Guide map, health map, famous mouth. 1974, the earliest existing tourist guide map was unearthed from No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan. The original silk painting is about 100 cm long, which is connected with the previous 40 cm silk book. This picture is 40 centimeters high.
As a unique health preserving method, guidance has been developed throughout the dynasties, and its representative schools are, for example, Wang Ziqiao's Guide to Red Pine Seeds in Zhou Dynasty, Jian Zhen's Breath in Jian Zhen in Tang Dynasty, Guangdu's Guide to the Elderly in Song Dynasty and Cao Tingdong's Guide to the Elderly in Qing Dynasty.
The introduction was first seen in Zhuangzi. "Zhuangzi Deliberately" said: "Breathe, spit out the old and bring forth the new, and the bear reaches out to the bird, just for longevity. The person who is led by this way is the person who raises the shape, and Peng Zushou also tests it. " According to Chen's annotation, "guiding" means "guiding spirit, cultivating soul, prolonging life and keeping shape". Su Wenyi's Theory on the Righteousness of Fafang: "The ground is flat and wet in the middle, so everything is born in heaven and earth. His illness is mostly flaccidity, cold and heat, so his treatment should be guided. What about Guide Publishing House? Those are also from the central government. " Bing Wang's annotation said: "Lead is to shake bones and muscles, move joints and press flesh." This is a quick gesture. "
Guidance also includes acupoints, teeth tapping, drum washing, swallowing, drum singing, dry combing, face washing, ear rubbing, foot rubbing, kidney covering, self-initiation, body flapping and so on. It is often combined with persuasion and thinking to form a series of skills.
There are altogether 1236 bamboo slips from Han Tomb No.247 in Zhangjiashan (not counting fragments), including eight kinds of bamboo slips, including Lipu, Ernian Law, Shushu, Maishu, Shushu, Gai Law, Yin Shu and Yice, covering the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Its specific content was compiled and published by Cultural Relics Publishing House in March 2006.
Wuqinxi, a traditional fitness method introduced from China, consists of five movements imitating animals. Wuqinxi was originally called Wuqinxi (see the documents of the later Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms), but it has been referred to as Wuqinxi for a long time, also known as Wuqinxi, Wuqinxi Qigong and Baibu Khan.
"Guidance" is a health preserving method based on body movements and breathing, which originated from ancient dance movements. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the guiding technique made great progress, and there appeared some techniques such as "Xiong Jing" and "Bird Shen". More than 40 postures in the guide map unearthed from Mawangdui No.3 Han Tomb are the summary of the pre-Qin guides.
Wuqinxi is an excellent introduction. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Wuqinxi is helpful to regulate the movement of meridians, which is a summary exercise method of preventive medicine and rehabilitation medicine in ancient China. Taoism in China regards it as a part of daily practice, while martial artists in ancient China regard it as an internal cultivation method.
The earliest official records of "Wuqinxi" are the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the History of the Three Kingdoms. Later, in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing's Book of Health Preservation also mentioned Wu Qin Opera.
The origin of Wuqinxi is indicated in the Eighty-two Biography of Fangshu in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty and the Twenty-nine Biography of Fangshu in the History of the Three Kingdoms.
Hua Tuo, a figure and a scholar of a country, studied in Xu Tu and learned several classics. The art of nature is stronger than a hundred years old, and people think it is immortal. Pei Guiju, Qiu Huangwan Bi, is not.
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Fan A of Guangling and Pengcheng both learned from school. Puyi quasi-drag treatment, more than all aid.
As the saying goes, "if the human body wants to work, it should not use its extreme ears." If you shake it, the qi will disappear and the blood will circulate. If you are sick, you will not die. Guided by ancient gods, bears will take care of their waist and move their joints in order to get old. I have a skill for five birds, one is a tiger, the other is a deer, the third is a bear, the fourth is an ape and the fifth is a bird. Taking this as a guide, we can get rid of diseases and benefit our hoofs and feet. If you are unhappy, you will start playing a game of birds and sweat happily. Because you are powdered, your body is light and you want to eat. " Generally speaking, he is over 90 years old, with a good eye, bright ears and strong teeth.
Note 1: Bear Jing, if the bear climbs the branch, hang himself. Don't move. Look back. Zhuangzi said, "Give up the old and take the new. The bear was stretched by the bird. This guide is also a self-cultivation person. "
Note 2: If you don't pass it on, you will say, "Learn from Tuo, and you will get a brief introduction. Wei Mingdi calls it bird play, which generally refers to old age, but brothers can't live in harmony, and the crude medicine is based on its French. Pu is 90 years old this year. He is not deaf, his eyes are not clear, his teeth are strong and his diet is intact. "
According to the contents of the cultural relic "Guide Map" unearthed in the No.3 pit of Mrs. Licang's tomb in Mawangdui, Western Han Dynasty, it is enough to prove that the Five-Animal Play was not invented by Hua Tuo out of thin air, but was a collection of ancient Chinese pre-Qin philosophers' guide classics, carefully designed according to the meridian principle of traditional Chinese medicine and running through scattered guide movements.
Baduanjin is an excellent traditional health care method in China. Baduan Jin Kung Fu was formed in12nd century, and then became many schools with different styles and practices. Simple and effective.
The ancients compared this set of movements to "brocade", which means that the movements stretch beautifully, as beautiful and supple as brocade, and because the skill * * * is eight segments, each segment has one movement, so it is named "eight-segment brocade". The whole set of movements is soft and continuous, smooth and smooth; There are loose and tight, dynamic and static; Qi is smooth, bones are healthy and tendons are soft. There is also a saying that "Baduanjin" is another name for "pulling the tendon". Because this work is mostly a stretching action of bones and muscles, it is intended to pull out tendons. Later people thought it was eight-legged brocade, so they mistakenly thought it was eight-legged brocade.
It is said that Baduanjin was created by Yue Fei, and it is also said that Baduanjin was created by Zhong Liquan in the Tang Dynasty, but these statements are not very credible. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Xu Xun recorded the exercise method of "Ba Duan Jin" in "Ling Jian Zi Dao Jing". The earliest name of "Baduanjin" appeared in Hong Mai's "Jane Yizhi" in the Song Dynasty: "In the seventh year of Zhenghe, Li Sihuolang ... who tried to sit up in the middle of the night and practice the so-called Baduanjin?" It shows that Baduanjin has spread all over the world in the Northern Song Dynasty. Baduanjin has been more than 800 years since the Song Dynasty, and its form and content have changed greatly. After the finalization of the late Qing Dynasty, it is still a popular physical exercise program for the broad masses of the people, which has played an important role in keeping fit and prolonging life.
Zhu (1 130- 1200), a famous scholar in the Song Dynasty, has a vivid and interesting account of Ba Duan Jin: "Forty years ago, when I was annotating Tong Canqi, I saw Lu Sixing's Ba Duan Jin and laughed at him every time. The study of "Avatar Spirit" that I thought of today is really a dragon killing technique, which is not as good as Lu Sixing's pig killing technique. " Zhu has loved the study of supernatural powers for decades. In his later years, he felt that Ba Duanjin's study was better than prodigy chess. He humorously evaluated Shentong as "killing dragons" and Baduanjin as "killing pigs", and vividly described Shentong as "spring snow, several people are peaceful". At that time, Baduanjin belonged to "Xialiba people, being prepared for danger in times of peace".
Eight-segment brocade evolved into twelve-segment brocade and sixteen-segment brocade. This skill has been basically shaped by the Ming Dynasty, such as Leng Qian's "A Brief Introduction to Age-repairing", "Eight Notes on Respecting Life" and Hu's "A Brief Introduction to Class-repairing". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, Shoushi fax was renamed as Twelve Duan Brocade, and later an internal strength map was compiled and described, which became popular all over the world.
Through consulting and textual research on a large number of documents and historical materials, we have the following basic understandings: (1) The spread of traditional Baduanjin was earlier than that of Song Dynasty, and it developed greatly in Ming and Qing Dynasties; (2) The author of the traditional Baduanjin is still inconclusive. It can be said that Baduanjin is an intellectual wealth created jointly by health practitioners and practitioners in past dynasties. (3) Baduan Brocade before the end of Qing Dynasty was mainly a leading technique with body movements as the mainstay; (4) The different training methods of Baduanjin, whether it is the southern school, the northern school or the civil and military school, are all in the same strain, infiltrating each other in the cycle and gradually becoming consistent.
Baduanjin, which is standing now, is generally from Baduanjin, an appendix to the Book of Changes compiled by Liang Shichang in Qing Dynasty. But the author is unknown.
1957, People's Sports Publishing House published the book Ba Duan Jin, which briefly introduced the function of Ba Duan Jin on human body and the essentials of exercise. According to the Jin Song formula of Baduanjin, three sets of upright and sitting Baduanjin techniques compiled by Zhuo Dahong, Ma Fengge and Tang Hao are illustrated with examples. The content is easy to understand and has a huge print run, which has contributed to the popularization of Baduanjin.
Eight-segment brocade techniques have eight segments, which are divided into sitting and vertical. Vertical Baduan Brocade is generally divided into South School and North School in style. The southern faction is called "Wen Ba Duan" and the northern faction is called "Wu Ba Duan". "Wen Ba Duan" moves gently, and most of them use standing movements, which is called the southern beat and handed down by Liang Shichang under the guise; Most of the movements in the May 8th Movement are "horse stance just look", mainly "gang", which is called "Northern School", and the sideline was spread by Yue Fei. The "Fifth and Eighth Stages" are mostly horseback riding, so they are suitable for young people and people with abundant physical strength. Sitting Baduanjin, also known as "Inner Baduanjin", adopts sitting style and pays attention to gathering gas. From the point of literature and action, both the South School and the North School are in the same strain. Among them, there is no textual research on the descendants of the association.
Baduanjin has a long history. Baduanjin is spread all over the world because of its simplicity, impartiality and remarkable effect. What is more popular now is the "Wen Ba Duan" standing Ba Duan Brocade.
Yijinjing summarized in Tang Hao's Shaolin Wudang Examination is a Taoist work by Zi Ning. His works have two prefaces and a postscript. One sequence is Li Jing's trust in the ancient times in the Tang Dynasty, and the other is Niu Hao's trust in the ancient times in the Southern Song Dynasty.
According to the preface of Tang Lijing, Buddhism comes from Liang Shiwei and faces Shaolin Temple. One of the two classics left by Shaolin Temple in Songshan Mountain (the other is Washing Pits).
Twelve potentials of Yijinjing are recorded in the internal strength map compiled by Panti in the eighth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty, and also recorded in Yaoshu of Health Preservation. The first picture is the dedication of Wei Tuo, and Wei Tuo is the patron saint of the temple (one of the sixteen arhats; It was not until the early Tang Dynasty that the temples were placed. The content of the book is an introduction to Taoists, and there are also lower parts (testicles and jade stems) that monks can't practice. This so-called fairy picking technique, which has no scientific basis, can't be an ascetic scripture. As you can see, this is purely forged by Togu.
In Qing Dynasty, Ling Tingkan believed that Yijinjing was written by Tiantai Taoist Zi Ning under the guise of Buddhism. It is also said that Yijinjing consists of two parts: ancient Indian yoga posture and special breathing method. In the development of Guangdong Wushu in the middle of Qing Dynasty, the "Yijinjing Twelve Potential" produced eighteen arhats, which was the embryonic form of Hongquan. Hongquan was called Shaolin Boxing in the early years of the Republic of China.
Guide Map 1974 Unearthed from No.3 Han Tomb in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan Province, it is the earliest existing roll of meticulous colored silk painting for health care sports, which is an early work of the Western Han Dynasty.
When the guide map was unearthed, it was seriously damaged. After regrouping, there are 44 small guide maps of the whole body, which are arranged into four layers from top to bottom, and each layer has 1 1 map (see figure 1). Hua Tuo, who invented the "Five-Animal Play", was from the Eastern Han Dynasty. Based on this, we can draw a conclusion that "guide map" and "five birds play map" are not the same thing. So, what is the relationship between the Guide Map and Hua Tuo's Five-Animal Play? First of all, we must understand the meaning of "guidance". The so-called "guidance" is a medical exercise method that combines breathing exercise with body movement. As early as primitive times, ancestors often learned to dance in jumping posture and flying posture to express joy, blessing and celebration. Later, it gradually developed into a medical method of physical exercise.
In ancient China, "guiding" means "guiding qi, inducing the body to be soft", which is a physical therapy combining breathing with body movements. In modern Chinese, "guidance" means health care medical gymnastics. As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the method of "guidance" based on breathing movement was quite common.
"Zhuangzi Deliberately" said: "Breathe, get rid of the old and bring forth the new, and the bear will live a long life. Peng Zushou, who leads the line and keeps the line ... "
The four aspects of tour guides reflected in Mawangdui's tour guide map are enough to show that China is the first country to use tour guides in the world. European scholar Ma Tinglun admitted that the West had copied China's medical gymnastics from the Far East through Ai's introduction. Dr Joseph Needham, a British scientist, also believes that modern western medical gymnastics actually evolved from early gymnastics in China to Europe. Therefore, western scholars call China "the motherland of medical gymnastics".