Reflections on popular science knowledge after reading

September 25th, 2008 is a proud day. China's self-developed "Shenzhou VII" finally unveiled the mysterious veil, set out to travel in space, and performed greatness and magic in boundless space. This is a demonstration of the strength of the Chinese nation, and it is also another declaration of the people of China to the world ... There are always many doubts lingering in my heart when I am excited. For example, why can't I complete scientific experiments in a well-equipped laboratory, but I have to take them to far away places?

It turns out that there are four excellent natural conditions in the vast space: absolutely no air, absolutely no pollution, a low temperature of MINUS 270 degrees, and no interference from the gravity of the earth. Especially the fourth condition, it is impossible to do in any laboratory on the ground. Space shuttle flying in space is a dynamic process. Take the experiment to the space shuttle or to distant space. Its purpose is to make the experiment under completely different environmental conditions from the ground, which may create a brand-new scientific miracle. The most attractive thing is to carry out space science experiments with brand-new production and processing methods: smelting new alloy materials, welding various new materials, making absolutely pure glass, refining and synthesizing new chemicals, etc ... After reading the whole popular science article, I can't help but admire: "It's amazing, it's incredible!"

I think: We are trying to learn scientific and cultural knowledge today in order to uncover profound and mysterious scientific problems, open up new scientific fields and lead a new scientific era in the future!

2. Knowledge required for university robot competition.

Hello, first of all, Lego mindstorms is just a product synonym, not a real robot. If you want to build a robot, you need at least thousands of parts. I wonder if your teacher has studied it carefully. The whole robot RCX motor has nothing to do with light and temperature. The most basic principle is to ask the teacher carefully about the circuit knowledge in physics. You may have misunderstood. The three access ports of RCX output electric energy for the energy port and provide energy for the motor lamp. The three output ports receive the information recovered by various sensors, and then transmit it to the main chip RCX-* * *. You need 6 batteries, a main processing board, a display panel and 4 adjustment buttons. When working, you can store five programs at the same time, 3 in and 3 out. Title: Introduction to Robot Making ISBN: 78 1077560X Price: 49 Press: Beihang Press Author:: [America] Author: Cui, Wang Wei, Gao Yuping, Zheng Jing Translation Date: 2. 005.07 edition: 1 binding: paperback pages: 466 folio: 16 Open China Library Classification: TP242 Introduction This book tells the making process of homemade robots in detail and in simple terms from the perspective of an amateur robot maker.

The book focuses on the production of a line inspection robot, including the use of tools, the selection of components, the production of control circuits, the production, operation and debugging of the robot shell. This book is easy to understand and detailed in description. The problems that readers may encounter in the production process are considered in detail, and the debugging circuit and the methods to solve the problems are provided.

This book can be used not only as a reading material made by robots, but also as a tutoring material for middle school students' extracurricular scientific and technological activities. Chapter 1 of the catalogue welcomes robot inventors 1. 1 4 discipline 1.2 homemade robot analysis 2 1.2 1 brain 3 1.2.2 power unit 41. +0.2.5 Other components 9 1.2.6 fuselage10/.3 manufacturing 1.3. 1 step by step1.3.2. 5438+0.3.4 Seeking friendship and help 1310.4 Subsequent content13 Chapter 2 Ways to obtain tools and parts 2. 1 Subscribe to free information 15 2.2 Discover potential information172.2. No. 17 2.2.3 Price comparison 17 2.3 Save money 18 Chapter III Safety 3. 1 Benefit from age and experience 20 3.2 Follow the instructions 20 3.3 Wear safety goggles 2 1 3.4 Wear other safety clothes 22 3.5 Ensure adequate ventilation 23 3. Wash your hands before 23 3.8 Avoid dangerous chemical elements 24 3.8. 1 Lead 24 3.8.2 Mercury 24 3.8.3 Cadmium 26 3.9 Electric shock 26 3.9. 1 AC and DC26 3.9.2 Use rechargeable batteries and professional transformers 26 3.9.3 Connect 27 3.3 with GFCI sockets. .5 Disconnect the power supply 29 3. 10 Avoid the dangerous robot 30 3. 1 1 Estimate the motor size 30 3. 12 Lighting 30 3. 13 Have a good rest. Keep a cool head 3 1 Chapter 4 Digital multimeter 4. 1 Basic features 33 4. 1.30080806 Word 33 4 The best feature of fuse protection 35 4.2 is 36 4.2. 1 capacitor 36 4.2.2 diode 36 4.2.3 conduction 36. Large value 40 4.2. 1 1 minimum value 40 4.2. 12 supports 40 4.3 optional features 4 1 4.3. 1 inductor 4 1 4.3.2 RS232/ data interface 4/kloc. Single pulse width 42 4.3.6 temperature 42 4.3.7 sound 42 4.3.8 count 42 4.3.9 bar chart 43 4.3. 10 data hold 43 4.3. 1 data auto hold 43 4.3. 12 high. Low logic circuit 43 4.3. 13 memory 44 4.3. 14 mode shift 44 4.3. 15 extreme value test/comparison 44 4.3. 17 frame or rubber cover 44 4.4 AC characteristics 45 4.4. 1 AC voltage 45 4.4.2 True value RMS46 4.4.3 AC current 46 4.5 Obtaining hook probe adapter 46 4 Understanding the characteristics of multi-meter with computer interface 48 4.6.3 Familiar with the characteristics of multi-function and high-precision multi-meter 50 4.6.4 Prices of goods with different characteristics 52 4.7 It is difficult to move without multi-meter 52 Chapter 5 Values and units 5. 1 Select metric M55 5.2 Wax letter replacement 56 5.3 unit abbreviation 56 5.4 is too small 57 5.4. 1 Guess missing unit 57 5.4.2 Expand from three digits 58 5.4.3 Convert color into numbers 58 5.4.4 Determine component value 60 5.5 Basic content 60 Chapter 6 Inspection robot 6. 1 Define path state 63 6. 1. 1 surface material 63 6. 1.2 path lighting 63 6. 1.3 determining the route 63 6. 1.4 selecting route marking material 64 6. 1.5 bending and crossing route 65 6./ "68 6.3. 1 detection of interlayer 68 6.3.2 main body of interlayer 75 6.4 manufacturing 77 Chapter 7 9V battery 7. 1 testing battery voltage 78 7. 1 setting multimeter for voltage test 79 7. 1.2 Analysis of test results 80 7. 0 7.3 9 V battery 83 7.3. 1 Ni-MH battery 83 7.3.2 Alkaline battery 83 7.3.3 Special battery 84 7.3.4 Not recommended battery 84 7.4 Battery brand name 85 7.5 For robots to use 9 V battery 86 7.5. 1 Battery installation 87.7.6 Make persistent efforts. 90 8.2. Get the hook clip 9 1. 8.3. Test jumper 92 8.3. 1. Set the multimeter to conduct the continuity test 93 8.3.2. Disconnect test 94 8.3.3. 8.3.4 Short circuit test. Crocodile clip connection (short circuit) test 96 8.4. Found an accident. Test 98 Chapter 9 Resistance 9. 1 Resistance sorting box for obtaining resistance limit energy 99.2 100 9.3 Understanding dimensions and allowable errors 10 1 9.4 Testing clipping resistance 102 9.5 resistance and ohm 104 9.6 resistance. 38+0 Explain the resistance value displayed on the multimeter 105 9.6.2 Experience resistance range 105 9.7 Classified storage 107 9.8 Don't be tempted by the following contents 109 Chapter 10 LED. 38+00. 1. 1 LED size1010.1.2 LED shape1.

3. Basic knowledge of robots.

The history of robots is not long. The history of robots really began in 1959 when engelberg and Devall in the United States made the world's first industrial robot.

Engelberg University studied servo theory, which is a theory to study how the motion mechanism can better track the control signal. De Waal invented a system in 1946, which can "repeat" the recorded machine actions.

1954, Dewar obtained the patent of programmable manipulator. This kind of manipulator works according to the program and can make different programs according to different work needs, so it has universality and flexibility. Both engelberg and Dewar are studying robots, and think that robots are most suitable for the automobile industry, because it works with heavy machines and the production process is relatively fixed. 1959, engelberg and Dewar cooperated to produce the first industrial robot.

Classification of robots There is no uniform international standard on how to classify robots. Robots are classified according to load weight, control mode, degree of freedom, structure and application field. General classification method: teaching and reproducing the robot first teaches the robot to act, inputs the working program, and the robot automatically repeats the operation through guidance or other means.

CNC robots don't need to move the robot, but teach the robot through numerical values and language, and the robot works according to the information after teaching. The sensory control robot uses the information obtained by the sensor to control the action of the robot.

Adaptive control robot can adapt to the change of environment and control its own actions. The learning control robot can "experience" the work experience, has certain learning function, and applies the "learned" experience to the work.

Intelligent robot A robot whose actions are determined by artificial intelligence. According to the application environment, China robotics experts divide robots into two categories, namely industrial robots and special robots.

The so-called industrial robot is a multi-joint manipulator or multi-degree-of-freedom robot facing the industrial field. Special robots are all kinds of advanced robots except industrial robots, which are used in non-manufacturing industries and serve human beings, including service robots, underwater robots, entertainment robots, military robots, agricultural robots, robot machines and so on.

Among special robots, some branches develop rapidly and tend to be independent systems, such as service robots, underwater robots, military robots and micro-manipulation robots. At present, international robotics scholars divide robots into two categories from the application environment: industrial robots in manufacturing environment and service environment and humanoid robots in non-manufacturing environment, which is consistent with the classification in China.

Is a "robot" a machine or a person? Will robots surpass human beings in an all-round way? Will robots become subversive of human beings? Is the development of robot technology a curse or a blessing to human beings? These problems have long been beyond the thinking scope of robot scientists. With the development of robotics, there are more and more thoughts about ethics, society and philosophy.

Although robots are just tools now, we can't simply treat robots as tools forever, because they have human characteristics that other tools don't have: intelligence. Perhaps one day, human beings will definitely think: "Without robots, people will become machines; With robots, people are still masters. Can we still say this confidently?

It's time to start a comprehensive philosophical thinking on robot problems! 1. Will robots become creatures? There is no accurate statement about the definition of robot. However, judging from the existing robots, robots are definitely just machines.

The existing robots are just humanoid machines. For example, the welding robot on the automobile production line can be more efficient than human beings, but it is still a machine, just like a washing machine or an electric fan, which replaces some aspects of human work.

According to Engels, a tool is an extension of some human organ. The existing robot is only an extension of one or several organs of the human body, so it is just a tool.

No matter what the definition of man is, at least one thing is certain. Man is first and foremost a creature, which is the material basis for man to be human. Can robots be creatures? Most of the existing robots are products of metals, wires and silicon crystals, and they are definitely not creatures. Will the future robots be? We can't judge now.

In terms of material composition, the elements, proportions and structural patterns contained in the human body may be copied one day. However, I think there is a problem. Even if people can make muscles, nerves, bones, blood, fur and so on, can't they be combined into one person? This is first and foremost a question.

In this respect, primates and apes are the closest, and pigs, dogs, insects, fish and even flowers are closer to people than robots. Of course, human cloning is a creature, but it still has a human mother, and it has the genetic characteristics of the mother.

Obviously, the robot we are talking about should not have the genetic characteristics of human mother, otherwise, it will fall into the same dilemma as human cloning in ethics. Human cloning is beyond the scope of the robot we are going to discuss. Robots can never be made by human cloning.

Second, will robots surpass people in comprehensive ability? However, even the existing robots with relatively low technical level are essentially different from pure tools such as screwdrivers. Because the robot must be intelligent first, any action he takes needs to be processed by his "brain", which has obvious human characteristics.

If the operation process of the computer can be regarded as a kind of thinking, the robot works through the brain to a great extent like a human being, while the screwdriver obviously has no brain. Intelligence is the biggest difference between robots and ordinary tools.

There is another place that cannot be ignored. The existing robot is just a tool, but it is different from ordinary tools in that the robot is not a simple extension of some organs of the human body. From its design principle, the robot is completely anthropomorphic from thinking to reaction. No one knows, with the development of robotics, will robots have all the abilities of human beings? If there is such a day, robots, even if they are not born.

4.600-word scientific papers on artificial robots

My dream when I grow up is to be an inventor, because that visit to the popular science exhibition gave me great inspiration.

What I want to invent is a robot to control all kinds of pollution. Don't underestimate that little robot, it has many skills.

If it sees someone littering, it will open its mouth to reveal a small red warning light, which will be on all the time, and then pick up the garbage with its robot hand, open the small pocket in the middle of its body and throw it into the pocket.

If you see someone spitting, the environmental protection robot will pull out a broom and a pinch, put away the person's sputum, and stretch out the sprinkler from the right hand to clean the sputum marks.

This robot also has the function of advocating environmental protection, such as taking them to the square. They will clean up the garbage while patrolling, and at the same time make a sound to remind people to care for the environment and protect nature. I think under their reminder, people will also consciously throw garbage into the trash can.

After the invention of this robot, every sanitation worker was equipped with one, which greatly reduced their workload, because these sanitation workers were too hard. With this environmentally friendly robot, their work will be much easier. The environment around us will get better and better.

5. A little scientific knowledge

The Italian navigator Christopher Columbus discovered the new continent in the early morning of1June+10/October 12.

Neil armstrong, the commander and pilot of "Apollo 1 1", landed on the surface of the moon in July 1969, becoming the first person to move on a celestial body outside the earth.

1911214 Roald Amundsen, a famous Norwegian polar explorer, went through hardships and finally became the first person to reach the South Pole.

Nearly a hundred years ago, after unremitting efforts and three failures, American explorer robert peary finally succeeded in reaching the North Pole for the fourth time, becoming the first person to reach the North Pole.

1May 29th, 953: As a member of the British mountaineering team, Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand climber, climbed Mount Everest along the southeast ridge route with tenzing norgay, a Nepalese guide, becoming the first person in the world to successfully climb the summit.

At present, the deepest record of personal diving can only reach the deepest seabed of more than 300 meters. Is it necessary to increase equipment, such as nuclear submarines? . Cuban diver Francisco once set a diving world record: 1996. He dived in an ordinary diving suit 132.9 meters. . . The Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the earth, is 1 1034 meters, and the human machine has arrived. People are impossible.

6. Knowledge required for college students' robot competition.

Hello, first of all, Lego mindstorms is just a product synonym, not a real robot. If you want to build a robot, you need at least thousands of parts. I wonder if your teacher has studied it carefully. The whole robot RCX motor has nothing to do with light and temperature. The most basic principle is to ask the teacher carefully about the circuit knowledge in physics. You may have misunderstood. The three access ports of RCX output electric energy for the energy port and provide energy for the motor lamp. The three output ports receive the information recovered by various sensors, and then transmit it to the main chip RCX-* * *. You need 6 batteries, a main processing board, a display panel and 4 adjustment buttons. When working, you can store five programs at the same time, 3 in and 3 out. Title: Introduction to Robot Making ISBN: 78 1077560X Price: 49 Press: Beihang Press Author:: [America] Author: Cui, Wang Wei, Gao Yuping, Zheng Jing Translation Date: 2. 005.07 edition: 1 binding: paperback pages: 466 folio: 16 Open China Library Classification: TP242 Introduction This book tells the making process of homemade robots in detail and in simple terms from the perspective of an amateur robot maker.

The book focuses on the production of a line inspection robot, including the use of tools, the selection of components, the production of control circuits, the production, operation and debugging of the robot shell. This book is easy to understand and detailed in description. The problems that readers may encounter in the production process are considered in detail, and the debugging circuit and the methods to solve the problems are provided.

This book can be used not only as a reading material made by robots, but also as a tutoring material for middle school students' extracurricular scientific and technological activities. Chapter 1 of the catalogue welcomes robot inventors 1. 1 4 discipline 1.2 homemade robot analysis 2 1.2 1 brain 3 1.2.2 power unit 41. +0.2.5 Other components 9 1.2.6 fuselage10/.3 manufacturing 1.3. 1 step by step1.3.2. 5438+0.3.4 Seeking friendship and help 1310.4 Subsequent content13 Chapter 2 Ways to obtain tools and parts 2. 1 Subscribe to free information 15 2.2 Discover potential information172.2. No. 17 2.2.3 Price comparison 17 2.3 Save money 18 Chapter III Safety 3. 1 Benefit from age and experience 20 3.2 Follow the instructions 20 3.3 Wear safety goggles 2 1 3.4 Wear other safety clothes 22 3.5 Ensure adequate ventilation 23 3. Wash your hands before 23 3.8 Avoid dangerous chemical elements 24 3.8. 1 Lead 24 3.8.2 Mercury 24 3.8.3 Cadmium 26 3.9 Electric shock 26 3.9. 1 AC and DC26 3.9.2 Use rechargeable batteries and professional transformers 26 3.9.3 Connect 27 3.3 with GFCI sockets. .5 Disconnect the power supply 29 3. 10 Avoid the dangerous robot 30 3. 1 1 Estimate the motor size 30 3. 12 Lighting 30 3. 13 Have a good rest. Keep a cool head 3 1 Chapter 4 Digital multimeter 4. 1 Basic features 33 4. 1.30080806 Word 33 4 The best feature of fuse protection 35 4.2 is 36 4.2. 1 capacitor 36 4.2.2 diode 36 4.2.3 conduction 36. Large value 40 4.2. 1 1 minimum value 40 4.2. 12 supports 40 4.3 optional features 4 1 4.3. 1 inductor 4 1 4.3.2 RS232/ data interface 4/kloc. Single pulse width 42 4.3.6 temperature 42 4.3.7 sound 42 4.3.8 count 42 4.3.9 bar chart 43 4.3. 10 data hold 43 4.3. 1 data auto hold 43 4.3. 12 high. Low logic circuit 43 4.3. 13 memory 44 4.3. 14 mode shift 44 4.3. 15 extreme value test/comparison 44 4.3. 17 frame or rubber cover 44 4.4 AC characteristics 45 4.4. 1 AC voltage 45 4.4.2 True value RMS46 4.4.3 AC current 46 4.5 Obtaining hook probe adapter 46 4 Understanding the characteristics of multi-meter with computer interface 48 4.6.3 Familiar with the characteristics of multi-function and high-precision multi-meter 50 4.6.4 Prices of goods with different characteristics 52 4.7 It is difficult to move without multi-meter 52 Chapter 5 Values and units 5. 1 Select metric M55 5.2 Wax letter replacement 56 5.3 unit abbreviation 56 5.4 is too small 57 5.4. 1 Guess missing unit 57 5.4.2 Expand from three digits 58 5.4.3 Convert color into numbers 58 5.4.4 Determine component value 60 5.5 Basic content 60 Chapter 6 Inspection robot 6. 1 Define path state 63 6. 1. 1 surface material 63 6. 1.2 path lighting 63 6. 1.3 determining the route 63 6. 1.4 selecting route marking material 64 6. 1.5 bending and crossing route 65 6./ "68 6.3. 1 detection of interlayer 68 6.3.2 main body of interlayer 75 6.4 manufacturing 77 Chapter 7 9V battery 7. 1 testing battery voltage 78 7. 1 setting multimeter for voltage test 79 7. 1.2 Analysis of test results 80 7. 0 7.3 9 V battery 83 7.3. 1 Ni-MH battery 83 7.3.2 Alkaline battery 83 7.3.3 Special battery 84 7.3.4 Not recommended battery 84 7.4 Battery brand name 85 7.5 For robots to use 9 V battery 86 7.5. 1 Battery installation 87.7.6 Make persistent efforts. 90 8.2. Get the hook clip 9 1. 8.3. Test jumper 92 8.3. 1. Set the multimeter to conduct the continuity test 93 8.3.2. Disconnect test 94 8.3.3. 8.3.4 Short circuit test. Crocodile clip connection (short circuit) test 96 8.4. Found an accident. Test 98 Chapter 9 Resistance 9. 1 Resistance sorting box for obtaining resistance limit energy 99.2 100 9.3 Understanding dimensions and allowable errors 10 1 9.4 Testing clipping resistance 102 9.5 resistance and ohm 104 9.6 resistance. 38+0 Explain the resistance value displayed on the multimeter 105 9.6.2 Experience resistance range 105 9.7 Classified storage 107 9.8 Don't be tempted by the following contents 109 Chapter 10 LED. 38+00. 1. 1 LED size1010.2 LED shape 1 12 1.3.