Straight slide
The straight skating posture is the basic technique of speed skating. The reasonable gliding posture should be: the upper body is relaxed and leans forward, the natural mass is parallel to the ice or slightly higher than the arm, the legs are deeply bent, the knee joint is at an angle of 90 ~110, the ankle joint is at an angle of 50 ~ 70, the arm is relaxed and the head is slightly raised. Sliding posture should be based on personal physique, sliding distance, skating rink conditions, weather conditions and other characteristics. The key to straight skating is to grasp the appropriate time to push the ice. Ice skates cut into the ice in order to get a stable fulcrum, and at the same time, they should start pushing the ice, and the maximum force should be completed at the moment when the legs hand over the weight. In order to use heavy objects to push the ice, the heavy objects should be firmly pressed on the support legs when dumping, and the heavy objects should not be handed over prematurely. In the leg retraction, you should use the elasticity after kicking the ice to immediately relax your hind legs and actively move closer to support your legs. There should be no pause or retreat. Pay attention to the leading position of the knee joint when cutting, which is consistent with the direction of advancement. Pull forward quickly and move gently after touching the ice.
Curve glide
The basic posture is similar to straight skating, but due to centripetal force, the movements of turning and straight skating are very different. When you slide in a curve, your body always leans to the left. You push the ice with the outer edge of your left foot and the inner edge of your right foot. The inertia taxiing stage in curve taxiing is very short, especially for the right foot, and there is almost no inertia taxiing stage in short distance taxiing. The main action requirement is that the last 1 step of the right foot should enter the junction of the straight and the curve when entering the curve, and the depth depends on the weather, ice, wind direction and project. The left leg is close to the right foot and points in the tangential direction. When it comes into contact with ice, toes begin to eat gradually. Bite the ice tightly with the outer edge, and the left shoulder is in the same direction as the new tangent. Don't twist your waist and hips. After kicking the ice, relax the leg retraction action, actively pull in the direction of supporting the leg, and take the knee joint as the leading factor to form the front bow angle. In the process of recovering the floating leg, push the body to fall to the left and push the leg while recovering. In the direction of kicking ice, the feet should have the feeling of "pushing sideways", and the longitudinal axis of the upper body is consistent with the direction in which the floating feet touch the ice.
Startup technology
There are mainly two kinds: one is the front and front foot ice starting method, and the other is the side starting method. Elite athletes often use 1 method. Its main action is from a static state, using reasonable technology, quickly transformed into a fast sliding technical action. The starting technique is particularly important to improve the performance of short and medium distance events. The technical point of front foot icing is that the toe of front foot is the fulcrum and the back foot is covered with ice. The distance between the two knives is slightly wider than the shoulder and faces forward. The squat posture is slightly higher than other starting postures, and the center of gravity is between the feet or slightly in front. When starting, lift your thighs high and lean forward. When the skates touch the ice, cut the ice tightly and don't slip in the first few steps.
Swing arm action
Mainly used for short-distance skating, it can coordinate and increase the power of pushing ice. Nowadays, more and more people use single-arm swing in long-distance sliding, and the swing arm is less stressed, and the swing direction should be consistent with the sliding direction. No matter whether you use double swing arm or single swing arm in short or medium distance, you should exert your strength, especially pay attention to the speed and strength of side swing and front swing.
Speed skating training
The technical level of speed skating is improved with the continuous improvement of training. At first, people took part in speed skating and only practiced on the ice in winter. Later, some people increased the content of physical training during the ice-free period, which promoted the improvement of speed skating performance. In 1950s, world famous athletes began to carry out a relatively complete annual training plan. In recent 20 years, with the continuous improvement of speed skating training theory, and by absorbing the training experience of other events and improving training equipment, sports skills have been greatly improved. Speed skating is a periodic exercise with a specific speed in a low temperature environment, so speed skating training should closely combine comprehensive physical training with special physical training, aerobic metabolism with anaerobic metabolism training, cardiopulmonary system with muscle system training, and dynamic and static strength training to implement comprehensive training. To train high-level speed skaters, it is necessary to carry out systematic training for many years from an early age. According to the characteristics of children's growth and development, in general, a training cycle is about 3 years, and it takes 3 ~ 4 cycles to train an excellent speed skater. In the annual and multi-year training, it is necessary to scientifically and systematically formulate annual and multi-year training plans. The training period should be scientifically divided according to the main purpose of training and the major competition tasks, combined with the different situations of children or athletes. According to the year, the training period can be divided into several different periods: preparation period, physical and psychological preparation for participating in the competition; Competition period (competition period), so that the body and mind can reach the best competitive state and participate in the competition; Transition period (rest period) to eliminate physical and mental fatigue caused by fierce competition; It can also be divided into time periods according to the season or land (ice-free) training and ice (ice-free) training. No matter how to divide the period, we should proceed from reality, follow people's physiological functions and determine it according to training and competition tasks, and we can't make the stages absolute.
There are many methods of speed skating training, such as repetition, changing conditions, comprehensive training and interval training. Intermittent training is a training method that uses some means to do a sport at regular intervals. Comprehensive training rules use different means and various exercises to train. Using these two methods, we can choose the following training methods: various running can improve cardiopulmonary function, and running on complex terrain can also enhance leg strength; Cycling practice-not only has the effect of running, but also can improve the special quality of athletes; Mountain and sand training-can improve the intensity and difficulty, and has a good effect on improving leg muscle strength; All kinds of high-quality knee-bending walking-which can strongly stimulate the cardiopulmonary system and muscle system, is one of the most commonly used means at present; Various imitation jumping exercises-mainly to improve the ability of special muscle groups; Roller skating practice can improve speed skating skills and special ability; Rolling running platform, imitating action sliding platform and skateboarding practice-have obvious effects on improving special ability; Various weight-bearing exercises are the main means to improve absolute strength, strength endurance and static strength; All-round development of strength exercises and rubber band exercises-can coordinate and develop the whole body strength; All kinds of flexibility exercises-have a good auxiliary effect on developing various qualities and have a positive effect on preventing sports injuries.
The World Short Track Speed Skating Championship was added in the early 1970s, and the Short Track Speed Skating Competition was added in the early 1980s. Because men's all-around and short-distance competition have very different requirements for athletes' quality and function, the trend of men's all-around and short-distance training and competition is gradually obvious: the former focuses on endurance and speed endurance, while the latter focuses on speed strength and speed endurance. The distance of women's all-around competition is short, the functional requirements are not much different from short distances, and the characteristics of individual training are not obvious.