A black hole is the most unique star in the universe, because its volume is infinitely small, but its gravity is infinite, and it can't even earn light. Therefore, the horizon of a black hole is dark. But we can use the bright accretion disk around it to indirectly clarify its existence. Why does a black hole say that it is the most useless of the four basic interaction forces because of its strong gravity?
The four basic forces are gravity, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force and magnetic field force.
Powerful nuclear force
It should be obvious from its name that it is the strongest force known in the world. It can fuse quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and it can also fuse protons and neutrons in the nucleus. If you use everyone's technology to break an atom, or separate or combine the nucleus, there are only two ways at this stage.
First, in the large and medium-sized hadron collider, two beams of particles are accelerated in the same direction to be very close to the speed of light, so that they collide with each other, and then the shell of the atom is surrounded, so that two antimatter substances are combined into a new chemical substance.
The second is to make the electrons outside the nucleus become free charges, and combine different antimatter according to the nuclear reaction at high temperature or extreme pressure, thus creating innovative chemical substances.
So we can see that strong nuclear forces have great kinetic energy. Most importantly, strong nuclear forces only work on atoms. According to the investigation report of material data, the distance between them must be within 10- 15 meters, or within the range of proton diameter.
weak nuclear force
Its efficacy interval is the least, and it can only produce efficacy in electronic devices, quark layers, neutrinos and other fermions, and its dominant position is only in the mysterious universe. Although people can still see their existence intuitively at this stage, they are hampering the situation of radioactive substances, such as particles in X-rays, α, β and γ rays that exist all over the world, which are ejected from the nucleus by weak nuclear forces, and weak nuclear forces also stimulate an indispensable role in nuclear fusion reactions.
magnetism
The key is to work in free electrons. It can be understood that positive charges attract each other in turn and the same positive charges will collide with each other. The greater the positive charge, the greater the force. In fact, the magnetic field force is produced by the exchange of massless bosons with pressure. This kind of boson is optical quantum, in which optical quantum is a particle component of light, but the charged optical quantum exchanged between free electrons is a different expression of optical quantum, so they are virtual and cannot be detected.
In fact, the magnetic field force also plays a very important role in people's daily life, from the operation law of atoms and extranuclear electrons to electromagnetic waves, sliding friction, mechanical equipment force and sound wave frequency, which are just the external manifestations of electromagnetic induction interaction. In other words, if there is no electromagnetic induction interaction in the world, then we can't see lightning, airport rockets and high-speed trains.
gravitation
Simply put, it is the mutual attraction between two objects with mass. Copernicus was the first to clearly put forward gravity. He thought that gravity can be described as the attraction between two chemicals, but Einstein held the opposite attitude. From the general theory of relativity, he can see that gravity is not a force, but the result of an object bending space.
Although the operation of a star is constrained by gravity in the present space, it is obviously the most useless of the known basic forces, especially in the molecular structure and atomic limit. If an object is lifted from the ground or moved upward, it will actually counteract the gravity of the whole earth, and at the molecular structure and atomic level, the relativity of gravity is basically harmless to many other basic forces.
But the existence of gravity is also very useful, which is different from other basic force efficacy categories, because its efficacy category can be broadened to infinity and accumulated endlessly, and its compressive strength is closely related to quality. In other words, if the quality is continuously improved in a certain area, the hardness of gravity can be improved endlessly.
So it is no exaggeration to say that gravity casts stars, neutron stars and black holes. Imagine that if an object can be concentrated on its own Schwarzschild semi-meridian, then the weaker gravity will become the strongest force, infinite refractive index, and it can tear or even devour all chemicals that enter a certain category, even if light cannot escape from it.
The creation of black holes
For black holes, the formation methods specifically include the evolution of massive stars and the merger of black hole enterprises.
Evolution of massive stars
The evolution of massive stars is generally a concrete way to produce black holes. At first, when a massive star evolves into a red giant, the fusion reaction inside the star will end in the iron core. Because copper is very stable and cannot participate in fission or fusion, there is no released force and the working pressure of its external radiation source.
At this time, gravity will have an advantage, and at the same time, it will cause the star to collapse slowly inward or rapidly, because only copper is left inside, so there is no longer enough energy inside to compete with the gravity of the massive star, which will lead to the collapse of the star and finally produce a black hole. Note: whether a star can evolve into a black hole depends on whether the working pressure is balanced inward, so that the collapse of the star stops in a very small volume.
Black hole enterprise merger and acquisition
The merger of black hole enterprises, to put it bluntly, is that two black holes combine to produce a big black hole. This also happens after the evolution of massive stars. When a massive star evolves into a black hole and meets another black hole, the black holes evolved by two massive stars rotate with each other, which is also called a binary black hole. Under special conditions, these two black holes will merge into one big black hole.
But it is extremely difficult to generate new black holes in this way, because the two black holes meet in different ways, which is harmful to the conservation of angular momentum. When two black holes attract each other and rotate to a certain distance, that is, 1 parsec, the two black holes will stop.
Gravity collapse
To put it bluntly, gravitational collapse refers to the state in which chemical substances are concentrated when the repulsive force between chemical substances in a star cannot match gravity.
gather
Because there are many massive objects in the world, gravity is also a kind of remote control force. When massive space objects are gathered together, gravity will become bigger and bigger. In general relativity, the essence of gravity is the bending of space-time, and a black hole is an extremely bent star, which can't even earn light.
Therefore, it is precisely because the action range of gravity can be widened to infinity, accumulated endlessly, and expanded with the improvement of mass that the star collapses out of the black hole.