Magellan
Magellan (Ferdinand), a famous Portuguese navigator and explorer, 1480 was born in a shabby knight family in northern Portugal. /kloc-entered the palace at the age of 0/0 and served as the queen's attendant. /kloc-entered the Portuguese national maritime office at the age of 0/6, so he is familiar with maritime work.
At that time, Columbus had discovered the new continent of America, and Da Gama also returned from India, bringing back great oriental wealth. With longing for oriental wealth and ocean exploration, Magellan joined an overseas expedition in 1505 and began his ocean exploration career. During this expedition to India, Malacca and Malay Archipelago, in order to compete with Arabs for trade territory and gain the hegemony of South Asian seas, the expedition fought several wars with Arab businessmen and residents along the way, and Magellan was injured three times.
After Magellan recovered from his injury, the ship ran aground on the way back to Portugal. When everyone was disheartened, Magellan stepped forward and led the surviving sailors to overcome many difficulties until they were rescued. Because of this, Magellan was promoted to captain and was left in India. Since then, Magellan participated in the colonial wars in India and Southeast Asia, and explored and traveled in this area.
He learned from the field that the East of the Southeast Asian Islands is the Wang Yang Sea. He firmly believed that the earth was spherical, and speculated that Columbus must have discovered America to the east of the sea. He made up his mind to travel around the world. 15 13 Magellan returned to Portugal. He repeatedly asked the king to allow him to organize a fleet to explore all over the world, but the king ignored him. Desperate Magellan had to leave the motherland in 15 17 and go to the fortress commander in Seville, Spain. The commander of the fortress greatly appreciated his talent and courage. He not only married his daughter to him, but also recommended him to the king of Spain. Magellan's plan to sail around the world was approved by the King of Spain and he signed an agreement on ocean exploration.
According to the agreement, Magellan was appointed as the leader of the expedition, and the ships of the fleet were provided by the state, and the navigation expenses were borne by the state. Any land found in the expedition belongs to the king, Magellan is the governor, and one twentieth of all the income from the newly discovered land belongs to Magellan. In order to supervise Magellan, the king sent members of the royal family as representatives of the fleet.
1565438+In September, 2009, Magellan led a mighty fleet consisting of more than 200 people and five ships, and set off from Seville, Spain, and began a global ocean exploration.
After more than two months of drifting, the fleet crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the coast of Brazil. The fleet continued to sail south along the coast and came to a wide bay in the second year 1 month.
"The channel is found!" "The channel is found!"
The sailors cheered happily, thinking that they had reached the southern tip of the United States and could enter the new ocean. However, when the fleet advanced in the bay, it was found that the seawater had turned into fresh water. It was originally just a wide estuary, which is the outlet of the La Plata River in Uruguay today.
The fleet continued to move south. The seasons in the southern hemisphere are just the opposite of those in the northern hemisphere. In March, South America approached winter, and sailing was extremely difficult because of the snowstorm. At the end of the month, the fleet came to St. Julian's port and stayed here for the winter.
Due to the failure of several attempts to explore the Strait, most sailors were discouraged, and the three captains also took the opportunity to oppose Magellan. Magellan made a plan to quell the rebellion and avoid the end of the voyage.
After nearly five months of rest, in August, in the spring season in this area, Magellan led the fleet to set off again. As one ship sank during the voyage in May, there were only four ships left at this time.
Two months later, the fleet found another estuary at 52 degrees south latitude. The strait is winding, narrow and wide, and the ports are criss-crossing and choppy. Magellan sent a ship to explore the sea, but the ship turned around and fled back to Spain. Magellan had to lead the remaining three ships to grope their way in the maze-like channel. Magellan led the fleet forward with a strong will. After 1 month's circuitous voyage in this strait, they finally walked out of the west mouth of the strait and saw the vast sea. Magellan, who has always been known for his composure and firmness, shed tears with excitement.
In order to commemorate the achievements of Magellan's voyage, later generations named this strait "strait of magellan". If you open the map of the world, you will find it at the southernmost tip of South America, 52 degrees south latitude.
The fleet has been sailing in this ocean for more than three months, and the sea surface has been calm. Therefore, they named it "Pacific Ocean".
152 1 At the beginning of March, when water and food were exhausted and everyone was tired and weak, the fleet came to the rich Mariana Islands and was warmly treated by the local residents. The fleet arrived in the Philippines at the end of March. How excited Magellan was when Henry, the servant brought back from Malacca, spoke to the local aborigines in Malay! His dream of sailing around the world will finally come true. He sailed from west to west and finally reached the east. He proved with irrefutable facts that the earth is indeed spherical.
In order to conquer this rich land rich in spices, this brave but ambitious Magellan tried to use the contradictions between local tribes to achieve his goal, but in a conflict with local tribes, Magellan was killed. Finally, Magellan's assistant burned a broken ship and led the two remaining ships across the Straits of Malacca, through the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and finally returned to Spain in September 1522. At this time, there is only one ship left in the whole fleet, 18 crew.
From September 15 19 to September 1522, it took Magellan and his crew three years to finally complete the first round-the-world voyage. Although Magellan passed away, his contribution to navigation and science in later generations is unforgettable for all of us.
supplement
Ferdinand, a famous Portuguese navigator and explorer, sailed to Portugal (1505 ~ 15 12) and Spain (1519 ~152/) successively. Start from Spain, bypass South America, find strait of magellan, and then cross the Pacific Ocean. Although he was killed in the Philippines, his ship continued to sail west and returned to Spain, completing its first round-the-world voyage. Considered to be the first person to sail around the world.
Born into a noble family, Magellan joined the Portuguese navy to fight in India in 1505. Although Portugal won the battles on the east coast of Africa and the west coast of India, broke the Muslim forces in the Indian Ocean and seized the control point of maritime trade from the Arabs, it failed to control Malacca and its achievements were not perfect. So at 15 1 1, he participated in the invasion of Malacca. The wealth of the East flows into the ports of the western world through Malacca, and Portugal holds the key to the Malaysian seaport because it controls the Straits of Malacca. But we still need to explore the spice islands and the Moluccas, which will generate wealth. So I made a reconnaissance voyage at15112. After arriving in Banda Island, 15 12 returned to Lisbon with a batch of spices. The following year, I joined the army to attack the Moroccan fortress Assam, and I was disabled for life because of the injury. 15 14 After returning to China, the king called twice to ask for a promotion and increase the annuity, but both were rejected.
15 17 Magellan went to Spain with the cosmologist Farrero, giving up Portuguese nationality and becoming King Charles I of Spain. 15 18 became the captain of the expedition fleet to open a new route for Spain to the Moluccas. Magellan was sure that he could find a channel from the Atlantic Ocean to the South China Sea. 1565438+ The fleet set sail on September 20th, 2009, with 270 sailors from 9 countries. Arrived in Tenerife on September 26th, 654381October 3rd, and continued sailing to Brazil. Anchored off the coast of Guinea. 1 October 29th, 165438+ sailed to 27 leagues southwest of Cape St. Augustine (1about 5 kilometers). After bypassing Cabofrieu, the fleet arrived in Rio de Janeiro Bay on February 13. Arrived in port St. Julian in March of the following year.
After suppressing the rebellion initiated by Spanish captains, 1520 left Sanlian Port on August 24th, and the fleet continued southward. 10 year1October 24th, when it bypassed Notre Dame, it entered the strait they were looking for at 52 degrees 50 minutes south latitude (later named after Magellan). When we reached the western end of Xia Tao, there were only three ships left in the fleet. 65438+ entered the "South China Sea" on1October 28th. Back to the sea area, it was calm and called "Pacific Ocean". Suffering from hunger, the crew made a great voyage across the Pacific Ocean with the help of the Peruvian current and under Magellan's ruthless decision.
The fleet of 65438+February 18 sailed northwest from the coast of Chile, and did not see land until152165438+1October 24, probably PuCapka in Tuamoto Islands. On February 13, it crossed the equator at 158 degrees west longitude, and landed on Guam in Mariana Islands for the first time on March 6, getting fresh food for the first time in 99 days. Set sail on March 9, heading southwest. Later, he landed in massawa (today's Philippine Islands) and found the first Spanish ally in the Pacific Ocean. On Cebu Island, the local rulers and their officials converted to Catholicism. Less than two months later, on April 27, Magellan was killed while fighting with the locals on the island of Maketan. After Magellan's death, only two ships went to Damocka, and only the Victoria returned to Spain under the command of Elcano on September 1522. Survivors include another 17 Europeans and 4 Indians. Elcano returned to the Atlantic Ocean from the Pacific Ocean around the Cape of Good Hope, proving that the earth is round.
Magellan's outstanding contribution lies not in the voyage around the world itself, but in his bold belief and excellent control of this cause. He was the first person to cross the Pacific Ocean from east to west. It took him more than three months' voyage to change the popular concept at that time: it only takes a few days to reach East India by boat from the New World to the west. The practice of Magellan's fleet sailing around the world proved that the earth is a round body. No matter from west to east or from east to west, there is no doubt that it can go back to its original place once it goes around our planet. This will always be an indelible great feat in human history.