In Sir Wong Kar-wai's film In the Mood for Love, Nat King Cole, an old jazz singer, suddenly charmed the audience in China. At Pearl Harbor, it was Jazz who gave the air force boys a warm scene to get together with the nurses before going out to war. There are also the sad songs "Time in Casablanca" and "I See Your Face" sung by male singer Johnny Hartmann in "The Bridges of Madison County", and the song "Breeze" sung by Diana Washington with strong blues. In Sleepless in Seattle, louis armstrong's famous jazz song Makin'Mhoopee, American singer Bennett's What You Look Like Tonight in The Bride Is Not Me, Nicolas Cage's Love in new york, Billie Holiday's They Can't Take That Away from Me and Coppola's Cotton Club. In this multicultural music era, jazz elements are increasingly adopted, including pop music, rock music, classical music and Hip-pop which is popular all over the world. Radio conductor's new work KID A, kenneth gorelick saxophone, Dou Wei translation band, Junko's new album ... The music is there ... and Ding Wei's broken-winged butterfly ... In fact, the unique charm of jazz has been familiar and loved by more and more people. What is jazz? Simply put, jazz is a kind of mixed music. We can find American folk songs, black soul music and grievances, as well as various village rhymes. This "cocktail" music has a history of only one hundred years from its origin to now.
The background culture of the origin of jazz (1) The origin of jazz in Africa comes from black music, and the hometown of black music is African music. In African culture, music is based on a complete understanding of life. It is ubiquitous and full of everything, serving not only religion, but also all aspects of life, including birth, illness, work and entertainment. Africa, a continent full of primitive wildness, is the most prominent and important factor in its music. The drums of the aborigines naturally give birth to the rhythm of flame-like jumping under the scorching sun. As a result, this rhythm has become the core of African music, and its unique vitality and strong appeal have made everyone in the world deeply feel the dynamic impact from Africa. African music tradition is "oral", without records and conventions, but with local flavor. Oral tradition produces flexibility and creativity. Rhythm lyrics change with the mood of the lead singer. The lead singer (often) makes up new words and tunes in the performance, which is the meaning of "improvisation", that is, artists use their brains (and hearts) to create. Another outstanding feature of African music is the change of rhythm in performance. Usually the onset is delayed and the syllables are randomly aggravated. From18th century to19th century, the slave trade flourished, and many blacks from all corners of Africa were sold to America, most of whom served as slaves. The heritage of black music culture was seriously damaged by white colonists. Under the oppression of slavery, they tenaciously maintained their own culture. Like dance, music, myths and religious ceremonies, the trend of "freely modifying" words, rhythms and styles is becoming more and more obvious. This is the most precious thing in their national culture. After being handed down from generation to generation, its core part has finally been preserved. After the liberation of slaves, these traditional cultures have made new development, and even finally put a special mark on the dominant white music culture. (2) The tolerant cultural atmosphere The traditional rhythm and improvisation in African music are the roots of black music. Before black music completely influenced American mainstream music, American white music did not pay attention to melody. Besides, African music is more than just rhythm. Authentic African music attaches at least as much importance to melody as rhythm. The special position of rhythm in American black music is related to the early white slave owners forbidding black people to sing and play the piano. Black music was greatly restricted when it first arrived in the United States, but there was always room for music from Africa. New Orleans is in such a political position. So it is decided that it must become the birthplace of jazz. From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, New Orleans was probably the least Americanized city in America. It is located 80 miles from the mouth of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico. It combines the cultures of Spain, France, Nova Scotia and Africa, and its atmosphere is very open, inclusive, free and warm. New Orleans played a key role in the birth and development of jazz. Throughout the18th century, New Orleans was a unique "three noes" free zone: France and Spain transferred New Orleans, and the state was so separated from the governor that the colonists seemed to be absent from time to time until 1803, when it was bought by the US government for $7 million. The rule of France and Spain is weak here. Many African blacks fled to New Orleans from slave owners in the southern United States and Caribbean islands to enjoy superiority and uniqueness? Quot As a "free black man", there are no restrictions on job hunting, further education, communication with local whites, marriage and so on. Because intermarriage is very common, their descendants have formed a dominant class "Creoles" here (one parent is African and the other is Spanish or French). /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Creoles enjoyed almost the same social status as whites. At the end of 18 and the beginning of 19, the French who ruled New Orleans always attached importance to music, especially keen on music festivals and art festivals. Businessmen and professionals from France and Spain brought pianos, violins, trumpets and other musical instruments from their old countries so that they could continue to enjoy the music of Bach, Mozart and Schubert when they came to New Orleans. Businessmen are well-off, educated, influenced by European music works, familiar with musical instruments and preserving traditions have become a custom. Later, local people (Africans and Creoles) freely interacted with them and were influenced by their music art. Rich people sent talented Creoles to European music schools, but they accepted authentic black music when they were young. So at the end of 19, a large number of black and Creole musicians were singing operas and playing strings, giving cultural encouragement to their patrons and themselves. Most of the West Side are poor blacks, but the musicians among them don't even know music. In this case, two different music groups appeared in New Orleans. One is "sitting in a band" and performing in the downtown area. The other is an "impromptu band", which generally roams the streets. 1894, this pattern suddenly changed dramatically. The government promulgated the "apartheid policy" to reduce all blacks and Creoles to colored people and isolate them. The decline in status caused great dissatisfaction among Creoles, which objectively narrowed the distance between them and the local blacks. As a result, Creoles with good music education and black musicians sat together to study and discuss music, which made Creoles give up the beautiful and soothing European music and deliberately lengthen it to protest against discrimination. New Orleans had great social freedom earlier, and several different cultural traditions were freely integrated. People from different countries used to be free to associate and marry, and their own music was also integrated into New Orleans music, becoming a mixed music different from the mainstream music tradition in the United States.
Second, the direct origin of jazz (1) Blues and blues music is a musical style created by blacks living in the United States in a difficult life. It originated in the Mississippi River Delta and in the early 20th century. 1865, the American Civil War ended, and former slaves were freed. Most of them are illiterate, and their lives are still poor. They only listen to the music grown in their hometown to amuse themselves, such as labor songs and agricultural songs sung when picking cotton or building roads. Religious music is one of the important media of early musical contact between blacks and whites in the southern United States, which influenced blacks musically and formed black hymns. In the church, black priests borrowed from the British practice in religious gatherings, that is, they used a technique called "lead singing" to recite two or three lines of hymns repeatedly to solve people's illiteracy problem. At first, this kind of music was completely recited by human voice, with few instruments accompanying it. Later, this kind of music (at least for Europeans) gradually became very formal, carefully recorded and played regularly. Religious blacks (who often don't know metaphysics, theology and saints) also play music, but it is far below the expectations of priests. There are many African musical terms in the hymns of black churches (such serious music). The priest also changed the lead singer of West African music, which was full of vitality, gripping and unique. Chanting, lengthening and changing syllables and patterns in response to chorus, together with shouting and emotional generation, are all unique supplements provided by blacks to God. In the second half of the19th century, the style of black music developed rapidly, and it was also influenced by African music and traditional music brought by white Americans from Europe. The combination of labor songs and black hymns formed a unique style of black folk songs, and blues music also came into being. Bruce was mainly a vocal narrative at first, and then accompanied by musical instruments. It is mainly accompanied by a single piece of music such as guitar or banjo, and the instrumental melody alternates with the singer. It has obvious rhythm characteristics and retains the characteristics of collective improvisation. In the 1920s, Bruce rose gradually with his unique lyrics, harmonious rhythm and melancholy melody. Blues music contains a lot of poetic language, repeated over and over again, and then ends with a decisive line. Melody is based on chords, with I, IV and V as the main chords and 12 as the mode. In the melody, the third, fifth and seventh notes on the main theme are lowered by a semitone, which makes people feel bittersweet and sad. As a form of music, blues seems simple, but in fact it can change almost infinitely. It has always been an important part of any kind of jazz and has successfully maintained its own independent existence. Can you say that? I'm afraid I can play drums, but I don't know what I'm doing. Br> blues is produced to express the singer's personal feelings, which provides musicians with an opportunity to express themselves; Their love, their hate, their attitude towards work and so on. The famous blues singer Brown Marks once said, "I never use my imagination to write music. The blues is not a dream, but a reality. " Bruce itself is a state of mind, music of ordinary people, and music from life. And its content includes a lot, which is the most true reflection; Resistance to injustice, longing for beauty and love, frustration after setbacks, emotional catharsis; At the same time, humor, self-deprecation, and sometimes even a tearful smile. (2) Ragtime REGTIME music itself has no color discrimination. Bards are all white at first. They painted their faces black, imitating and distorting the singing of black musicians. Poor white musicians in the countryside often play European folk songs and immigrant music unique to French-speaking Louisiana. After the end of the civil war, soldiers were demobilized and returned to their hometowns, and they had military music at a very low price. The growth of instrumental music means the maturity of black music. When black Americans moved to cities such as Memphis and New Orleans to work, blues gradually became a more urbanized phenomenon. 1900, due to the mutual integration and infiltration of music, the so-called "New Orleans School" music was formed in New Orleans, which was called "the music of the broken times". As mentioned above, many black and Creole musicians are extremely talented. They play European classical music and folk songs with superb skills. At that time, these musicians played in brothels and pubs for a group of people with little musical literacy. In a drunken atmosphere, they began to modify their own tracks and even create their own. Pianists can play freely and deviate from the fixed format at will. They did it almost out of revenge. Due to the long performance time (from night to early morning), it is conceivable that these rambling artists are tired of strict music standards and begin to create new and interesting rhythm formats. The "brothel" pianist developed two modes-"syncopation" and "improvisation", which are the symbols of "music of the times". At the beginning of the 20th century, "Ragged Times Music" showed the main style of strict New Orleans jazz predecessor music. "Ragged Times Music" began to be clearly defined as a unique piano playing style. It is very complicated, with rigorous rhythm, and embellished with "classical music". However, in the hands of black people and Creole pianists at the bottom, the strict beat in classical music is disrupted or even completely collapsed, which seems to be a bit of a prank, hence the name "Ragtime". The golden age of Ragtime was probably from 1898 to 1908, but the time span was actually very large and its influence was endless.
Third, the development of jazz The early jazz (1900- 19 17) was an AABA pop song with 32 bars and 4 phrases. A ragtime tune with four bars and two tones; And 12 summarized instrumental blues tunes. The harmony rhythm of ragtime music is often faster than the other two. The harmony rhythm of blues music is the slowest, but its solo melody line has more tone sandhi, different starting sounds and many pitch changes. Early jazz bands had an average of eight musicians. Two instruments were added to the fixed form of New Orleans jazz band. Sometimes trumpet and rhythm instruments are added, and sometimes violin is added as the protagonist. In the performance, not only the soloist, but also every member of the band has to improvise. Their spontaneous mutual humility and cooperation are only limited by the chord progression structure. At the beginning of the 20th century, this new sound could be heard by any audience below, and it was "jazz". 19 17, the word "jazz" first appeared in people's lives; This year is recognized as "the first year of jazz". Since then, jazz, a black classical music, has gradually influenced the whole modern pop music world. At that time, jazz music was more of a dance accompaniment music, and it had not yet formed a good theory and entered the elegant hall. However, with the passage of time, jazz musicians have constantly explored and innovated themselves, formed a whole set of jazz music theories, created more than a dozen types and styles of jazz music, and gradually became the mainstream music in the world music hall. Even a prophet said, "in the next 50 years, concerts will undergo more radical changes, which can be roughly divided into two categories: non-improvisation and improvisation, the latter being represented by jazz music." There is always one group overthrowing another group and making jazz full of vitality. At the beginning of the 20th century, jazz was still a regional music form in New Orleans until the First World War. In the 1920s, it was called "Jazz Age" because of the popularity of jazz, and the collective improvisation of a famous southern jazz band composed entirely of white people was all the rage. The appearance of Creole jazz band and its soul cornet player louis armstrong, a model of New Orleans jazz, rewritten jazz, and the collective ensemble began to transition to solo form. In 1930s and 1940s, jazz, led by clarinet player Benny Goodman, entered the "big band era", also known as the "swing era". During this period, jazz became the mainstream of pop music, with dance as its main function? Quot Swing music is very popular. Swing music broke the original band organization, it increased the number of bands to twenty or thirty, and divided the bands into saxophone and saxophone. What is the rank? Dysprosium yo m, a female rice bran seed? What's the matter with you? The door is divided? Huang zhong? Quot blues ",to create a" classic blues ". In the mid-forties, swing music began to lack originality in music, and sometimes it lost its artistic personality in order to please the white audience. Therefore, Sir Bibop, represented by saxophonist Charlie Parker, can be described as a crazy period of jazz. Jazz musicians broke through the shackles of "swing music" and created "Bibop" jazz, which ignored melody and pursued superb improvisation based on complex chord expression. Jazz is no longer suitable for dancing, but has evolved into artistic music and withdrawn from the popular stage. At the same time, various forms of jazz continued to develop, "Dixieland" revived, and jazz received unprecedented attention. In 1950s and 1960s, jazz entered a period of free creation, which was called "Bipopo" and "Cool". Bipopo jazz became the mainstream of jazz, but at the same time it emphasized the soothing tone and the arrangement of "cold jazz", also known as "cool", which rose on the west coast and reached its peak in the mid-1950s. However, another kind of "hard than popular" that emphasizes the creation of soul songs has surpassed "hard than popular" in influence. Subsequently, the atonal "free jazz", which combines African primitive music and European modernism elements, really promoted the progress of jazz and left an impression on the audience. In the 1960s, "free jazz" reached its peak. The successive emergence of "pop", "Bibopop", "cool" and "liberal" schools paved the way for the further "evolution, experiment and imagination" of modern music. So where should jazz go? This is the second concept in "negation-innovation"-innovation. Negation itself means innovation, and innovation means that new phenomena will appear again. Jazz began to spread all over the world after absorbing all the nutrients of American music. However, when it passed through Latin America, this moment added a glorious history to jazz. Latin jazz-the most popular Latin music and the supreme commander of pop music-jazz, collided with a halo spark. Latin music famous for its rhythm is combined with jazz music characterized by its rhythm. So the rhythm of Latin jazz is unmatched by any music. In particular, Bossa Nova of Brazil combined the Latin rhythm mambo with cold jazz, and the colors of percussion instruments were dazzling against the syncopated rhythm. In 1970s and 1980s, jazz entered the era of "fusion jazz". Musicians introduce rock music, rhythm, blues, funk bass and pop music into jazz, and add electronic synthetic instruments to their performances. Jazz began to return to fusion in the 1980s, which was the mainstream, while other musicians went back to the pre-pop era for inspiration, and "new pop" was born. In 1990s, "neoclassicists" created depressed, restrained and economical music, which broke away from the tradition of jazz romanticism. Nowadays, almost every jazz style is active on the stage. Jazz has a strong and lasting vitality. After a hundred years of evolution and integration, it has already broken through the restrictions of race and national boundaries and spread widely around the world. Nowadays, the main stage of jazz has also moved from the United States to Europe, spread all over the world, and become a worldwide music, which has been loved by music lovers all over the world.
There are four schools of jazz, although the modern recording industry sometimes divides jazz into traditional jazz and modern jazz, in which traditional jazz refers to jazz with 4/4 beat marching band playing related works, while modern jazz refers to jazz with bass playing dance music. This distinction sometimes seems beyond doubt. By this standard, it is almost impossible to judge whether Kenny King's music belongs to modern jazz more than Bisir Taylor's. In fact, the two related concepts of tradition and modernity are not accurate in classifying the types of jazz, which causes the problem that some excellent works with both modern and traditional styles cannot be classified, because the development of jazz in the past 100 years is continuous. Various styles and genres also have their interrelationships, which can be generally divided into the following 19 styles:
A representative figure of the style of the times
19 10'- 1920'
Ragtime Carlos Barbosa-Lima Dick Baker Bert Bells
19 10'- 1930'
New Orleans Louis Armstrong Beilby Sonnet Henry "Red" Allen.
1920'- 1930'
Classical (classical jazz) Coleman Hawkins, Fitzvall louis armstrong
1920'- 1930'
Dixieland (Sir Dixieland) Eddie Condombo crosby Charlie Tea Garden
19 15- 1960'
Standard (Mainstream Jazz) bing crosby Didi bridgewater nina simone
1920'- 1940'
Cool Jazz Dave Brubeck Lester Youngstein Gates
1930'- 1940'
The big band Frank Sinatra Benny Goodman Duke Ellington.
1940'- 1960'
Swing earl Bessie Louis Armstrong ella Fitzgerald
1940'
Popper Charles minguez oscar peterson Sonny Rollins
1940'
Latin (Latin Jazz) Tito Puente Ray barreto thelonious monk
1940'-
Brazilian jazz Lisa OnoAzymuthLuiz Bonf
1950'
Avantgarde Cecil Taylor Charlie Haden Max Roach
1950'-
Post Pop Jazz or Mainstream Jazz?
1950'- 1960'
Third stream (third genre jazz)
1950'- 1960'
Hard Bop art blakeyelvin Jones thelonious monk
1960'-
Free Jazz Chick Corea John Coltrannier Coleman
1960'-
Fusion mile Davis Marvin Gaye Wayne is shorter.
1970'-
Cross-border jazz Bill Evans, george benson Quincy Jones
Jazz singer Billie Holiday Ella Fitzgerald george gershwin
Let's introduce several influential jazz styles.
Although New Orleans jazz created an improvisational ensemble, jazz gradually became popular in American society in the 1920s, and the demand for jazz required more dance bands. Swing, if used as an adjective, usually refers to a feeling, a feeling of syncopation in jazz, a feeling of swing, because remake is different from classical music. This feeling is usually one of the criteria to judge whether a piece of music is jazz. Therefore, people sometimes hear that there are not enough things in Keith Jarrett to swing on, or the swings can't swing, and so on. Is to turn the swing into a standard of judgment. In the 1930s, big bands were usually called swing, or translated as swing music, while in the 1930s, they were also called Swing-era. (It is also said that from the mid-1930s to 1946. If jazz was still in its infancy before the 1920s, it was very popular in the 1930s. In the early 1930s, due to the development of popular industries (such as phonograph, radio and records), the town of jazz shifted from Chicago to new york. With the American consumer groups trying to get up from the economic depression after World War I, jazz musicians lost the opportunity to perform alone (or in small groups), but on the other hand, they made the performance style of big bands more popular. After the mid-1930s, the big swing band has become a master of pop music. It was not until the mid-40s that this trend began to recede with the final battle of the second world dominance. During this period, when big rock bands dominated the pop music world, it was usually called the swing era. In this golden age of jazz, the radio played the recording of the big swing band, and the bars, dance halls and other performance places were dominated by big bands. Under the agitation of their music, the American people danced wildly through their economic downturn, labor unrest and world war. Count Bessie's band is an excellent band. In addition to a strong sense of rhythm, there are many famous musicians in his orchestra, including the music and musicians of Count Bessie, and they have also become the outpost of bebop in the future. Some people even think that he is Babel's real father.
Bebop“Bebop "is a radical new music style, which originated from meaningless syllables (or meaningless shouts) made by jazz musicians when practicing or humming instrumental melodies. Pop jazz began to develop gradually in the early forties, and developed rapidly around 1945. Bi Bopu's phrases often come to an abrupt end with a distinctive "long and short" tone pattern, and this rhythm is often hummed as "Libop" or "Bi Bopu". This word first appeared in printed matter as the title of the record recorded by gillespie VI 1945 in new york-"Salted Peanut Bebop". Bebop was developed in the era of swing music. Tenor saxophone musicians Lester Young and Don Bias, pianists Art Tatum and Nat Cole, trumpeter Roy Eldridge, Count Bass's rhythm instrument group, Charlie Parker, thelonious monk, dizzy gillespie, Miles Davis and Bud Powell. Bebop music is usually played by a small jazz band composed of 3 to 6 people. They don't use music scores, which is the criterion they use to resist the use of adapted music scores in swing music. The procedure of playing is to play the melody completely once (twice if it is 12 bar blues), followed by several impromptu solo refrain, accompanied by rhythm groups (usually piano, double bass and drum), and then repeat the melody of the first refrain to end the whole song. The rhythm group repeats the harmony sound pattern of the whole song from beginning to end (including the changing sound pattern) to maintain the structure of the music.
In the late 1940s and 1950s, cool jazz evolved directly from Jinbo jazz. This music style basically combines some neglected and abandoned features of pop jazz and swing music. Discordant sounds become smooth and natural, the tunes are softer, the arrangement is re-valued, and the performance of rhythmic instruments is more harmonious. Some people call it cool, others call it cool, which is mainly a cool way of playing different from bebop's hot. In the early 1950s, some people couldn't stand the pressure of bebop, so they changed bebop a little, slowing down the rapid chord changes and playing speed. In other words, some are much slower. The main feature is that it is not as angular as bebop, and it is a calm and supple music style. Generally, the west coast is dominant. The so-called West Coast Jazz generally means cool. If you want to say the origin, it should be the "Capitol" co-produced by Miles Davis and Jill Evnas in 1949, but most of the musicians who followed this music style came from the West Bank. Generally speaking, Coolpad's life is short, and it became the mainstream gameplay in the 1950s, but it was quickly upstaged by Hard-bop, but some elements of Coolpad still ran out of musicians' things. 49-50 years ago in Miles Davis, Lee Koenigs, 60 years ago in Stan Getz, things were cool, you can refer to them.
The liberal 1960s was a dark period of disillusionment. People use art to escape the supervision of social responsibility and the pursuit of their own desires. Of all the art forms, jazz is probably the most intractable drunkard. Swing, cooling, hardness and improvisation have made the development track of this music lost, and people simply can't figure out where it will jump tomorrow. It is in this reckless laissez-faire that the free jazz came into being. As soon as this brand-new music appeared, it was deeply loved by jazz musicians and jazz fans. Free jazz is different from previous jazz, and there are not too many restrictions on harmony and melody. Players can play freely, boldly and arbitrarily in the process of playing. Free jazz has a brand-new concept of rhythm, and rhythm and symmetry are completely disrupted. At the same time, it also emphasizes the strength and tension of music itself, adding a lot of dissonance, blending different music from Africa, India, Japan and Arabia, and adopting Indian sitar, tabula double drum, amplified thumb, Sai Ren and a large number of electronic devices and percussion instruments. Therefore, some free jazz bands look like a non-jazz avant-garde. Free jazz had a profound influence on the development of jazz in 1960s.
Fusion Fusion means fusion, so in fact, any musical element can be regarded as fusion, but generally speaking, fusoin refers to: jazz-rock fusion. Others, such as Brazilian music joining club, are called bossanova, and Russian concert is called Russian-jazz. In the 1960s, the scenery of jazz was gone. Jazz received by turning on the radio in the 1930s has been replaced by rock music in the 1960s, and the market determines the life of musicians. Therefore, in the face of commercial pressure, Miles Davis began to add elements of rock music to jazz. Rock music and jazz both come from rhythm and blues, gospel music, labor songs and rhythm and blues. B, so, the process of combining these two things is quite natural. At least there is not much flip in the music content. In the mid-1960s, Tony Williams, the rhythm group of the second quintet of Lao Mai, began to add some rock rhythms to his drums. After the mid-1960s, many people began to join this trend, including Gary Burton, Larry Corell, herbie hancock, Keith Jarrett, Freddy Hubbard, Charles Lloyd, Don Ellis and so on. The leading albums are three albums by Lao Mai: Filles de Kilimanjaro and BitchesBrew, in which the drumming method of rock music is introduced, and the bass playing method is also changed. Electric guitars and keyboards have also joined the jazz stage. The lineup of these albums includes herbie hancock, Chick Corea, Joe ZaVinourd, Wayne Short, John mclaughlin, Tony Williams and Larry Young. They will also form their own fusion bands in the future, such as Head Hunter and Retreat to Forever. In addition, the weather report composed by Joe Zawinul and Wayne Shorter also added folk music from Central Europe to the music. In a word, the integration represents the way out for jazz to be persecuted in the market, scaring away many fundamentalist jazz fans, but also attracting some new generations to join the ranks of listening to jazz at that time.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) One of the characteristics of jazz is its diversity. First of all, its styles are diverse. It has been changing almost all the time since 100. Various styles of jazz have more than a dozen thick lines and countless thin lines. This is also an attribute of pop music. The second is the change in the process of playing, and improvisation is its typical feature. Jazz music generally has a theme frame in everyone's ensemble, and then under the fixed chord changes, each musician's improvisation level is brought into play, and they only have a main melody melody score.