Li Shizhen and Li Shizhen, whose real names are Dongbi, were born in Lakeside Mountain in their later years. Born in qi zhou, Hubei Province (now qi zhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province), Han nationality, was born on May 26th, 13th year of Ming Dynasty (July 3rd, julian calendar 15 18, July 65438 of the new calendar). Being good at reading medical books, doctors' materia medica, 365 kinds of which were handed down from Shennong, added by Hongjing, 1 14 kinds by Tang Su Gong, 120 kinds by Song Zeng, and 1558 kinds were added successively in the Qing Dynasty, which is called great preparation. But the categories are annoying, the names are mixed, or one thing is divided into two or three, or two things are mixed into one product, which is rare and strange. This is a poor man looking for rich knowledge and trouble to fill the gap. Over the past 30 years, I have read more than 800 books, and three drafts have become a book called Compendium of Materia Medica. 374 kinds of drugs were added, divided into 16, and 52 volumes were synthesized. The first label is named "Gang", and the rest are attached for the purpose of explanation. The manufacture, color, smell and indications are described in detail later. When the book is written, it is precious and sudden in court. A few days later, Zongshen wrote a letter to repair the history of this country and bought books from all directions. His son Jian Yuan presented his father's suicide note and his book, which was praised by the Emperor and ordered to be published all over the world. Scholar-officials naturally have their own books. At that time, Chu people, once a shrine and Zijian, were born in Pengxi County, Sichuan Province.
contribution
Compendium of Materia Medica
Li Yuechi and Li Shizhen, born in Zhou Qi, Hubei Province, were famous doctors in the Ming Dynasty. Li Shizhen bears a grudge against the squire for confronting the fallacy of commenting on Bao Caoshu. The king of Chu got a strange disease and visited famous doctors all over the world, which didn't help. He was cured by Li Shizhen. Li Shizhen wanted to rebuild materia medica instead of fame and fortune, and was placed in a hospital. However, the emperor rejected the revision of this book. So, he resigned and returned to his hometown, still writing books. In the meantime, although he was ridiculed by Bao Taigong, he was supported by the people. In order to investigate drugs, Li Shizhen took his apprentice Pang Xian and traveled all over Qian Shan to collect information. Later, I met Wei Langzhong, and the three of them were United as one, prepared for hardship, and described various herbs in detail. On one occasion, the recorded notes were taken away and burned by evil Taoist priests, and Lao Wei fell off a cliff to save the notes. Li Shizhen was frustrated by this, never discouraged, and continued to write books. An old friend Tian Heng helped him carve Compendium of Materia Medica. Li Shizhen has worked hard for thirty years, and it's time to write this book. At this time, Taigong Bao wanted to do all the lettering, but Li Shizhen refused. Tian Heng went to prison for engraving this book. Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 52 volumes, which was circulated among the people only after Li Shizhen's death.
The statue of Li Shizhen (painted by Jiang) once worked in Taiyuan, Li Shizhen for some time. After a long period of preparation, Li Shizhen began to write Compendium of Materia Medica. In the process of writing, wearing straw sandals and carrying a medicine basket, he took his students and his son Jianyuan over mountains and mountains to seek medical advice, and traveled thousands of miles to Henan, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and other vast areas, as well as Niushou Mountain, Sheshan (called Sheshan in ancient times, now Qixia Mountain), Maoshan and Taihe Mountain.
Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 16 parts, 52 volumes and about 1.9 million words. The book contains 15 18 kinds of drugs collected from various herbs, and 374 kinds of drugs are added on the basis of predecessors, accounting for 1892 kinds, including 1 195 kinds of plants; * * * Collected 1 1096 ancient pharmacists' prescriptions and folk prescriptions; There are more than 1 100 pictures of drug morphology in front of the book. This masterpiece has absorbed the essence of herbal works of past dynasties, corrected the previous mistakes as much as possible, supplemented the shortcomings, and made many important discoveries and breakthroughs. It is the most systematic, complete and scientific medical work in China up to16th century.
Folding lakeside pulse science
Li Shizhen felt that there were many shortcomings or even fallacies in the pulse science of TCM at that time, so he compiled Pulse Tactics, namely Pulse Science on the Lake, in 1564 (forty-three years of Ming Jiajing) according to his father Li Yuechi's Inventing Four Diagnoses and other pulse theory in history.
Lakeside Veins was written by Li Shizhen in his later years, and it is called Lakeside Veins. The book "Hu Ling's Pulse Studies" extracted the essence of pulse studies before the Ming Dynasty, and included 27 kinds of pulse conditions. In the book, the main points of distinguishing the same and different pulses and the main symptoms of pulse conditions are compiled into songs for easy memory. This book is thorough in reasoning, vivid in image, easy to learn and easy to remember, and suitable for grassroots Chinese medical workers and pulse lovers to read.
The book is concise in language and clear in pulse. It not only sums up the clinical complex pulse conditions into 27 basic pulse conditions, but also writes the main contents, namely pulse conditions, similar pulse conditions identification and treatment pulse conditions, in the form of rhymes and songs, which is cheap to recite. Therefore, its books are widely circulated in the world and have always been highly praised by doctors.
"Hu Ling Pulse" is of great guiding significance to the basic theoretical research and clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. It is actually a classic work of Chinese medicine and a great contribution of Li Shizhen to Chinese medicine.
Classic story
Diagnosis of the deceased
One day, Li Shizhen and his apprentice Wang Guanghe came to the mouth of the lake and saw a group of people carrying coffins for funeral, and the blood in the coffins was flowing out. Li Shizhen stepped forward and saw that blood was not blood, but blood. He quickly stopped the crowd and stopped the coffin bearers. Everyone listened, looked at each other and couldn't believe it. Li Shizhen saw everyone's mind, repeatedly persuaded, and finally let the master promise to open the coffin. First, I had a massage, and then my heart was pricked by a needle. After a while, I saw the woman in the coffin gently snorted and woke up. Soon after, the woman successfully gave birth to a son. It turned out that the woman fell into a state of suspended animation due to dystocia.
Legend of Yuhu Lake
On the day when Li Shizhen was born, his father Li Yanwen was fishing in Yuhu. Usually, he is lucky, but this time, he got nothing from several nets, and Li Yanwen was very depressed. The last net felt heavy when pulled up, and my heart exulted. I thought it was a big fish, but it turned out to be a big stone Li Yanwen sighed: Stone, stone, I have nothing against you. Why did you play tricks on me today? This makes me more worried. Stone suddenly spoke: stone, stone, don't worry if you come to congratulate. My husband and wife are about to fall into the moon. What do you want? So this stone is the Rain Lake God. Li Yanwen arrived home just in time for Li Shizhen to give birth, so she named him Shizhen. That night, Li Yanwen had another dream that Tie Guai Li, a fairy, came to congratulate him and said, "When you are precious, you can diagnose all diseases. Be my apprentice and spread my reputation. "
Diagnosis and death of the living
Li Shizhen can also "kill the living". One day, the son of a drugstore owner, after eating and drinking enough, jumped over the counter and asked Li Shizhen to take his pulse. Li Shizhen told him, little brother, you won't live for three hours. Please go home quickly. They don't believe it, and the son of the drugstore owner is cursed. Sure enough, in less than three hours, the man died. It turned out that this man ate too much and jumped, his intestines were broken and his internal organs were damaged.
Such a thing must be known.
Some people say that there is a medicine called Datura flower in the north, which will make people dance and be anesthetized in severe cases. Li Shizhen left his hometown to look for Datura flowers in the north. Finally found a Datura flower, single stem four or five feet high, leaves like eggplant leaves, flowers like morning glory. In order to master the performance of Datura flower, I personally tried it and wrote, "It is better to hold it first and not feel bitter." It is proved that soybean detoxification alone is not enough, and it will have a good effect if licorice is added blindly.
Good partner
Li Shizhen was smart and kind since he was a child, and he learned a lot of words from his father before he went to school. When he first entered the school, Mr. Private School looked at the distant mountains surrounded by trees and walked out of the first couplet: "Lin Jing is far away." Although Li Shizhen was only eight years old at that time, he saw that the morning glow was particularly bright and all the passing passengers had boarded the plane, so he blurted out: "Tomorrow is to fly to the guests." There was a drugstore owner with a smart and beautiful daughter under his knee. In order to choose a talented man as a partner for his daughter, he decided to use a famous medicine to ask for marriage: "a jade leaf and golden flower." Many suitors look forward to combining and sighing. One of them is a young man named Ma. He is honest, but he lacks literary talent. He had to turn to Li Shizhen for help. Li Shizhen teenagers help others and blurt out: "Cordyceps sinensis has nine skins." Mr. Ma, who has an independent mind, is more handsome and gave a pair of top-notch ones one day. This couplet reads: "Water Lotus and Scutellaria barbata see flowers as water lotus." Ma Gongzi had to ask Li Shizhen to make a couplet: "Mother of Pearl holds pearls in a pearl bowl." The shopkeeper was very happy after reading it, and then went out again. "Pulsatilla leads the cattle to cultivate the land" is limited to half a day. Ma Gongzi had no choice but to ask Li Shizhen. In order to fulfill this marriage, Li Shizhen made a little false thinking, taking "Fairy Acacia with Matchmaker" as the bottom line. The shopkeeper was very satisfied and immediately agreed to get engaged.
Distinguish the authenticity of drugs skillfully
When Li Shizhen was 20 years old, there was a serious flood in qi zhou. After the flood, the plague began to spread.
One day, Li Shizhen was seeing a doctor. Suddenly, a group of people rushed into the clinic with a quack. The young man, led by him, told Li Shizhen angrily that his father had taken the medicine prescribed by a quack, but his condition did not improve, but worsened. He went to settle accounts with him, and the doctor insisted that the prescription was correct. Let Li Shizhen have a look. Say that finish, he handed the pan of decocting medicine. Li Shizhen grabbed the residue, sniffed it carefully, chewed it in his mouth, and told him that it was a mistake in ancient medical books. The records of Japanese materia medica confuse the leaky basket with Tiger Claw. They lamented for a while and had to let the charlatan go.
Soon, another doctor prescribed medicine for a mental patient and blindly used a medicine called anti-sunflower. The patient died soon after taking the medicine. There is also a weak person who took a tonic called Polygonatum prescribed by the doctor and died inexplicably. It turns out that in several ancient medical books, Fang Kui and Stellera chamaejasme, Polygonatum sibiricum and Gelsemium elegans are all described as the same medicine, while Stellera chamaejasme and Gelsemium elegans are very toxic. There is no doubt that ancient medical books contain rich knowledge and valuable experience, but there are also omissions. If it is not revised as soon as possible, the medical profession will spread the truth based on them, delay treatment and endanger people's lives. [ 10]
Taste all the herbs
Li Shizhen commemorative coin
In the thirty-first year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1552), Li Shizhen, 34, started to rebuild his own herbs as planned. Due to full preparation, the beginning was smooth, but after writing here, the problem came: the so-called materia medica is synonymous with ancient pharmacology. It includes many plants, animals and mineral medicines, such as flowers, fruits and trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, lead, tin, sulfur and mercury. Because most of them are plants, which can be said to be botanical, people directly call drugs "materia medica". Shennong Herbal Classic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the 400 years before Li Shizhen's birth, many monographs were published by physicians in past dynasties, but there was never a summary book that could summarize the new progress of pharmacology in this period. Li Shizhen realized its weight, but he still didn't expect that drugs were so diverse that it was difficult to know their personalities, habits and growth like the back of his hand. For example, Agkistrodon, together with bamboo leaves and mugwort leaves, is one of the three specialties in qi zhou, which can be used to treat diseases such as wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea, and is a valuable medicinal material. Li Shizhen once followed the snake catcher up the mountain and caught a white snake. Take a closer look and it's exactly the same as what the book says.
Treat diseases with my mother-in-law
Li Shizhen visited all the way, treated the villagers well, and was deeply respected and relied on by people. There is an old lady who has been habitually constipated for 30 years. Although she was treated in many ways, it didn't work. Li Shizhen used folk prescription and proper amount of morning glory as medicine, and soon cured her disease. There is also a woman with a nosebleed, which can't stop all day long. No matter how to treat it, it doesn't work. Li Shizhen put garlic slices on the patient's feet, and soon the bleeding stopped. He also collected this recipe from the people.
Verify the medicinal properties of animals
Agkistrodon acutus, that is, Agkistrodon acutus produced by Zhou Qi, has the functions of treating wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea furuncle. Li Shizhen had studied it for a long time, but at first it was only observed from the snakehead. The insider reminded him that it was caught in the mountains of Xingguo House (now Yangxin County) in the south of the Yangtze River, and it was not really a viper. In order to find the real viper, he consulted the snake catcher. He was told that the fangs of Agkistrodon halys were extremely poisonous. If a person is bitten, he should amputate his leg immediately, otherwise he will die of poisoning. It has special effects on various diseases in treatment, so it is very valuable. State officials forced the masses to risk their lives to catch them in order to pay tribute to the emperor. Qi zhou is so big, in fact, only Longfeng Mountain in the north of the city has real vipers. Li Shizhen got to the bottom of it. He wanted to observe the viper with his own eyes, so he asked the snake catcher to take him to Longfeng Mountain.
There is a Suānní cave in Longfeng Mountain, which is surrounded by rugged rocks, shrubs and heather. Vipers like to eat heather leaves. With the help of the snake catcher, he finally saw the viper with his own eyes and saw the whole process of catching and making snakes. "Compendium of Materia Medica" is concise when it is written about vipers.
Koi fish, pangolin, is a commonly used Chinese medicine. Tao Hongjing said that it can be amphibious, climb rocks during the day, open its scales to play dead, lure ants into the armor, then close the scales, dive into the water, and then open the armor to let ants float out and swallow. In order to know whether Tao Hongjing's statement is correct, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to observe. With the help of woodcutter and hunter, he caught a pangolin. About a liter of ants were dissected from its stomach, which proved that Tao Hongjing was right. However, he found from his observation that when pangolins eat ants, they scratch and lick their nests instead of luring ants into their armor and swallowing them in the water. Li Shizhen affirmed Tao Hongjing's right side and corrected his mistakes.
Personality assessment
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The Preface to Compendium of Materia Medica by Wang Shizhen, a famous writer in Ming Dynasty, is the essence of nature, the general code of style, the secret book of emperors and the treasure of subjects.
The abstract of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu is called Shennong Herbal Classic: nothing more than a collection of materia medica.
Darwin, a famous British biologist (Compendium of Materia Medica): China Ancient Encyclopedia.
Joseph Needham, a famous British expert on the history of science and technology in China, wrote in the History of Science and Technology in China:/kloc-There were two great works on natural pharmacology in China in the 6th century, one was Compendium of Materia Medica at the beginning of the century, and the other was Compendium of Materia Medica at the end of the century, both of which were very great.