third trip to the Winter Olympics, which is an infinite sigh and also represents the end of a great era.
1998 After the Olympic Games, Michelle Kwan won the world championship for the second time, then went to UCLA to study, and returned with the hope of an Olympic gold medal a year later.
Due to different ideas, in 2006, 5438+00, Michelle Kwan broke up with Carol, a famous coach who had studied with him for nearly 10 years. At the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City the following year, Michelle Kwan won the bronze medal without coaching.
In 2003, under the new coach scott Wilhemlms, Michelle Kwan won the world championship for the fifth time, becoming the first person in history, and then changed coaches under the leadership of Rafael Otunnian.
In 2004, he won the bronze medal in the World Championships, and entered the top three in the national championships for the ninth consecutive year in the same year.
In 2005, he won the ninth and eighth national championships, and then missed the grand prix for the whole year because of a hip injury.
In 2006, he withdrew from the national championship, but got a special ticket for the Winter Olympics. After arriving in Turin, he announced his withdrawal due to injury.
Michelle Kwan started skating at the age of five and won his first figure skating championship at the age of seven. 1997, he published his autobiography "Michelle Kwan: The Voice of the Champion", which is now the sixth edition.
1994 runner-up in the national championship, champion of the world youth championship and eighth place in the world figure skating championship;
1995 fourth place in the world figure skating championship and second place in the national championship;
1996 champion of American Figure Skating Championships and World Figure Skating Championships;
1997 runner-up in the world figure skating championship and runner-up in the national championship;
198 champion of American Figure Skating Championships,1runner-up of Nagano Winter Olympics in 98,198 champion of World Figure Skating Championships;
1999 world figure skating championship runner-up, 1999 American figure skating championship champion;
Champion of the American Figure Skating Championships in 2000 and the World Figure Skating Championships in 2000;
200 1 world figure skating championship champion;
Runner-up in the 2002 World Figure Skating Championships and bronze medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City;
2003 World Figure Skating Championships;
Third place in the 2004 World Figure Skating Championships;
Fourth place in the 2005 World Figure Skating Championships.
Cohen USA
1992 began to practice skating.
Runner-up in 2006 Winter Olympics
Fourth place in the 2002 Winter Olympics.
Fourth place in the 2002 World Championships.
Fourth place in the 2003 World Championships.
First place in the 2002 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals.
In the 2003 World Figure Skating Grand Prix, she won the championship in the United States and France, ranking first among women's single skaters with 24 points.
Shizuka arakawa and Japan.
1987 started skating.
Eighth place in the 2003 World Championships.
Fourth place in the 2002 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals.
In the 2003 World Figure Skating Grand Prix, the United States ranked third, Canada and France ranked second, and the total score was 18, ranking fourth among women's single skaters.
2004 world championship champion
In the 2004 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals, Japan was second and Russia was second.
Champion of the 2006 Winter Olympics, becoming the first Asian player to win the women's single skating championship in the Winter Olympics.
Staviski/Albena Denkova Maxim Staviski Bulgarian Ice Dance
World champions in 2006 and 2007
China's achievements.
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Shen Xue/Zhao Hongbo:
1998 Nagano Winter Olympics double skating fifth;
1999 runner-up in doubles skating at the World Championships;
Runner-up in the 2000 World Double Skating Championships;
2000 figure skating grand prix finals champion;
200 1 3rd place in double skating in the World Championships;
200 1 figure skating grand prix finals third place;
Bronze medal in the 2002 Winter Olympics;
2002 world championship double skating champion;
Runner-up in the 2002 Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals;
2003 world championship double skating champion;
Runner-up in 2004 World Double Skating Championships;
Champion of Figure Skating Grand Prix in 2004;
2004-2005 season FINA figure skating grand prix finals champion;
Bronze medal in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy;
2007 World Figure Skating Championship Champion
Pang Qing/Tong Jian
Fifth place in the 2008 World Championships.
Runner-up in 2007 World Championships
2006 World Championships Double Skating Champion
At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, the couple won the fourth place.
Sixth place in the 2005 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals.
Runner-up in 2005 French World Figure Skating Grand Prix.
Runner-up in 2005 China World Figure Skating Grand Prix.
Runner-up in the 2005 10th National Games.
In 2005, he won the fourth place in the World Figure Skating Championships.
Third place in the 2004 World Championships.
In the 2004 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals, it ranked third, followed by Canada, Japan and France.
Fourth place in the 2003 World Championships.
In the 2003 World Figure Skating Grand Prix, the American champion, China runner-up and Russian runner-up ranked fifth in pairs skating with a total score of 18.
Ninth place in the 2002 Winter Olympic Games
Fifth place in the 2002 World Championships.
Zhang Dan/Zhang Hao
Runner-up in 2008 World Championships
Fifth place in the 2007 World Championships.
Runner-up in 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
Silver medal in synchronized skating at the 2006 World Championships.
Runner-up in 2005 World Figure Skating Grand Prix Finals.
Japan champion in 2005 World Figure Skating Grand Prix.
Canadian champion of the 2005 World Figure Skating Grand Prix.
Third place in the 2005 World Championships.
Ranked 5 th in the 2004 World Championships and 2 nd in the Four Continents Championships;
Sixth place in the 2003 World Championships, third place in the four continents championships, world junior championship champion and national championship champion;
2002 Winter Olympics 1 1, 9th in the World Championships, 3rd in the Four Continents Championships.
200 1 world youth championship in February 1 day.
065438+First place in the World Youth Grand Prix (Japan Station) in 2000 10.
In February 2000, he won the fifth place in the World Youth Finals (Poland).
In March 2000, he won the fourth place in the World Youth Championship.
June 5438- 10, 2000 First place in the World Youth Grand Prix (Harbin Station).
In June 2000, the World Youth Grand Prix (Norway) won the first place +065438+ 10.
June 5438+February 2000 First place in the World Youth Finals (UK).
199965438+February World Youth Grand Prix (Canada Station) won the second place.
1998 10 First place in the World Youth Grand Prix (Beijing Station)
Chen Lu
1994, third place in Lillehammer Winter Olympics.
1995, world champion.
1996, won the second place in the world championship.
1998, third place in Nagano Winter Olympics.
Li Chengjiang
1998 national champion of men's single skating;
1999 runner-up of men's single skating in figure skating competition on four continents;
Runner-up of men's single skating in figure skating competition on four continents in 2000;
The fifth place in men's single skating in the 2000 World Championships;
In 2000, NHK Cup in Japan won the third place in men's single skating;
200 1 Four Continents Figure Skating Championship Men's Single Skating Champion;
200 1 seventh place in men's single skating in the world championships;
9 th place in men's single skating in 2002 Winter Olympics;
In the 2003 World Championships, the men's singles skated 4th.
Fifth place in the 2005 World Championships.
Champion of the 2005 10th National Games.
China ranked eighth in the 2005 World Figure Skating Grand Prix.
2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy.
23rd place in the 2008 World Championships.
Huangxun (Ice Dance)
National champion in 2007
Silver medal in 2006 Asian Winter Games
2007 World Championships 2 1
The 2006 Universiade ranked fifth.
Seventh place in 2007 China Cup Figure Skating Grand Prix
li yunfei
1997 runner-up in the Asian Championships.
1998 Third place in the World Youth Championship
1998 national championship champion
1999 world university championship champion
200 1 sixth place in the world championships.
Figure skating music
Romeo and Juliet of T/M
Lipinski's Summer and Rainbow
Phantom of the opera P/T
Turandot of S/Z, Madame Butterfly, Spring Soul and so on. .
Attention and function of figure skating
As a sport suitable for all ages, skating has become an important part of national fitness. Regular participation in skating can not only improve the functions of cardiovascular system and respiratory system, but also effectively cultivate people's courage. However, at the same time of fitness, safety issues can not be ignored.
China professional figure skating competition.
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Rules of Figure Skating Finals in the 11th Winter Games
Competition Rules of National Figure Skating Competition in 2007-2008 Season
Competition Rules of National Figure Skating Grand Prix in 2004-2005 Season
Competition Rules of 2004-2005 National Figure Skating Championships (Grand Prix Finals)
Competition Rules of National Youth Figure Skating Series in 2004-2005 Season
Competition rules of figure skating preliminaries (national championships) in 2004-2005 National Tenth National Games