Large-scale lotus: China Gulian, Sunny Day (crimson), Tianjiao (pink), Friendship Peony Lotus (pale yellow), Big Blue Lotus (white) and more than 80 varieties; Bowl lotus: more than 40 varieties such as red bowl lotus (red), sleeping beauty (pink), white snow (white) and Yingying (pale yellow); Water lilies: more than 30 varieties such as Lure (red), Lausanne (pink), wide petal white (white) and Fei Xia (purple); Aquatic plants: reed, onion, Juncus Juncus, Polygonum hydropiper, Typha Typha, Zizania latifolia, Alisma orientalis, Reineckea carnea, Juncus Juncus, aquatic canna, etc. Seedlings can be provided and planted in buildings.
First, the economic value of lotus
Edible
In ancient China, there was a tradition of sending plums in spring and picking lotus in autumn. Since ancient times, Chinese people have regarded lotus seeds as precious food, and they are still high-grade nourishing nutrition. Many places specialize in producing lotus seeds. Lotus root is the best vegetable and preserved fruit. Lotus leaves, lotus flowers and lotus plums are also popular medicated diets in China. It can be seen that the diet culture of lotus is rich and colorful. Traditional lotus seed porridge, preserved lotus seed, lotus seed powder, lotus root slices with meat, steamed lotus leaf meat, lotus leaf porridge, etc. Leaves are substitutes for tea and are also used as packaging materials.
The underground stem of lotus grows in silt and will be infected by toxic substances. Because the extremely fine epidermis tissue and tannin-containing lower epidermis of lotus root have certain barrier or absorption ability to toxic substances, most toxic substances adhere to or penetrate into the epidermis. Peel the lotus root when eating to prevent toxic substances from being eaten in the stomach.
Medicinal value
According to Compendium of Materia Medica, lotus, lotus seed, lotus coat, lotus room, lotus whisker, lotus plumule, lotus leaf, lotus stalk and lotus node can all be used as medicine. Lotus can promote blood circulation and stop bleeding, remove dampness and dispel wind, clear heart and cool blood, and relieve fever and detoxify. Lotus seeds can nourish the heart, kidney, spleen and intestine. Lotus beard can clear the heart and benefit the kidney, astringe essence and stop bleeding, relieve summer heat, relieve annoyance, promote fluid production and quench thirst. Lotus leaf can clear away heat, relieve summer heat, promote diuresis, strengthen yang, stop bleeding and lose weight. Among them, the ingredients of lotus leaf Zhen have a miraculous effect on cleaning the stomach, reducing fat and removing blood stasis. Lotus root can recharge your batteries, stop bleeding and remove blood stasis, and clear away heat and toxic materials. Lotus root can clear away heat and relieve summer heat, benefit water, purge fire and clear heart.
These traditional Chinese medicines come from the same plant, but different parts have different functions: lotus root knot stops bleeding and removes blood stasis; Lotus leaves clear summer heat and promote diuresis, promote hair growth and clear yang, and stop bleeding; Lotus stems clear away heat and relieve summer heat; Lotus leaf pedicle can clear away heat and relieve summer heat, eliminate dampness, prevent miscarriage and enrich blood; Lotus promotes blood circulation to stop bleeding, dispel dampness and dispel wind; Lotus room can remove blood stasis, stop bleeding and remove dampness; Lotus root must clear heart and benefit kidney, astringent essence and stop bleeding; Lotus seeds nourish the heart, kidney, spleen and intestine, and Hunan's Xiang lotus seeds are the most famous; Lotus coat can converge, and ginseng supplements spleen yin; Lotus plumule has the functions of clearing heart fire, clearing heat, stopping bleeding and astringent essence. Because there are many varieties of lotus, the efficacy of different varieties and different parts may be slightly different.
Second, lotus cultivation techniques
1. culture environment
Lotus should be planted in still water, which requires deep soil layer, slow water flow, stable water level, no serious pollution of water quality and water depth within 150 cm. Lotus is a strong positive flower, and the planting area must keep more than 10 hours of light every day. In addition, the lotus is easily swallowed by fish such as grass, so before planting, the harmful fish in lakes and marshes should be removed and fenced to prevent fish from invading.
Drink water at the right time
The water requirement of each growth stage of lotus is different. Generally, it only needs shallow water in the early stage of growth, water in the middle stage and water shortage in the later stage. It is best to control the water level at about one meter to one and a half meters.
3. Rational fertilization
When potted lotus, bean cakes and chicken feathers are generally used as base fertilizer. When making base fertilizer, chicken feathers and soil should be fully mixed, the total amount of soil and organic fertilizer is 2∶ 1, and the amount of base fertilizer is 1/5 of all planted soil. Put the base fertilizer in the bottom of the pot. In the flowering period of lotus, if the leaves are found to be yellow, urea and compound fertilizer tablets should be used for topdressing, or 20-60ppm Fe-Mn liquid should be sprayed on the leaves, or 2ppm water should be poured. Purple lotus generally applies 3000 kilograms of organic fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer per mu. The principle of topdressing is light application in seedling stage, heavy application in bud stage and frequent application in flowering and fruiting stage. The specific time is: in early May, 30 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and 0/0 kg of urea/kloc were applied per mu at seedling stage; The flowering period is from mid-June to early August. Top dressing once every 20 days to promote lotus flowering and improve seed setting rate.
400 kg organic fertilizer was applied to lotus root per mu, and bean cake 100 kg was used as base fertilizer. The first topdressing of lotus root was in early June, and the vertical foliar fertilizer mainly composed of urea and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was applied. At the beginning of July, 30 kilograms of urea and 50 kilograms of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied for the second time to ensure that more lotus roots are good and improve economic benefits.
4. intertillage weeding
Weeds are not good for the growth of lotus, so they should be removed in time. The lotus cultivation garden should be sprayed with herbicide 1 time every month to control the growth of weeds. Weeds, water moss and algae in the basin should be removed manually in time. Lotus roots and lotus seeds planted in ponds should be turned over to remove weeds 20 days after planting, that is, after the vertical leaves grow to 3-5 pieces, and cultivated every half month 1 time, usually 3 times, and the seeds can be stopped when the underground stems are basically full of ponds.
Three, the lotus pest control methods
1. Rot disease: mainly harms leaves, pedicels and lotus roots. When the leaves are damaged, bacterial wilt spots (spots) are first produced along the edges of the leaves, and soon the spots spread into the leaves, and finally the whole leaves turn brown and necrotic. When sick, the pedicels turn brown and droop along the stomatal line. Lotus root disease, first brown, gradually turned to whip, longitudinal necrosis, you can also see white silk or pink powder piles growing on the diseased lotus root nodes. The disease usually occurs seriously in the case of continuous cropping and poor soil, and it is also easy to occur if the leaves are often soaked in water. Prevention and control methods: Fertilize properly, and pay attention to the water level not to be too high, so as not to soak the leaves and get sick. When black spots appear on the leaves, the diseased leaves should be removed as soon as possible, but the joint between the leaves and the petiole should be kept to prevent rainwater from invading the body from the petiole wound. Spraying 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 500 times solution of 50% chlorpyrifos for control.
2. Brown spot disease: It mainly harms lotus leaves. There are circular spots with a diameter of 0.5 ~ 8 mm on the diseased leaves, which are light brown to yellowish brown with dark edge color. In the late stage of the disease, many small black mildew spots appeared on the diseased spots. It is more serious when it rains in autumn. Most bacteria overwinter on the remains. Prevention and control methods: remove residual leaves and reduce the source of disease. If the condition is serious, 50% carbendazim 500 times solution can be sprayed, or 80% zineb 500-800 times solution can be used for prevention and treatment.
3. Black spot disease: mainly harms leaves. At the initial stage of the disease, the leaves appear yellowish spots, which are round or irregular in the later stage, turn brown and have wheel stripes, and sometimes there are yellow-green halo on the edge, with a black fungus layer on it, with a diameter of 5 ~15 mm. In severe cases, the diseased spots are connected into pieces, and the leaves are yellow except the veins. The disease is caused by fungi, which is serious in rainy season, continuous cropping in lotus ponds or potted plants, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer or excessive water temperature in summer. Control methods: strengthen cultivation management and remove diseased leaves in time. Plants with serious diseases need to be planted in new soil without applying nitrogen fertilizer. 75% chlorothalonil 600 ~ 800 times solution can be sprayed for prevention and treatment.
4. Aphids: Generally, the floating leaves and small vertical leaves of lotus begin to damage in early May, often concentrated in leaf buds, flower buds and leaf backs. Larvae and adults suck juice in groups, and the damage is the most serious in late spring and early autumn. Control method: 20% pyrethrin thread killing solution can be used 2000 times.
5. Water maggots (ground maggots): The larvae suck the juice from the stems and roots of the lotus, turning the diseased leaves yellow. Control method: generally, lime can be used to drive and kill. Sprinkle 1 0 ~15 kg every 667 square meters (1mu), but not too much.