Located on the north bank of the Seine River in the center of Paris, the Louvre is the heart of Paris. Its overall building is U-shaped, covering an area of 24 hectares, with a building area of 4.8 hectares and a total length of 680 meters. It is one of the most famous and largest art treasures in the world, and it is the world-famous art palace and the palace of Wanbao.
The Louvre was built in the13rd century. It was the castle of the French royal family at that time and was used as the treasury and archives. But in 1546, the architect Pierre Lesco rebuilt the Louvre under the entrustment of the king, which made the palace have the style of Renaissance. After that, it experienced many expansions authorized by the royal family. After the turmoil of the French Revolution, the overall construction of the Louvre was completed when it arrived in Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte.
After the "Good King Charlie" built an important library and became famous, Francois I in the16th century began to collect various works of art on a large scale. By the time of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, the Louvre had a very rich collection. By the eve of Louis XIV's death, the Louvre had become a place where paintings and sculptures were often exhibited.
On August 1793 and 10, the Louvre Art Museum officially opened to the public and became a museum. Since then, the collection here has been increasing, not to mention the artistic tribute that Napoleon requisitioned from those conquered countries. In short, there are 400,000 artworks recorded in the collection catalogue of the museum, which are divided into many categories, from the artworks of ancient Egypt, Greece, Etruscan and Rome to the artworks of eastern countries; There are sculptures from the Middle Ages to modern times; There are also an amazing number of royal treasures and paintings. So far, the Louvre has become a world-famous art hall.
The Louvre is a real maze, especially for a foreigner, it is difficult to determine his position in the palace. This huge palace contains countless art treasures, including a large number of works of art from the East. Among the most famous works, there are three broken arms: Venus, Goddess of Victory without a head and Mona Lisa. People who enter Versailles will first see the bronze statue of Louis XIV. More than 500 halls and small halls in the palace are decorated with oil paintings, murals and zenith paintings, all made by famous artists. There are also a large number of sculptures in the palace, and its artistic atmosphere is no less than that of the Louvre.
Second place: British Museum in London.
The British Museum is located in Russell Street, London, which is smaller than the Metropolitan Museum of New York, but its exhibition area is also larger than the Forbidden City. Originally a privately donated library, montague Building was purchased as the former site in 1754 and opened to the public for the first time in 1759. 1823, King George IV of England built the present Romanesque building on the original site of montague Building, and donated many royal collections to become the British Museum today.
The British Museum has a large collection of cultural relics and can be called the World History Museum. Babylonia, India, China and Greece, the cradles of human civilization, have a large number of precious cultural relics. Greek stone carvings, Indian gem ring, Babylonian silverware and China porcelain are dazzling. There are several bodies found thousands of years before Mawangdui, but they are not from England, but from Egypt. More than a dozen mummies on display are only part of the collection. The British Museum has the largest collection of Egyptian cultural relics, especially mummies, outside Egypt.
In particular, the most precious cultural relics in Egypt, stone tablets engraved with ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs and Greek on the front and back, were hidden in the British Museum 4,000 years ago. This is the only piece in the world, and based on it, the hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt have been deciphered, which is called the treasure of the town hall.
Because the British Museum was built earlier, its shape and layout have become the standard model of museums, and later generations are scrambling to follow suit. Two of the exhibits particularly attracted me. First, China porcelain, from the Han and Tang Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, blue and white, Jun porcelain, Tang tricolor, cloisonne, arranged by age and place of origin, has everything, probably the largest China ceramics museum outside China. Indian gem ring is also very eye-catching, with various colors, such as red fire, navy blue, pomegranate red and emerald, and diamonds, spheres, ovals and abnormities of different sizes, which is really wonderful.
The British Museum is also famous for its library, because the British Museum originated from a private library donated by Sir hans sloane, and George IV donated a lot of books when rebuilding the new museum. This is the main place where Marx collected information and wrote his immortal work Das Kapital. Many tourists come to look for the seat where Marx once sat.
Third place: Metropolitan Museum of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of New York is the largest museum in the United States, built in 1880. The whole museum is a building, covering an area of 8 hectares, which is19 of the Forbidden City in Beijing, but the exhibition area is very large, no less than 24 hectares, twice that of the Forbidden City. There are more than 200 galleries alone, with 365,000 pieces of various cultural relics and artworks.
The Metropolitan Museum is backed by new york Central Park and has a quiet environment. However, American creativity is not reflected in architecture. High steps and huge colonnades are as rigid and monotonous as any standard museum. However, the content of the exhibition is rich and colorful, reflecting the American style with sufficient funds and high style. The entire 2460-year-old Egyptian tomb was relocated in the giant glass cover in the hall specially built by the museum, which is amazing and can be described as the treasure of the town hall. The Fashion Museum is also the best in the world, with a collection of/kloc-0.5 million pieces of national costumes from five continents in the past four centuries.
Suzhou Garden in China is also copied in the North Hall on the second floor of the main building of the museum, which may be a typical "cultural transplant". The Xuan Ming, built by skilled craftsmen in Suzhou in September 198 1, is very attractive to the audience. From time to time, tourists ask, "Where is China Garden?" In order to avoid crowding, a special route is provided to enter the park, and the number of people is controlled by regular elevators. There are cornices, carved beams, fish ponds, pavilions, indoor couplets, dusters, square tables and plush chairs in the park. Some American tourists sit in the gazebo with their eyes closed, just like the poets in China. Even the gesture of shaking their heads is "China people", which is ridiculous.
It is thought-provoking that the United States, regarded as the most technologically advanced country, is deeply interested in the ancient architectural art of China. Perhaps because of the short history of the United States, the organizers of the museum are not satisfied with the display of a single exhibit, but make full use of abundant financial resources to create some different styles of environment, which makes people nostalgic. Except for Xuan Ming, the interior furnishings of Britain, France and West from 14 to 18 centuries were arranged according to time and country. Although they are all equally magnificent, French painted roofs, English fireplaces and Spanish-style furniture are still branded with the marks of different times and different nationalities.
The exhibition area of the Metropolitan Museum is huge, but it can hardly be called the pinnacle in art. The most obvious feature is that quite a few works of art are replicas of the works of Rodin, a great French sculptor. Americans' worship of French culture is unexpected. In America, I was told more than once: "You can speak French, and you are a real senior intellectual."
Fourth place: Natural Museum in Sengenburg, Germany
The Sengenburg Museum of Nature, built in Frankfurt, is the largest natural museum in Germany and one of the most famous first-class museums in the world.
1763, the Sengenberg Foundation was established with the legacy of Mr. Sengenberg, a famous German doctor and philanthropist, to promote the development of science. 18 15, Goethe, the greatest German poet and writer, visited the Sengenburg Foundation when he returned to his birthplace in Frankfurt, and put forward the initiative of establishing the Sengenburg Nature Society for the first time. 18 17165438+1on October 22nd, Frankfurt17 citizens spontaneously formed a folk nature research society in Sengenburg, and started various activities with private donations. 18 18, the association began to build a museum. Mr. Bateman donated 3,000 Gulton gold coins once a year, and donated a considerable amount of money to the association every year in the following years. 1883, Mr. Bosch donated a legacy of up to 800,000 marks to the Sengenburg Nature Research Association, which guaranteed his job security for many years. In addition, many people donated many precious private collections as exhibits to the Sengenburg Museum.
For more than 100 years after its establishment, the staff of the Sengenburg Nature Research Association were all voluntary. Only 190 1, 1 people began to receive government subsidies; By 1950, there were only 10 employees receiving government salaries. The development of the Sengenburg Museum is inseparable from the persistent love and selfless dedication of all these staff to natural science. During the Second World War, Germany suffered severe trauma and many cities were bombed into ruins. More than 10 members of the Sengenburg Nature Research Association spontaneously moved the museum's collection into the hiding place, and finally the collection of 100 years was completely preserved, avoiding being destroyed by the war.
At the beginning, the Nature Research Association in Sengenburg had only 17 members. Now, the number of members has grown to 4500. In addition, there are a large number of correspondence members and honorary members, including many world-famous poets, scientists and philosophers, such as Goethe, Darwin, Ye Wei and Hegel. What they are most proud of is that Wei Gena's first academic report on continental drift theory was made at the Sengenburg Natural Museum. The revolutionary role of continental drift theory in geology is as far-reaching as Einstein's theory of relativity in physics.
The Sengenburg Natural Museum has collected millions of animal and plant specimens, paleontological fossils and mineral rock specimens from all over the world, many of which are rare treasures. The exhibits of paleontology are very rich, including all kinds of ancient fish, dinosaurs, ichthyosaurs, pterosaurs, archaeopteryx and mammals. The display in the museum is also very particular. For example, in the elephant exhibition hall, the relationship between the origin and evolution of elephants is reflected through various ancient elephant molar fossils. Then, based on these elephant fossils, the process diagram of the development, dispersion and evolution of elephants on the whole earth is vividly drawn, which gives the audience an intuitive impression. Finally, the skeletons of several elephants and the restored models of the same size are displayed together with the huge skeletons of modern whales, so that the audience can feel the "everything" of various creatures in the biological world.
The Sengenburg Natural Museum not only designed and implemented its own exhibition perfectly, but also set up a special museum education plan. It has become one of the compulsory courses for German primary and secondary school students to receive natural science education in museums. Here, students not only visit, but also answer all kinds of questions raised on the test paper as a result assessment. According to the statistics of 1989, the number of visitors to the Sengenburg Natural Museum reached 300,000 this year, including 45% adults and 55% primary and secondary school students. The Museum of Natural History in Sengenburg has become the first university of natural science.
Fifth place: Austrian Armor Museum
Graz is the second largest city in modern Austria, located on the border between Austria and Hungary. In the Middle Ages, the city was the middle frame, transit station and border defense center of Austria's southward operations, and the Zeughaus (German armory) in the urban area was the armory used by Austria against the Turkish army in the Middle Ages. The building itself was built in 1642, and now it still holds nearly 30,000 pieces of armor and cold weapons. This is a large museum of medieval weapons and armor.
The first floor of the museum is mainly used to store all kinds of light and heavy firearms, some black iron breastplates of infantry and the armor of light cavalry. A large number of muskets are stored on this floor, including matchlock rifles, flintlock rifles, revolver machine guns and so on.
The matchlock gun first appeared in Europe at the beginning of15th century. Stone bullets were fired early, and then graphic lead bullets or iron bullets were fired later. This is a kind of musket, which is filled with ammunition from the muzzle with a wooden stick and then ignited with a matchrope. This kind of musket usually has a caliber less than 23 mm, weighs 8 to 10 kg, and the projectile weighs about 9 grams with a range of 150.
Flintstones did not appear in the17th century. Compared with the flintlock gun, the flintlock gun uses the flintlock gun to ignite the charge, which has the advantages of faster firing rate, small caliber, light weight and small recoil. The diameter of the flintlock gun is about 20 mm, the total weight is 5-5.5 kg when equipped with bayonet, and the projectile weighs 32 grams. The flintlock gun is also the cover of the fire door, and the gunstock has a large curvature.
The second and third floors store the armor of infantry, light cavalry and heavy cavalry. Armor is mainly composed of breastplate, helmet, blade armor, golden armor, face armor and neck armor. The breastplate can protect the soldier's chest and back from cold weapons and firearms. It consists of a chest plate and a back plate, which are connected by a ring buckle and a chain, and the lower part is fastened by a belt. The breastplate sometimes has suppressed patterns or decorative patterns, but usually only officers and nobles have the privilege to carve patterns on the breastplate, and the number of patterns and decorative patterns depends on the class. The breastplate weighs about 6 to 10 kg and is 1 3 mm thick.
The fourth floor is mainly for storing cold weapons. Except for some spoils left on the battlefield by the Turkish army in previous battles, the rest are cold weapons made in Austria.
Cold weapons are generally simple in structure and are usually used in hand-to-hand combat. According to its use characteristics, it can be divided into strike weapons, such as mace and meteor hammer. Assassination weapons, such as swords, spears, spears and bayonets. Chop weapons, such as tomahawk, graupel and sickle. And saber, halberd, saber and other dual-purpose stabbing or stabbing weapons.
Sixth place: Vatican Museum.
Vatican Museum is the earliest museum in the world, which was formed at the end of the 5th century. 113 of the Palace Museum, with a total area of 5.5 hectares, was expanded simultaneously with St. Peter's Cathedral in the 6th century, and the exhibition area was similar to that of the Palace Museum. It is divided into 12 museum and 5 art galleries, including roof garden. Vatican Museum is a European palace-style building. The interior is connected into a whole, zigzag and unfathomable. French windows have good lighting, and the continuous painting of the ceiling and painted walls, although extremely gorgeous, gives people a sense of oppression. Like the Forbidden City, the Vatican Museum is divided into four roads, A, B, C and D, with clear veins, which is very convenient for new visitors. The rooftop garden is a must-see for the Vatican Museum. Not only does it cover a large area, but there are flowers everywhere, sweeping away the depressing atmosphere of the museum. Tired of walking, you can also go to the spacious roof garden and look around Rome, which is pleasing to the eye.
As far as collection is concerned, the Vatican Museum is rich and colorful. With the help of Catholic churches all over the world, the Holy See collects treasures from all over the world, and its power is no less than the colonial rule of the British Empire. The difference is that the Vatican is more interested in treasures than cultural relics. The Vatican Museum in Rome is deeply influenced by the artistic tradition of ancient Rome, so it is necessary to collect sculptures. The figure sculptures are lifelike and have different spirits. Before the era without human anatomy, the artist's hands not only gave it a cold marble human figure, but also gave it the feeling and strength of life and the thoughts that could not be expressed in words, which made people gasp in admiration. There is also a room in the museum, where dozens of stone carvings of lions, tigers, elephants, snakes and other animals are concentrated, just like a stone zoo, which has a unique flavor.
The Sistine Chapel and Raphael Studio are the treasures of the Vatican Museum. Michelangelo and Raphael, the three great Renaissance painters, have contributed nearly 65,438+00 years to the Vatican Museum, so the Renaissance collection, which is called the source of modernization in the west, is a must in the world. Among them, the world-famous dome painting Genesis and the giant mural of the Sistine Chapel The Last Judgment are all adapted from religious stories and written by Michelangelo. Raphael painted murals for the Vatican in 1508- 15 18 and established his own studio, which is called "the establishment and consolidation of religious power". Among them, the debate of Greek philosophers and the description of great philosophers Socrates, Plato and great mathematician Euclid by Athens Academy are the best.
Amazingly, the title of Raphael's painting is "the establishment and consolidation of religious power", but by reviving the contents and techniques of ancient Greek art, he emphasized science and allowed different opinions to be expressed, while showing the spirit of letting a hundred flowers blossom, which fundamentally destroyed religious power. This is really the greatest irony. It seems that no force can stop the direction of advanced science and culture. It stipulates the creative topic of promoting religious rights, but it cannot limit its expression. On the contrary, it is really a car to question the creativity of religious rights, and it has been passed down as a laughing stock through the ages.
I think the sculptures in Rome and Vatican are amazing, but when I arrived in Florence, I had to "sigh" again. Is Rome's sculpture the best or Florence's? Is Michelangelo's sculpture "the best"? Or Piafidi's "best" sculpture?
Seventh place: Kyoto National Museum.
Kyoto National Museum is a French Renaissance-style museum built in the middle of Meiji. The main building of Kyoto National Museum is mainly used to hold various special exhibitions. There are about 65438+100000 precious cultural relics in the museum. The contents will be changed regularly and a permanent exhibition will be held in the new museum.
Because of its special historical value, the brick building of Kyoto National Museum is also listed as an important national cultural relic in Japan.
Eighth place: Royal Malaysian Armed Forces History Museum
The Royal Malaysian Armed Forces History Museum consists of several single-storey barracks, divided into five exhibition halls with different themes, among which, one is the Pacific War, the other is the Malayan Civil War, the third is the famous record, the fourth is the list of heroes, and the fifth is the United Nations peacekeeping operation.
The first museum is the essence of the museum. There are two pavilions outside the entrance, one of which contains a general armored reconnaissance vehicle used by the British army during World War II. The other is Malaya? What was the name of Wang Guogang when it became independent? The Daimler reconnaissance vehicle used during the Civil War was an armored vehicle commonly used by the British army during World War II. There is also the military emblem of the Royal Malayan Army on the turret, which is very eye-catching.
The Pacific War is a painful memory of the Malaysian people. When the Japanese army landed along the narrow zhina-Malaya corridor in Songkhla Bay, Thailand, it took only two months and seven days to defeat the allied forces, mainly British, Australian and Indian troops, and occupied the entire Malay Peninsula. An array of museums is the historical relics of this period, including the road map of Japanese operations, the descriptions of several major battles and the battle sequence of British Malaya operations, the light equipment and military uniforms represented by Japanese and allied forces, and the combat records of Malaya Infantry Brigade. The most noteworthy is the war history of the Fall of Malaya and the Surrender of Singapore.
The second hall mainly describes the contents of Malaysia 12 Civil War from1June 6 to1July 960.
The records of the famous generals of the three museums are all aimed at the chiefs of staff of Malaysia over the years, drawing portraits, collecting military uniforms and medals, and describing their affairs for future generations to pay tribute to.
The hero lists of four museums recorded and preserved the heroic deeds of Malaysian soldiers during World War II and supported the United Nations peace mission. During World War II, the British Malaya Command, which fought in the Malay Peninsula, had two Malay infantry brigades, 1 Indian Army, 1 Indian Infantry Brigade, 1 Australian Division and other British infantry regiments. During this period, * * * produced three Malaysian war heroes.
Five exhibition halls display equipment and materials related to peacekeeping. In the 50 years since the end of World War II, the Communist Party of Malaysia has sent nearly 3,200 troops to participate in peace missions such as Congo, Iran-Iraq War, Namibia, Gulf War, Mozambique and Cambodia. The most recent one was in Kosovo, where Malaysia sent a battalion-level peace force at the request of the United Nations.
Ninth place: Palace Museum.
Located in the center of Beijing, the Palace Museum was founded in June 1925+ 10/0, which is the largest comprehensive museum in China.
The Forbidden City was built in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1420), covering an area of 720,000 square meters, with a building area of160,000 square meters and more than 9,000 palace buildings. It is the largest and most complete ancient palace complex in China and even the world. Taking Ganqingmen Square as the boundary, it is divided into two parts: the former dynasty was centered on the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe and the Hall of Baohe, supplemented by the Hall of Wenhua and the Hall of Wuying, which was the place where the emperor held major ceremonies; The back bedroom is centered on Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace and Jiaotai Palace, supplemented by six palaces in the East and West. It is the place where the emperor and his concubine live. The emperor handles daily affairs.
In Ming and Qing dynasties, 24 emperors lived here and exercised the supreme sovereignty of the country. 196 1 was announced by the State Council as the first batch of "national key cultural relics protection units", and 1987 was included in the World Heritage List by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
The Palace Museum was established on the basis of palaces and their collections in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is a comprehensive national museum with palace history, palace architecture and ancient artworks as its main contents. There are nearly one million pieces of cultural relics in the existing collection, most of which are historical and artistic treasures. The exhibitions in the Forbidden City can be divided into two categories: "Palace Historical Relics Exhibition" and "Past Dynasties Exhibition".
The former is mainly the Hall of Supreme Harmony, the Hall of Zhonghe, the Hall of Baohe, the Gan Qing Palace, the Royal Garden and the hall of mental cultivation and Palace of Gathered Elegance Palace in the West Road. The latter is located in two palaces in the Middle Road and palaces in the Winter Road, such as ceramics museum, Bronze Museum and Painting Museum, which shows the splendid ancient civilization of our country. Ceramics museum is a "general history exhibition of ceramics", with more than 400 pieces of exquisite ceramics from different times on display. Bronze wares exhibited bronze representative objects from Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period, which reflected the basic features of bronze culture in China. The gallery is mainly devoted to special exhibitions, taking turns to exhibit the fine paintings in the collection.
Tenth place: Elmy Tashi Museum (Winter Palace)
The Winter Palace is a famous imperial palace in Russia and one of the largest and oldest museums in the world. This palace was designed by the famous architect Rastrelli. This palace, like other famous palaces in human history, has been plagued by disasters since its completion. The Winter Palace was built between 1754 and 1762, burned by fire in 1837, rebuilt between 1838 and 1839, and was destroyed again during World War II. It was carefully restored after the war. The palace has three floors, about 230m long,140m wide and 22m high. It is a closed rectangle with an area of 90,000 square meters and a building area of more than 46,000 square meters. The four sides of the Winter Palace have their own characteristics, but the interior design and decoration style are strictly unified. There is an inner courtyard in the quadrangle palace, which faces the Palace Square, the Naval Command and neva river on three sides, and is connected with the Little Hermitage Palace on the fourth side.
On the side facing the Winter Palace Square, the center is slightly prominent, with three arched iron gates and a group of Atlas colossus at the entrance. There are two rows of colonnades around the Winter Palace, which are magnificent. The palace is beautifully decorated, and many halls are decorated with Russian gems-malachite, jasper and agate products. For example, the malachite hall used 2 tons of malachite, and the parquet floor used 9 weights of precious wood. Ermita Day is the largest and most distinctive baroque building in St Petersburg. Its integrity and brilliance are impressive, and its decoration is rich. The decorative frame and relief decoration on the window give people strength, the columns are arranged regularly, and the wall is matched with white and green, which makes the dragon look varied and lifelike. 19 17 Before February, the Winter Palace was always the palace of the tsar, and was later occupied by the bourgeois provisional government. 1917165438+1October 7 (65438+1October 25), the uprising people captured the Winter Palace. After the October Revolution, the original official residence and the whole Winter Palace were placed in Tashi, Elmy, and the Elmi National Tashi Museum was formally established on 1922, and the Winter Palace became a part of the museum. The surface of the Winter Palace of 1946 is painted with the original sapphire color.
Tashi Museum in Elmy (Winter Palace) is one of the four largest museums in the world, along with the Louvre, the British Museum in London and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.. The museum was originally the private museum of Queen Catherine II. 1764, Catherine II bought 250 paintings by Rembrandt and Rubens from Berlin and deposited them in the Elmy Tower in the Winter Palace (which means "hidden palace" in French), hence the name of the museum.
The museum now includes five buildings: Winter Palace, Tashi in Elmy, Tashi in old Elmy, Tashi Theatre in Elmy and Tashi in new Elmy. At present, the museum is divided into eight parts: Primitive Culture Department, Ancient Greece and Rome Department, Oriental Ethnic Culture Department, Russian Cultural History Department, Ancient Coin Department, Western European Art Department, Science Education Department engaged in tour guide work and Works Restoration Department. There are more than 2.7 million pieces in the eight departments, including prehistoric culture and Egyptian art collections, as well as a large number of oil paintings and sculptures from Italy, Spain, Germany, Britain, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands and France.
Among them, there are 6,543,800 paintings, 6,543,800 sculptures, 600,000 line drawings, 6,543,800 coins and badges, and 224,000 ancient furniture, porcelain, gold and silver products, precious stones and ivory handicrafts. These handicrafts are displayed in more than 350 exhibition halls, such as Picasso's three-dimensional painting exhibition hall, Italian and French painters exhibition hall, Russian clothing exhibition hall and so on. All the exhibition halls have their own characteristics, the most striking of which is the exhibition hall of Peter the Great, where a large number of articles for Peter the Great are displayed, many of which are made by himself. In a glass cabinet in the exhibition hall, there is a wax figure of Peter the Great, and his hair is the real hair of Peter the Great himself. There is a wooden pole next to the portrait, and a line is engraved on the top of the wooden pole, which is more than two meters high, indicating that Peter the Great is more than two meters tall. Like the Forbidden City in China, the collection is extremely rich, so if tourists want to visit all the exhibition halls, I'm afraid it will take less than a month.