Cuju-Introduction
The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Lin Miao as "Lin Miao is very rich and practical, and everyone is good at playing steel pipes and drawing bows". Cuju is also called "kicking", "cuqiu", "kicking round", "making ball" and "kicking round", in which "kicking" means kicking with the feet and "cuju" means kicking the ball with the feet. It is an ancient sport in China, which has three forms: direct confrontation, indirect confrontation and beating in vain.
Cuju has been circulated for more than 2300 years. It originated from Linzi, the ancient capital of Qi during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Tang and Song Dynasties were the most prosperous, and there were often scenes of "the ball never falls in one day" and "the ball never leaves the foot, and the foot never leaves the ball, and the Huating watched it and thousands of people watched it".
China's traditional culture with Confucianism as its core emphasizes harmony and moderation, while social and cultural psychology emphasizes "cultural governance" and ignores "martial morality" in most cases. People admire the gentleness of a modest gentleman, but despise Confucius' aggressive spirit and martial arts. In this social and cultural background, Cuju gradually evolved from an antagonistic competition to a performance competition.
Cuju-origin
Cuju originated very early in China, dating back to the Warring States Period. By the Han Dynasty, Cuju had developed into a very specialized sport with relatively perfect competition rules. The royal cuju in Han Dynasty was large in scale, with special courts, walls and stands around it. At that time, the more formal Cuju match was divided into two teams, each with 12 players, and the outcome was determined by the number of goals kicked. Cuju was very popular in military training at that time because of its strong antagonism. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Li You's "Cheng Juming" said: "The bow side wall is like yin and yang. The method of monthly knot is right, 26 is equal to. Buildings are long and flat, and there are often examples. No personal relationship, no personal relationship. Peace of mind, do not blame right and wrong. "
By the Tang and Song Dynasties, the shape of cuju had changed a lot, and the technology had also been greatly improved. There are large-scale activities attended by hundreds of people in the palace, and there are also small family competitions for several people. In the Song Dynasty, in addition to the game form aimed at scoring goals, kicking, which showed personal skills, was also very popular, and it was called "beating in vain". There are performances by one person, two or three people or even more than ten people. Gao Qiu, described in Water Margin, became the emperor's favorite because of his superb skills.
In the Qing dynasty, Manchu people who loved skating combined it with skating, and the form of "cuju on the ice" appeared. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, with the introduction of modern western football, the traditional cuju activity in China was replaced by modern football.
At the beginning of 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and cuju was the earliest recorded football activity. The Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes that Cuju was popular in Linzi, the capital of Qi State, more than 2,300 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, while the latter records that Cuju was a way to train soldiers and assess their physical fitness at that time ("It is also a good way to practice samurai, so we know how to do it").
Cuju-special
Cuju is an ancient sport in China. There are three forms of cuju competition: direct confrontation, indirect confrontation and beating in vain.
Cuju game with goals can be divided into direct game with two goals and indirect game with one goal. Double-goal direct competition was the main way of cuju in Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 AD), which was used for military training. In direct competition, Cheng Ju, that is, the stadium, is surrounded by short walls. Both sides of the game have goals like small houses; There are 12 players on the court, and the two sides engage in direct physical contact confrontation, just like fighting. Those who kick and bow to the opponent's goal win.
In Cheng Ju, a special venue, the boxcars in the goal correspond to each other, and the players from both sides attack each other with the goal of winning. The single-goal indirect game, which evolved from the double-goal game, was the main way of cuju in the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18 ~907) and the Song Dynasty (AD 960 ~ 1279), and was mainly used for court banquets and diplomatic etiquette competitions. In the indirect competition, there is a goal in the middle, and there is an "eye of the wind" more than two feet high in the middle of the goal, and both sides are on one side. If the ball doesn't land, the winner can let it go through the eye of the wind.
Kicking without a goal is called beating in vain, which takes the longest time and is the most extensive, ranging from one person to ten people. Playing white is mainly the game mode and skill, that is, the game "solution". Each scheme has a variety of kicking actions, such as turning, crawling, riding, twisting and so on. The ancients also named some movements, such as Zhuan Gan Kun, Yan Gui Nest, oblique flower arrangement, wind swinging lotus, Buddha crown bead, fish picking in dry land, pushing gold Buddha mill, shouldering the moon, turning a meteor and so on.
Cuju-Yuanyuan
On the origin of cuju, the silk book Jing Fa unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb records that the Yellow Emperor captured Chiyou "with a bow to fill his belly, making him
In the song dynasty, bronze mirrors with cuju patterns were held by people, and the winners were rewarded "; Liu Xiang said to Bielu: "Cuju was made by the Yellow Emperor, or during the Warring States Period", and pointed out that "therefore, samurai training is all for fun. "'Cuju' prevailed in Linzi, the capital of the State of Qi during the Warring States Period, and people in Linzi played Cuju (Hanshu-Biography of Su Qin); Hanshu? The "art of military strategists" in Yiwenzhi includes Twenty-five Cuju (lost) and Hanshu? Biography of Huo Qubing records that Huo Qubing went to the desert, "when he was short of food, he couldn't help himself, but when he was sick, he still kicked his bow and crossed the field", and Records of Records of Records of Records of Records of Records of Records of Records of Records of Records also pointed out that "the Three Kingdoms were established at the end of the Han Dynasty, and the Jin Dynasty was prosperous, and scholars took bow and horse as their service, while the family took cuju as their study. "The study of historical documents shows that Cuju appeared in China at the latest in the Warring States period, and it is a form of sports for entertainment and physical fitness; It not only has a broad mass base, but also has become a basic subject of military training and a social fashion. In Han Dynasty, Li You wrote Cuju Cheng Mingming, which recorded and described the formal methods, referee rules and moral norms of Cuju at that time.
Cuju was popular in the Song Dynasty, and the way of kicking the ball gradually replaced the competitive multi-goal and double-goal with the way of entertainment and fitness.
The kicking method, rules and techniques of Song Taizu Cuju are becoming more and more mature. There is also a non-competitive goal-a free kick for entertainment purposes. Can be carried out individually or by many people. When playing football, you can touch the ball with your head, shoulders, back, abdomen, knees, feet and other parts, which is flexible and free to change. This method is based on the number of piers kicked to determine the outcome, which was called "beating in vain" by the emperors of the Song Dynasty, especially in the Song Dynasty. "Song Taizu Cuju Map" (the original painting has been lost, the original author is Su Hanchen in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the copy of the Yuan Dynasty is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing), which depicts the scene of Song Taizu, his brother Zhao Guangyi, Prime Minister Zhao Pu and other six people playing Cuju in vain. Nowadays, "Cuju in ancient China is the origin of modern football" has not only become the knowledge of insiders, but also been recognized by FIFA.
From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Cuju experienced a process of development to a climax, but in the Qing Dynasty, this activity declined. From 65438 to 0863, modern football was born in Britain, which opened another historical chapter in the development of football.
Cuju-historical anecdote
Cuju was the first person to go down in history for playing football.
Xiang Chu in the Western Han Dynasty was the first person to go down in history because of football. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, Chunyu Kun, a famous doctor, treated Xiang and told him not to be overworked, but Xiang didn't listen and went out to play football. As a result, he vomited blood and died, which made Xiang Chu the first fanatical "fan" in the world.
Formation of division of labor in Cuju position
Cuju was a means of training soldiers in Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete system was established. If the palace is specially set up, it is defined as a rectangle in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "bow areas" at each end, also known as "bow rooms", each guarded by one person. There is a fence around the construction site. The game is divided into two teams, each with its own offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's bow room.
After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the kicking method according to the position on the field appeared. Cuju has taken many forms in the Tang Dynasty, such as "bowing" based on the number of times of heading the ball, "beating in vain" in the center of the court, "jumping the bow" in which many people participate in fighting, and the game of setting up the goal. In this way, each team has a certain number of people and a fixed position, and it is stipulated that players can only play in their own positions and cannot move.
The first starting list in history
The Old Story of Wulin in the Southern Song Dynasty once listed the names and positions of the two teams in the "Thirty-two-player Ball Building" competition: "Sixteen people in Zuo Jun: Zhang Jun, Wang Lian, Zhu Xuan, Shi Ze, Ding Quan, Zhang Lin and Chun Hu. ; Sixteen members of the right army: Li Zheng, Zhu Zhen, Zhu Xuan, Zhang Ning, Bin Xu, Wang Yong and Jun Chen. This is probably the first football "starting list" in history.
Cuju-Inheriting Meaning
The rise and fall of Cuju, which has been popular for thousands of years, conforms to the historical law of human social development and metabolism. Through the historical distance of time, the extinct ancient cuju has been reborn in the booming modern football.
On July 15, 2004, FIFA President Blatter officially announced to the world that "football originated in China" and Zibo was officially recognized as the origin of world football. During the German World Cup in 2006, Blatter once again said: "Football originated in China and Linzi is the hometown of football. This is not only your pride, but also the pride of China people, the pride of the whole world and the pride of all those who like football and the World Cup."
In April, 2006, as a part of the World Cup in Germany, the Football Museum in Hamburg, Germany officially opened, showing the audience rich football history and culture, including the splendid cuju culture in China, the birthplace of football.
Cuju-development
Cuju's Historical Records and Warring States Policy first recorded the situation of football. Records in Historical Records and Warring States Policy show that cuju has developed into a mature entertainment mode in Linzi, the ancient capital of Qi at that time, and it has been widely circulated among the people. Qi Xuanwang was in power from 3 19 BC to 30 1 year BC, so it can be concluded that football activities had been widely carried out in Linzi City, the old capital of Qi State, more than 2,300 years ago or earlier. Cuju has developed into a popular sports and entertainment activity.
After Qin unified the six countries, Cuju movement was once silent. After the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, it was revived. People in the Han Dynasty regarded cuju as a way of "governing the country and practicing martial arts", which was not only widely circulated in the army, but also popular among the court nobles. "Miscellanies of Xijing" records that after Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor, he took his father Liu Taigong to the Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an for the elderly, and he was extremely extravagant in food and clothing and watched kabuki music all day. But he was not satisfied and moped all day. Originally, Liu Taigong lived in the lower level of the city since childhood, and was closely related to ordinary people who killed dogs and cows. After work, his leisure activities were also inseparable from cockfighting and cuju. So, Liu Bang wrote a letter to build a new town in Chang 'an East, and modeled on the original scale of Fengyi in Pei County, moved all the residents of Fengyi to the new town, and Liu Taigong and Liu Wen also moved there. I started fighting cocks and cuju for fun again, which was satisfactory.
From this story, we can know that in the Warring States period, football was a favorite entertainment activity of the urban underclass, and in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, football was also loved by the aristocratic class. Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron" said that in the Western Han Dynasty, it was fun to have a cockfight with cuju, and ordinary people also pursued prosperity and cuju in poor lanes.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was brilliant in cuju and enjoyed watching it very much. According to Hanshu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty often held "chicken parties" with cockfighting and cuju competitions in his palace, and Dong Xian, a favorite, kept a "cuju player" who could play football at home (similar to today's star). It can be seen that during the Western Han Dynasty, the social level of football activities was further expanded.
Due to the prosperity of Cuju, there was a monograph on this sport in Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, someone wrote Twenty-five Cuju Articles, which is the earliest professional sports book in China and the first professional sports book in the world. When Ban Gu was writing the Annals of Han Shu Literature and Art, he once listed Twenty-five Cuju as a military book, which belongs to the category of military skills in military training, but it was later lost. Xiang Chu of the Western Han Dynasty was the first person to go down in history because of football, but his experience was unfortunate. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, Chunyu Kun, a famous doctor, treated Xiang and told him not to be overworked, but Xiang didn't listen and went out to play football. As a result, he vomited blood and died, which made Xiang Chu the first fanatical "fan" in the world.
With the development of social productive forces, football production technology is also improving. In the Tang Dynasty, there were two major improvements in ball-making technology: one was to change the spherical shell made of two pieces of leather into a spherical shell made of eight pieces of pointed leather. The shape of the ball is more round. The second is to put an animal urine bubble in the ball shell instead of stuffing it, and "blow it with closed breath" to become an inflatable ball, which is also the first invention in the world. According to the history of world sports, Britain invented inflatable balls in the 1 1 century, three or four hundred years later than the Tang Dynasty in China.
Cuju in the Tang Dynasty was very light and could be kicked very high. The goal is set on two bamboo poles three feet high, which is called "netting the ball for the door". In the way of playing football, the Han Dynasty was a team game of direct confrontation, "isolated and helpless, covered with elephants and soldiers." Physical contact between players on both sides is like fighting. In the Tang dynasty, the team competition was no longer a direct confrontation, but a goal was set in the middle, and both sides were on one side to shoot "more wins." Football technology is development; In terms of physical training, indirect confrontation is the retrogression of football.
Because the ball is light and there is no fierce running and competition, women's football began to appear in the Tang Dynasty. Women's football is not played with the goal, but by kicking high and playing tricks, which is called "beating in vain". Wang Jian, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Gong Ci", saying that prostitutes in Yichun Academy enjoyed playing football on the Cold Food Festival. Both Tang Taizong and Tang Xuanzong like watching football. At that time, the goal was "two trees and two bamboos, netting online and measuring the door as a ball". The ball is divided into friends and friends, and the angle wins. "In the Tang Dynasty, there were not only women's soccer, but also some women's soccer with superb skills.
Not only the emperor's palace has such custom activities, but also the people. The poet Wang Wei's poem "Cold Food in the East of the City" says, "Cuju flies over birds many times and swings out weeping willows", which shows the height of playing football. Du Fu's poem "Qingming Festival" also said, "Cuju is a teenager for ten years, and Wan Li is also a vulgar", which also shows the universality of the custom of playing football. This custom continued until the Southern Song Dynasty. The poet Lu You described this scene in his poem "The Pavilion of the Spring Festival Evening": "Liangzhou has a cold food of 100,000, and the swing is still luxurious." There is also a sentence in the poem "Feeling the Old Chapter", "Entering Liangzhou Road is like a palm, playing cuju and taking Qingming".
Where there are games, there are stars. Who are those people who are famous for playing football? If you have read many ancient books, you have probably guessed: evil teenagers. What is more striking is that some emperors in the Tang Dynasty, such as Tang Wenzong, often climbed a "Qinlou" to watch people's cuju and wrestling from a height. This scene is really ironic. Compared with the ancestors, the market is much heavier. Of course, he's not the only one. Several generations later, Tang Xizong became an evil teenager, playing cuju and fighting cocks himself, while Zhao Zong, the last emperor of the Tang Dynasty, was forced by Zhu Wen to move from Chang 'an to Luoyang, and all six armies ran away, leaving only a group of Ce Shen troops or "playing games" from the evil teenager to follow him, which shows the deep feelings. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, many of the troops were evil teenagers who gambled in the streets on weekdays.
Cuju made great progress in the Song Dynasty. In Shi Naian's "Water Margin", Gao Qiu, who made his fortune by playing football, was written. Although the stories and characters in the novel are somewhat exaggerated, they are basically facts of the Song Dynasty. Gao Qiu's skill is superb. Because he played football with Song Huizong, he was promoted to be the commander-in-chief in front of the temple, and he was one of the earliest famous players.
Gao Qiu's success in playing football tells us two things: First, emperors and bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty loved playing football, some of them loved playing football, and some loved watching it. Song Huizong Evonne, a football fan, wrote a poem after watching the ladies-in-waiting playing football: "It's Qingming, young and romantic, so you can hold a banquet in Mu Qing. Almost the secret was announced, and two friends won or lost in court. " "Wen Tong Kao" introduced: "The female disciple team in the Song Dynasty has a total of 153 people, dressed in four colors, embroidered Luo Kuan shirts, tied ribbons, kicked hydrangeas, never left the ball, watched the war in Huating, and ten thousand people watched it." There is a painting of Song Taizu Cuju in Shanghai Museum, which depicts the scene at that time.
There were also football artists who played football for a living in the Song Dynasty. According to records, Su Shu, Zhang Jun and other famous players played football at court banquets in Bianliang City in the Northern Song Dynasty and Lin 'an City in the Southern Song Dynasty. The actors in Street Tiles include Huang Ruyi, Fan, Zhang Ming and Cai Run.
Football in the Song Dynasty, like the kicking method in the Tang Dynasty, used indirect games with goals and "beating in vain" without goals, but most of the books talked about kicking in vain. The so-called "further progress" refers to the mode of kicking the ball and a set of actions composed of several modes, that is, using a set of kicking skills such as head, shoulders, back, chest, knees, legs and feet to keep the ball from falling all day. From this point of view, the football in Song Dynasty has developed from the accuracy of shooting to dexterity and ball control technology.
The ball-making technology in Song Dynasty was improved compared with that in Tang Dynasty, and the ball shell developed from eight-pointed skin to "twelve-fragrant skin". The raw material is "cooked nitrate yellow skin, the real material is lightly cut". This process is "tightly laid and stitched, with no exposed corners". The weight of the ball made should be "12 Liang". Football specifications should be "broken". The ball made in this way is of course of high quality. At that time, there were forty different kinds of balls made by manual workshops, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The progress of ball-making technology promotes the development of kicking technology; The development of player industry reflects the increase of social demand.
In order to safeguard their own interests and promote mutual assistance, at least in the Southern Song Dynasty, the chess players in the Song Dynasty also organized their own groups, called Yun Qi Club, also known as Round Club. This is a specialized Cuju organization, which is responsible for organizing and promoting the competitions of Cuju activities. It is the earliest single sports association in China, similar to today's football club. In other words, it is the earliest football club in the world.
Cuju spread to the Yuan Dynasty, and Guan Hanqing and others recorded the scenes of men and women playing football in Sanqu. However, this kind of men's and women's kicking method is not for both sides to seek entertainment, but for women to play football as a skill for others to appreciate. Saduchi's Sanqu "Cuju for Prostitutes" said: "After singing and dancing, the banquet ended before the flowers, and the students became a harmonious world." It can be seen that playing football, like singing and dancing, is a geisha at a banquet. Most of the women who "occupy the field to accompany the hero" are "Xie Qin Guan Lou" and "Mingke Lane", which shows that playing football has become a means for prostitutes to entertain guests. The sociality of playing football is greatly reduced. It is no longer a festival activity or banquet program, but entertainment related to wine and color.
According to the Ming History, Zhang Shixin, the younger brother of Zhang Shicheng, the king of Wu, supported the army and said that the army was divided. "Every time something happens, you need to take Pu (a gambling tool) and Cuju and hold a banquet for women." It can be seen that playing football has been associated with lewd music. Therefore, after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he issued an imperial edict prohibiting soldiers from playing football. Zhu Yuanzhang's imperial edict can only prohibit soldiers from playing football, but it cannot change the entertainment nature of football. In the novel Jin Ping Mei, which is known as the social encyclopedia of Ming Dynasty, there is a story about Ximen Qing watching Li Guijie, a prostitute, play football in Lichun Garden: Ximen Qing once drank wine, first went out to play in the yard, and then taught Cassia to play with two round sticks. "A kowtow, a roadblock, punching and kicking, without exception." The above description can also show the entertainment of playing football in Ming Dynasty.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were few records about football activities in history books. Cuju in ancient China has experienced thousands of years since the Warring States Period, and it once shone like a comet in the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties. Later, it was put into the water of Qing society, leaving only a little bubble, and finally it faded.