Author: Maofu Li Source: Contemporary World 2010-05-1914:16: 41

With the improvement of people's living standards, the disease spectrum of the population has changed, and the demand for chronic disease care has increased; While people attach importance to physical and mental health, their awareness of disease prevention and self-care is also increasing, and community medical care is facing a rare opportunity. On February 2, 2006, KLOC-0, the Guiding Opinions of the State Council on Developing Urban Community Health Services was issued, which further strengthened the efforts to improve the community health service system. In the construction of community health service system, Britain, Australia, some Asian countries and Hong Kong have accumulated rich experience, which is worth learning.

Japan Japan's community health care is based on the Regional Health Care Law and the provisions of health care therapy. By 1994, health clinics and health centers had been set up in prefectures and special administrative regions. There are 848 health centers in China, including one health center 124 1, and there are more than 20,000 health nurses in various health care institutions. At the same time, Japan implements the national medical insurance system, which provides a guarantee for promoting the development of community medical care. The Population Research Institute of the Ministry of Health and Welfare estimates that by the year 2000, the proportion of the elderly population in Japan will account for 65,438+05.6% of the total population. In view of this situation, community care in Japan has also developed rapidly, among which elderly care and maternal and child care are the centers of community care in Japan, and the aging society has promoted the development of elderly care in Japan. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Health and Welfare, in September 1994, there were 1003 health care institutions for the elderly in Japan, with more than 85,000 elderly people. The purpose of Japan's health care system for the elderly is to maintain health and ensure medical care. Therefore, when people in the community reach the age of 40, they begin to establish a "health manual" to carry out basic health education and health examination. The levels of health care for the elderly can be divided into: hospital wards for the elderly, sanatoriums, health care centers for the elderly, rehabilitation institutions, special nursing homes for the elderly, nurseries for the elderly and home care assistance institutions. From 65438 to 0993, Japan promulgated the Law on Health Care for the Elderly, which institutionalized the management of home visiting nursing, and nurses in hospitals and clinics provided help to convalescents and mental rehabilitation patients at home. According to the provisions of the Law on Maternal and Child Health Care and the Law on Child Welfare, the Health Center of Japan Health Center provides various health examinations, health guidance and medical assistance to married, pregnant, childbirth, perinatal women and infants until preschool children.

Elderly care)-originally originated in the United States, with the continuous accumulation of physiological, psychological and social knowledge of the elderly, most developed countries began to adopt community-centered health care services for the elderly. In economically developed countries such as Europe, America and Asia, social services such as medical and health care facilities and welfare facilities for the elderly have been continuously expanded in recent years. Social services for the elderly generally focus on activities such as support, help and protection, improving physiological and social functions, and providing opportunities for personal achievement.

I. Health care measures for the elderly in the United States

(a) to provide domestic service, family health care, home delivery, regular visits, telephone confirmation, emergency call system and other services for the weak and elderly at home.

1. Domestic service: completed by trained women.

2. Family health services

Deliver food to the door

Visit regularly

5. Telephone confirmation service

6. Emergency response system

(2) Services and plans for healthy elderly people

Provide individual or group services for the elderly who are relatively healthy and can travel on their own.

1. Transportation or escort service

2. The elderly canteen:

3. Legal services

4. Employment services

(3) Specialized services

1. Day care center for the elderly-those who can't live independently at home and don't want to go to an old-age care institution.

2. Counseling service-solving personal and family conflicts.

3. Protection services-protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the elderly.

Two. Health care measures for the elderly in Japan

(1) Healthy elderly people

1. Establish a "dynamic" promotion center: promote the principle of "self-reliance, participation, self-care, self-improvement and dignity" for the elderly.

2. Establish a "silver-haired talent" center: provide employment opportunities.

3. Provide special "silver traffic": encourage the elderly to participate in society.

(2) frail elderly people living alone

1. Establish and improve the emergency information system.

2. Establish welfare promotion centers for the elderly in towns and villages-to ensure safety, relieve loneliness, help daily life and promote health.

(3) the elderly who have been bedridden for a long time

1. Set up a hot service station for the elderly.

2. Establish a home care support center.

Establish a home care center

4. Establish a comprehensive welfare equipment center.

Dementia in the elderly

1. Set up a day care station for Alzheimer's patients

2. Establish a comprehensive nursing system for senile dementia.

(5) Establish a team of collaborators.

Third, health care measures for the elderly in China

In 2000, China has entered an aging country, and the elderly have become an important group of social concern.

(A) China's urban community pension system for the elderly there are three main situations:

1. All state-owned enterprises, collective enterprises and most other ownership enterprises have been included in the social endowment insurance.

2. Most institutions and administrative units still use the original pension system.

3. Older people who have no formal job or no job have not joined social medical insurance, and their lives are mainly supported by their spouses' wages or children.

(2) The Government of China is very concerned about the work of the elderly.

Care and support have been given in strengthening leadership, manpower allocation, policy guidance, institution building, domestic and foreign exchanges, and personnel training.

(3) The development process of nursing system in China from 65438 to 0977.

1. Nursing care of the elderly in hospitals

2. Establish a specialized hospital for the aged.

3. Establishment of geriatric nursing hospital

4. Set up a nursing center in the street.

5. Nursing homes and apartments for the elderly.

Section 3 Community Health Care for the Elderly

I. united nations health care principles for the elderly

1991February 6th, the UN General Assembly adopted the UN Health Care Principles for the Elderly. Emphasize the independence, participation, care, self-improvement and dignity of the elderly. These principles are as follows:

(1) independence

1. The elderly should be able to enjoy adequate food, water, housing, clothing and health care by providing income, family and social support and self-help.

2. Old people should have job opportunities or other income-generating opportunities.

Old people should be able to participate in deciding when to retire.

The elderly should be able to participate in proper education and training.

The elderly should be able to live in a safe environment suitable for personal choice and ability change.

6. Old people should be able to live at home as long as possible.

(2) participation

1. The elderly should always integrate into society, actively participate in formulating and implementing policies that directly affect their well-being, and pass on their knowledge and skills to future generations.

2. Old people should be able to seek opportunities to serve the society, and should take volunteer positions commensurate with their interests.

The elderly should be able to organize sports or associations for the elderly.

(3) Nursing

1. According to the social and cultural value system, the elderly enjoy the care and protection of their families and communities.

2. They should enjoy medical care services, help them maintain or restore the best physical, intellectual and emotional level, and prevent or delay the occurrence of diseases.

They should enjoy all kinds of social and legal services to improve their autonomy and get better protection and care.

When you live in any residence, sanatorium or treatment center, you enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms.

Self - enrichment

1. In order to seek opportunities to give full play to their potential.

2 should be able to enjoy social education, literature and art, spiritual and cultural resources.

(5) dignity

1. Life should be dignified and safe, free from exploitation and physical and mental abuse.

Regardless of their age and gender, racial or ethnic background, disability or other status, they should be treated fairly and their economic contribution should be respected.

Second, the fitness and entertainment activities of the elderly.

(a) Five guiding principles of the World Health Organization on fitness for the elderly

1. Pay special attention to exercise that contributes to cardiovascular health.

2. Pay attention to weight training.

3. Pay attention to the "balance" of body movement.

Old people and people who are weak should take part in sports.

5. Pay attention to the psychological factors related to sports.

(B) the flow of the elderly

(3) Matters needing attention for the elderly to adhere to moderate exercise.

1, don't walk too fast.

2. Turn around too quickly.

3, the amount of exercise should not be too large

4. Exercise for no more than 2 hours every day.

5. Self-detection of exercise intensity

Third, the diet care of the elderly.

(A) a reasonable diet, balanced nutrition

(2) Reasonable cooking is soft and rotten

(3) Arrange three meals a day reasonably and develop good eating habits.

(d) Pay attention to food hygiene.

(5) the correct way of eating

Fourth, rest and sleep for the elderly.

(1) rest

(2) Sleep

V. Safety protection of the elderly

(1) Anti-falling and anti-skid facilities

(2) Asphyxia and prevention of asphyxia

(3) to prevent falling from the bed

(D) Pay attention to drug safety

(five) to prevent cross infection.

Section 4 Common social and psychological health problems of the elderly and their prevention

I. Retirement syndrome

Second, suicidal tendency of senile depression

Third, the characteristics of hypochondriasis in the elderly

Fourth, widowhood

Summary: Through the study of this chapter, we can master the factors affecting the health of the elderly, the evaluation of health status, the common health problems of the elderly in the community, and master the community nursing measures and health guidance for the elderly with different health conditions; Understand the concepts of the elderly, population aging and social aging, the characteristics of population aging in China and the special problems brought by population aging, the main contents of health assessment for the elderly, the disease characteristics of the elderly and the nursing points of common diseases; To understand the current situation and trend of population aging in the world and China, and the physiological and psychological changes of the elderly.