Landscape architecture is a subject that studies how to make rational use of natural and social factors to create a beautiful and ecologically balanced human living environment. To pursue its roots is to serve people. Therefore, the primary problem of landscape design is to solve the relationship between man and environment and create a safe, comfortable, pleasant and beautiful environment from two aspects of human physiology and psychology. If we don't understand the characteristics and laws of people's psychological behavior in different environments, we can't grasp the relationship between various elements in landscape design scientifically and artistically, and we can't create a space environment that meets people's needs.
Environmental psychology is a discipline that studies the relationship between environment and human behavior, focusing on the optimization of people and environment from the perspective of psychology and behavior. Insist on "people-oriented" between man and environment, and study problems from the psychological characteristics of man, so as to have a deeper understanding of the relationship between man and environment and the design of modern garden space.
2 the application of environmental psychology in landscape design
According to the basic theory of environmental psychology, we can understand people's behavior and psychological laws in the landscape environment, explore the rationality and scientificity of garden space design, and fundamentally reflect the guiding ideology of "people-oriented" design.
2. 1 personal space
Everyone is surrounded by an invisible personal space bubble. Personal space is like an invisible bubble around the human body. The part above the waist is cylindrical and gradually tapers to a cone from the waist down. This bubble moves with the movement of human body, and expands and contracts according to different situations perceived by individuals, which is the minimum space range that individuals need psychologically. The invasion and interference of others in this space will cause personal anxiety and uneasiness.
Personal space is mainly used for the design of round chairs in public places. In order to maintain personal space in landscape space, people like to sit in corners or places with obvious boundaries, so protruding or recessed corners, such as L-shaped benches and L-shaped flower ponds, especially attract people to sit down and have a rest or talk face to face. At the same time, movable seats can be flexibly arranged in groups, which is beneficial to group communication and is especially favored by users.
2.2 Interpersonal distance
There are four kinds of distances people can keep in their communication: short distance (0~0.45m), personal distance (0.45~ 1.2m), social distance (1.2~3.6m) and public distance (above 3.6~8m). Different kinds of interpersonal distance have different sensory reactions and behavioral characteristics, reflecting people's different psychological needs in communication.
Garden space is a public place, and communication activities often occur between people who don't know each other. The design of space environment should not only ensure communication, but also not infringe on personal space needs too much to avoid anxiety caused by crowding. Therefore, interpersonal distance can be used as the basis for the layout of garden sketches. It is important that the landscape environment design of the rest area should ensure that everyone has a space range of R & gt60cm. The facilities used for conversation should meet the requirements of long personal distance to short social distance; Public distance can be used as the minimum interval for "watching calmly"-especially for the elderly and women, who prefer to watch other people's activities from this distance. The study of interpersonal distance also shows that people have various needs for communication in landscape space, so the scale and arrangement of seats must be varied.
2.3 Territoriality
Territorial space is the fixed territory of individuals or groups. In the garden space, some places will be repeatedly occupied by some people, and may be defaulted as domain space. When outsiders invade, people will have a defensive reaction.
The formation of domain is helpful to promote the collectivity of active people, and landscape design may wish to use it to design its own use space for all kinds of people. The key to design lies in defining boundaries and regional differences. Spatial boundaries can remind users to understand the scope of their own areas, so as to ensure that activities of the same nature are carried out in this area and reduce unnecessary interference.
2.4 Privacy
People's choice of private space can be manifested as solitude, hoping to dominate the environment according to their own wishes, or several people are close to each other and don't want to be disturbed by others. Garden space is public, but it often accommodates private activities. Under appropriate circumstances, the rest area in the garden space is usually used for intimate conversation. Starting from this demand of people, garden space should provide a private area where people can concentrate and not be disturbed. This means of spatial separation is not necessarily closed, but also semi-closed and open. The advantage of semi-enclosed is that it has line of sight communication with the outside world, but the space form is still relatively closed, and no one can rush in, which is very restrictive. Open vision is clear and the sense of limitation is weak. Space can be defined by height difference or ground material division, but at least one side (preferably the back) is closed so that people will not be too distracted.
2.5 sense of security
According to Maslow's "hierarchy of needs", security needs are the basic natural needs second only to physiological needs. Subconsciously, people tend to hide themselves and face the public to make themselves in a safer position. We have all had this experience: on a garden bridge or platform without guardrails, although the area is large enough, it often feels unsafe. In the same way, we will feel fear in too high an empty space, so we would rather choose a smaller space for safety.
Research shows that the place behind the garden space is more popular with people. However, the people staying in the space are not evenly distributed, and there are often more people staying in walls, corners, pavilions, trees and other places, which reflects people's demand for safety and dependence. So we can arrange more seats in this place.
2.6 Seeing and being seen
People look at people, which is active or indirect contact between people. Its object of action is not limited, it can be a familiar person or a stranger. Usually, people like to watch other people's activities. When you look at others, quite a few people who are observed are also looking at you. Some people are also interested in being seen by others. This is the externalization of personal self-esteem, and the satisfaction of self-worth identification is obtained through "performance" in front of others. Both the viewer and the observed will get their own satisfaction. People who like to watch people generally choose seats with obstacles in the back and frequent activities in the front; People who like to be seen generally choose to be active in the center of the venue.
Landscape design should purposefully design some places that can meet the needs of seeing and being seen. Sunken plaza is a typical space, where activities can be carried out to satisfy the psychology of being watched, and the steps of the square and the surrounding seats can satisfy the psychology of watching.
2.7 Shortcut behavior
The desire to take shortcuts is persistent. If there are not enough obstacles between the starting point and the end point, pedestrians are likely to cut corners. Garden design does not pay attention to this kind of behavior of people. Once this happens, the damage to the garden landscape is very serious. Therefore, landscape design should pay attention to guiding the flow of people: the hard ground of the square can be divided into greening and guiding the pedestrian line; Grassland can deliberately pave several paths with beautiful composition and practical needs.
2.8 phototaxis behavior
In the landscape environment, people always like to move or rest in the light space at night. Therefore, we should pay attention to the layout and selection of lighting in activity places and communication places. The activity square can choose high-intensity spotlights to cooperate with the courtyard; In some small static spaces, it is more appropriate to choose garden lights with moderate light intensity.
3. The influence of environmental psychology on landscape design research
The application of environmental psychology in landscape design has stimulated the new research direction of landscape design, promoted the care of landscape design for people, realized the optimization of design environment, and provided design theory and basis for many detailed designs. The research results can be directly applied to landscape design and have an effective impact. At present, landscape design research based on environmental psychology is mainly reflected in the following aspects.
3. 1 Study on the Relationship between Landscape Environment and Behavior
Landscape environment can induce users' behavior to some extent. According to the stimulus behavior curve, if the stimulus to the garden landscape is not enough, it will be impossible to mobilize the enthusiasm of users; If the stimulation is excessive, the user can't concentrate. Only the best stimulating environment can attract users the most.
Landscape design should gradually explore how complex the landscape environment is, in order to maximize the enthusiasm of users and make the best use of it. The night view design of urban open green space can stimulate users to use green space. At present, the research on this part has not risen to the quantitative level, but is analyzed, summarized and summarized on the basis of case studies.
3.2 Landscape environmental cognitive research
When different spatial types of gardens are perceived as certain environmental types, they will remain in people's minds in the form of environmental images and form memories. Landscape cognition focuses on users' understanding and exploration of the garden environment, as well as the cognitive model of the garden physical environment, and summarizes users' environmental perception laws of the real garden environment, such as the landscape spatial form, garden entrance, symbolic garden buildings or sketches, images and meanings of scenic spots and important activity places, cognitive maps and exploration in specific spatial environment, and emphasizes the easy identification of environmental characteristics. This will be beneficial to designers in many aspects, such as the recognizable design of garden environment, the arrangement of entrance location and garden road organization, and the arrangement of symbolic and guiding sketch facilities. At the same time, it will also provide practical guarantee for users to use garden facilities conveniently, appreciate garden landscape and strengthen their sense of control over garden environment.
3.3 Research on Landscape Environment Utilization
This paper mainly discusses the use of landscape environment by people of different ages, occupations and genders. Nowadays, landscape designers usually design spaces for different groups of people based on personal experience and subjective judgment, so the suitability of the designed landscape environment is uncertain. Therefore, study the activity needs and psychology of different groups of people, find out their needs and behavior patterns, and lay the foundation for designing the most suitable venues for different users in the future. This study is first carried out in the landscape design of children's activity area. With China's stepping into the elderly society, there are many explorations on the psychology, activities and landscape utilization of the elderly, but the research on the landscape utilization of other people needs to be strengthened.
3.4 Study on Landscape Environmental Assessment
Generally, landscape preference evaluation research is carried out. Based on the theory of environmental cognition, taking landscape form as the main evaluation object, this paper discusses the degree of individual or group's like or dislike of environmental state. The purpose of landscape preference evaluation is to understand the results of people's perception of landscape, so as to evaluate the quality of landscape. The concept of landscape preference evaluation was put forward earlier, and many evaluation methods were used, which are still being improved. However, due to the complex factors affecting landscape preference, different time, different spatial location, different viewers and different personal perceptions may change the final evaluation of landscape, and a recognized comprehensive and systematic evaluation system has not yet been formed.
3.5 Study human behavior and feelings in the environment.
In recent years, a lot of research has been done in this area, involving a variety of landscape types, with the square being the most. Generally speaking, evaluating use satisfaction, emphasizing application, and paying attention to analyzing and solving problems are important components of landscape environment-behavior research. The evaluation of garden use satisfaction is based on the post-use evaluation (POE) method, taking various functional facilities such as amusement parks, fitness rest places, garden buildings, rest chairs and so on in the garden as the evaluation object, taking the use experience of garden users as the evaluation standard, understanding the user's use behavior phenomenon through observation and questionnaire survey, analyzing and counting users' subjective opinions and use behavior patterns, so as to find out the problems existing in the use function of garden environment 15 1. This method is suitable for small-scale landscape environment research, but it can only be carried out in blocks for large-scale environment, and it is still difficult to evaluate large-scale landscape environment effectively at the same time.
4 conclusion
Modern landscape design should actively explore the application of environmental psychology in landscape design, so as to design a safe, practical and pleasant landscape environment that takes both public and private into account, meet the various needs of users, and truly embody the people-oriented design concept.
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