1. oral method: drugs are mixed in the feed to treat malnutrition or bacterial diseases and internal medicine diseases.
2. Medicated bath method: it is mainly to drive away parasites on the body surface and treat bacterial exogenous diseases.
3. Local treatment: treatment of trauma and body surface diseases, and treatment of local trauma.
4. Injection therapy: various bacterial diseases can be injected into muscles or abdominal cavity.
5. Surgical treatment: plastic surgery for injured or deformed fins.
Common Diseases and Treatment Methods in koi fish (2)
virosis
cowpox
(1) Etiology: It occurs in late autumn and early winter when the water temperature is low (about 15 degrees).
(2) Symptoms: At the early stage of onset, milky white spots appear on the body surface or caudal fin, and the surface is covered with a thin layer of white mucus, which gradually expands and spreads to the whole body. The damaged skin surface thickens to form large paraffin-like growth. When these growths reach a certain size and thickness, they will automatically fall off, making the water quality worse, and new growths will grow again at the falling parts. The sick fish infected with acne gradually lose weight, swim slowly, have poor appetite, often sink to the bottom and die one after another.
(3) Treatment: #0. 1~0。 3MG/KG chloramphenicol solution for a long time.
# Inject chloramphenicol into fish at a dose of 25mg per tail.
(4) Prevention: Fill the # pond with fresh water, and extract the sediment at the bottom of the pond at any time to improve the water quality.
# Strengthen autumn culture and nutrition, so that koi fish will have a certain degree of fatness before winter, and enhance its ability to resist low temperature and disease.
# Furacillin 1~2MG/KG sprayed in the whole pool to prevent acne.
Common Diseases and Treatment Methods in koi fish (3)
dermatophytosis
(Water mold, white disease): Fish has a layer of "white hair". If not treated in time, when bacteria invade the body, fish will gradually weaken and die. When parasitic in gills, gill mold is formed, which often causes explosive death.
(1) Etiology: Dermatomycosis is caused by a kind of filamentous bacteria (Shui Mu, Mianmu, Shuimu), which mostly occurs in pools with a large number of fish or turbid stagnant water. For example, if a fish loses weight or is injured, it is more susceptible to infection, and many cotton-wool hyphae grow in the lesion, so it is also called white disease.
Koi fish suffers from dermatomycosis, which is mainly caused by careless fishing and handling, scratching the skin, or parasites damaging the gills and body surface, or frostbite of the skin due to low water temperature, so that myxomycetes spores invade the wound and become infected. When the water temperature is suitable (about 15~25℃), it will grow into dense mycelium in 3~5 days, and a large number of infections will lead to the death of sick fish. Water mold is found all year round, and late autumn and early spring are popular seasons. Fish eggs can be infected from all ages, and when the incubation temperature is low, water mold is easy to occur on fish eggs.
(2) treatment:
# Wash with 1.5%~2.5% salt solution, remove hair, then apply 2% mercuric chloride, and then bathe the fish with oxytetracycline.
# Use 0. 1%~ 1% malachite green aqueous solution to smear the wound and the attachment of water mold.
# Soak the fish in malachite green water solution of 1: 15000 for 3~5 minutes.
# Soak the fish in 10MG/KG potassium permanganate solution for half an hour.
(3) Prevention:
# Be careful when pulling nets, fishing, transporting and stocking fish, so as not to hurt fish.
# Soak fish eggs 1: 15000 malachite green aqueous solution for 0/5 minutes, once a day 1 time for 3 days, which can prevent fish eggs from getting moldy.
# Injured parent fish, apply gentian violet or potassium permanganate to the wound to prevent water mold infection.
# 75kg of Acorus calamus, 7.5 ~ 1 5kg of salt and 225 ~ 300kg of human urine are mixed in each hectare of pond, and sprayed all over the pond once a month1time.
Common Diseases and Treatment Methods in koi fish (4)
Bacterial disease
Skin inflammation and congestion
(1) Etiology: Most of the sick fish are old fish over one year old and koi fish. Late spring and early autumn are popular seasons, which can cause a large number of fish deaths. It is most popular when the water temperature is 20~30 degrees. When the temperature is below 20 degrees, there will still be a few sick fish, and they will continue to die. This temperature range is also the peak season for fish growth, so it is very harmful. When the temperature drops to about 10 degrees, fish diseases no longer occur, and this law can be used to control the temperature of sick fish.
(2) Symptoms: the skin is red, swollen and hyperemia, which is more common around the orbit, gill cover, abdomen and tail handle. Sometimes there will be congestion at the root of the fin, and in severe cases, the fin will break. The scales of diseased fish are usually intact and have not fallen off. Sick fish float on the water meter or sink at the bottom of the water, swimming slowly, being slow to respond and having poor appetite.
(3) treatment:
# Soak fish with 20 mg/kg furacilin or furazolidone. Soak for 20-30 minutes when the water temperature is below 20 degrees; When the temperature is 2 1~32 degrees, soak it for 10~ 15 minutes for prevention and early treatment.
When the concentration of # furacilin or furazolidone is 0.2~0.3MG/KG, it can be increased to 0.5~ 1.2MG/KG for prevention and early treatment.
# Soak the fish with erythromycin 2~2.5MG/KG at a water temperature below 34℃ for 30~50 minutes, once a day/kloc-0, for 3~5 consecutive days, until the condition improves.
# Inject streptomycin or kanamycin, and then inject 120000 ~ 150000 international units per kilogram of fish. Usually only 1 injection is given, and the patient can get the second injection on the fifth day when he is seriously ill.
# Take norfloxacin orally, and take 0.8~ 1.0G powder every 10KG fish once a day for 6 days.
# Dip and wash with Rivanol 20MG/KG, when the water temperature is 5~20 degrees, dip and wash 15~30 minutes; Soak at 2 1~32℃ for1~15 minutes. Used for early treatment, the effect is remarkable.
The concentration of # rivanol is 0.8~ 1.5MG/KG, which has special effects.
# Using the above treatment method and taking salt water bath at the same time, the effect is remarkable.
(4) Prevention:
# Reasonable intensive culture, keeping the dissolved oxygen in water at about 5 mg/L. ..
# Strengthen feeding management to keep the water fresh.
# Spray furacilin or furazolidone regularly to prevent diseases.
Erythroderma (hemorrhagic corruption)
(1) Etiology: Erythroderma is caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Fish are injured and prone to this disease. Spring and autumn are popular seasons, which will cause a large number of fish deaths. This disease is closely related to water quality, and it is easy to occur when dissolved oxygen is low and organic matter content is high.
(2) Symptoms: local or most of the skin of the diseased fish is red and swollen or congested, the base of dorsal fin and caudal fin is congested, the end of the fin is rotten, and the mouth and muscles are normal. Scales of diseased fish fall off (different from skin inflammation and congestion), especially on both sides and abdomen of fish.
(3) Prevention and treatment: same skin inflammation and congestion.
enteritis
Caused by Aeromonas punctata. The anus is red and swollen, and the intestine is congested and inflamed. In severe cases, the fin root is congested and erythema appears in the abdomen. Ascites flows out during laparotomy and the whole intestine is red or purple.
Prevention and control methods:
# Fill the pool with bleaching powder 1MG/KG.
# Water depth per hectare 1M, spread the pond with 225~375KG of quicklime.
# Every 10KG fish, use 1G sulfanilamide to make drug bait for feeding.
# Every 10KG fish is fed 50G garlic once a day for three days.
# Every 10KG fish was fed 50G dried Euphorbia humifusa as bait, once a day 1 time for 3 days.
Myxobacteria gill rot
(1) Etiology: It is caused by columnar fibrinococcus, also known as Myxococcus pisi. There are fewer diseases in koi fish, and only when the water temperature is above 20 degrees, that is, from late spring to autumn, will the disease occur. A large number of fish died without any appearance abnormality.
(2) Symptoms: The gill filaments of the diseased fish are rotten, with some sludge. Sometimes the tissue at the tip of gill filament rots, resulting in incomplete edges; Sometimes it will rot in one or more parts of the gill, but not at the edge. The inner epidermis of the branchial lid bone is congested and even corroded into a slightly round transparent area, commonly known as "opening the skylight". Due to the destruction of gill silk tissue, sick fish have difficulty breathing, and often appear floating head, resulting in a large number of deaths.
(3) treatment:
# Soak fish with 20 mg/kg furacilin or furazolidone. Soak for 20-30 minutes when the water temperature is below 20 degrees; When the temperature is 2 1~32 degrees, soak it for 10~ 15 minutes for prevention and early treatment.
When the concentration of # furacilin or furazolidone is 0.2~0.3MG/KG, it can be increased to 0.5~ 1.2MG/KG in severe cases, which is used for prevention and early treatment.
# Dip and wash with Rivanol 20MG/KG, when the water temperature is 5~20 degrees, dip and wash 15~30 minutes; When the temperature is 2 1~32℃, soak 10~ 15 minutes. Used for early treatment, the effect is remarkable.
The concentration of # rivanol is 0.8~ 1.5MG/KG, which has special effect.
# Spread the pond with bleaching powder with the concentration of 1MG/KG. This method is only used in outdoor fish ponds.
# Use 2.5~3.75MG/KG of rhubarb, soak every 0.5KG of dried rhubarb in 10KG of fresh ammonia water (0.3%) for 12 hour, and then sprinkle it all over the pool together with the residue. This drug is suitable for outdoor ponds, especially for koi fish aquaculture which has been using furan for many years and has developed drug resistance.
# Soaking in 2% salt for 5~ 10 minutes is effective for prevention and early treatment.
(4) Prevention:
# Disinfect the fish pond regularly to keep the water clean and reduce the chances of bacteria breeding.
# Using fresh feed and living biological bait has obvious effect on preventing the disease.
White head and mouth disease
(1) Etiology: It is caused by the genus Phaeophaga. , also known as Myxococcus. Koi fish fry are very sensitive to this disease, which is one of the main diseases in fingerling period, while big fish generally do not get sick. Only two or three people died at first, and the number increased to several ten tail the next day. On the third day, a large number of people died, and the onset was fast and fierce. When the water temperature is above 20 degrees, that is, from late spring to autumn.
(2) Symptoms: The head and mouth ring of the sick fish are milky white, and the lips are swollen, so that the mouth cannot be opened and it is difficult to breathe. Some sick fish have congestion on the top of their heads and around their eyes, showing the symptoms of "red head and white mouth". Sick fish are usually unsociable.
(3) Control method: myxobacteria gill rot.
Vertical scale disease (loose scale, vertical scale)
(1) Etiology: Squamous disease is caused by Pseudomonas punctata, which mainly harms koi fish, a large individual fish. It is the popular season from late autumn to the following spring when the water temperature is low.
(2) Symptoms: The diseased fish has rough body surface, erect scales and loose spherical appearance. In severe cases, exophthalmos, shortness of breath, back somersault and even death. The scales are swollen with transparent or bloody exudates. If you put a little pressure on the scale, the liquid will come out of the scale. The sick fish sank to the bottom of the water or lost its balance, its abdomen swelled, and finally died of exhaustion.
(3) Treatment: Just like skin inflammation and congestion, it will be better to soak in salt water.
(4) Prevention:
# Prevent fish from getting hurt.
# Parent fish spawning pond should be aired in winter and disinfected with quicklime or bleaching powder.
# Add 5% crude chlortetracycline or oxytetracycline to the feed.
# Take vitamin E orally. The weight of fish per 10KG per day is 0.3~0.6G, and it is increased to 0.6 ~ 0.9G( 10 ~ 15 days) for long-term use as an adjuvant treatment.
Spotted subspecies
(1) Etiology: Printing disease is caused by Aeromonas punctata, which is mainly caused by improper operation, resulting in fish injury and infection. Late spring to autumn is the popular season, which mainly harms big fish over one year old.
(2) Symptoms: The lesions are often located above the body-side gluteal fin, on both sides near the anus, and rarely in the front of the body. At first, the skin became inflamed and erythema appeared. With the development of the disease, scales fall off, muscles rot, lesions are round or oval, and there are bleeding and redness, which seems to be marked with red marks. In severe cases, the muscles in the focus often rot through, and bones and internal organs can be seen. The sick fish lost weight, lost appetite, swam slowly, and eventually died of exhaustion.
(3) Prevention and treatment: The same skin inflammation and congestion, and the effect of applying potassium permanganate solution to the affected area is remarkable.
Rot skin disease (canker disease): It is very similar to Indian disease, and the treatment method is similar. The difference is that the back of the sick fish is red, swollen and rotten, and the lesion is not formed. In severe cases, the dorsal fin falls off.
White dermatosis: caused by Trichomonas albicans, the skin from the back of dorsal fin to the base of caudal stalk fin is white and foggy, with rough scales and no mucus. A dying sick fish is usually upside down with its tail fin up.
Prevention and control methods:
# Be careful when operating to prevent fish from being injured.
# chlortetracycline 12.5MG/KG or oxytetracycline 25mg/kg for 30min.
# Fill the pool with bleaching powder 1MG/KG or gallnut 2~4MG/KG.
Perforation disease (cave disease)
(1) Etiology: Perforation is caused by Myxococcus pisi, which is prevalent from September to June every year. When the water temperature is low, it is a very harmful infectious disease. Most of the reasons are injuries to the body surface, especially abrasions when fishing with nets.
(2) Symptoms: White spots about the size of rice grains were found at the initial stage, then expanded and turned red around. When the disease gets worse, the scales fall off, the flesh is exposed, and ulcers are produced. Lesions can appear from the head, gill cover, back, abdomen, fins and tail stalk. Ulcer is not limited to dermis, but also can penetrate into muscles, and serious cases are caves.
(3) treatment:
Soak in the mixture of #20MG/KG furazolidone and 1.4% salt for 20 ~ 30min, 1 time/day.
# Add 20MG/KG potassium permanganate to the above mixture and soak for 10 ~ 30 minutes. Suitable for young fish at the early stage of onset.
(4) Prevention:
# Feed fresh bait, strengthen nutrition and enhance disease resistance.
# Reasonable closed culture can maintain the dissolved oxygen in water at about 5 mg/L. ..
# Dead fish must be buried deep and disinfected with quicklime. Bleaching powder with the concentration of 10MG/KG is sprinkled on the water in the diseased fish pond, and it can be discharged into the sewer after disinfection.
Rotten tail disease
(1) Etiology: Tail rot is caused by Myxococcus columnar, which occurs all year round. The whole caudal fin rotted, and the sick fish was still alive, which reduced the ornamental value of koi fish.
(2) Symptoms: the scales of caudal fin are exfoliated and inflamed, the muscles are necrotic and rotten, the caudal fin base is congested, the fin is scattered into a broom shape, and in severe cases, the entire caudal fin is rotten. The scales of diseased fish are normal, and some scales fall off.
(3) Prevention and control methods:
# Almost like skin inflammation and congestion.
# Apply 1% malachite green aqueous solution to the broken wing, 1 time a day for 3~5 days to prevent and treat skin inflammation and congestion.
# If a part of the caudal fin is not fully rotted, cut it off with scissors to flatten it, and then treat it in the above way. After a period of time, the fin can heal, leaving traces between the regenerated fin and the old fin. Although the ornamental value is reduced, it can be kept as a parent fish to breed offspring.
Common Diseases and Treatment Methods in koi fish (5)
Diseases caused by protozoa
Oral Filariasis (fish wave bean worm, white cloud disease): Filariasis often inhabits the skin and gills of fish, and it will not cause disease when the number is small, but when the environmental water quality is poor or the health of fish is not good, it will often multiply in large numbers, destroy gills and skin tissues, resulting in increased mucus secretion and white fog-like attachments, so it is called white cloud disease. This disease is mainly parasitic on freshwater fish, especially in koi fish, and often occurs after moving ponds, so it is also called new water disease. Koi fish fell asleep after being infected with this disease and sank in the corner of the bottom of the pool, so it is also called sleeping sickness.
(1) Etiology: Fistula is the most common oral filariasis. Worms are oval, with 2 or 4 flagella, and can rotate and swim. There are 1 round nuclei in the worm. The insect body fixed on the host is pear-shaped, the flagella is not obvious, and it can swing up and down and left and right in the tissue. The optimum epidemic temperature of oral filariasis is 2~30℃, the water temperature at which it begins to breed is 65438 02 ~ 20℃, and it is most easy to breed in large quantities at 24~25℃ and PH4.5~5.8. When breeding, the vertical binary division method can directly infect the transferred host without intermediate host; When the environment is not suitable, resistant cysts can be formed and attached to fish or pond bottom. The epidemic season of this disease is from late autumn to spring.
(2) Symptoms:
# At the initial stage of infection, the fish will feel itchy and rub against the bottom and wall of the pond.
# There is a milky white or gray-blue mucus on the skin of the sick fish, which makes the sick fish lose its original luster. Fish wound is hyperemia and inflammation, which often leads to bacterial or water mold infection, forming ulcers and aggravating the condition.
# When a large number of worms invade the skin, a large number of worms will also appear on the gills. Because the gill tissue is destroyed, which affects the fish's breathing, sick fish often swim near the water meter and appear floating head.
# Loss of appetite, listlessness, shrinking tail and pinching fins, gathering in the corner of the bottom of the pool, slow to respond, the fish gradually lost their balance, lying at the bottom of the pool, and finally failed and died.
(3) Diagnosis:
# Worms are so small that they can only be seen under a microscope. Take the surface mucosa or gill tissue for microscopic examination.
# Is there any group sleepiness?
# When the black and red parts of koi fish suffer from this disease, it is easier to be found; But when the white part is sick, it is not easy to distinguish. When it is found that it is Baiyun disease, it will be hopeless.
(4) treatment:
# Soak in 2% salt solution for 5~ 15 minutes or soak in 3 ~ 5% salt solution for 1~2 minutes for several days.
# The concentration of potassium permanganate is 20MG/KG, the water temperature is 10~20℃, and it is soaked for 20~30 minutes; When the water temperature is 20~25℃, soak 15~20 minutes; When the water temperature is above 25 degrees, soak for 10~ 15 minutes.
# 300,000 ~ 500,000 units of penicillin shall be used for long-term immersion in 100L water body.
#50MG/KG methylene blue or 0.2MG/KG malachite green solution for half an hour, several times in a row.
The concentration of # formalin is 20~30MG/KG, and it is used every 2~3 days 1 time for several times.
(5) Prevention:
# Enhancing water flow can reduce the attachment and parasitism of oral filariasis.
# Reduce the feeding density.
# Keep the water clean and stable, and reduce the stimulation to gills or body surface tissues.
Trichinella spiralis: CHILODONELLA CYPRINI of CYPRINIDAE attaches to the gills and skin of fish, which destroys the ecological balance of host parasites due to poor water quality, high fish density or other factors, and often causes diseases in large numbers.
(1) Etiology: koi fish (also known as cardioid worm) is the most common in koi fish. Worms are oval or kidney-shaped, with a size of about 50 ~ 70μ m, no cilia on the back, flat ventral surface, several cilia on the left and right sides, funnel-shaped mouth tube at the front end of ventral surface, and 1 large nucleus is oval. Feed on organic matter in water and cell fragments stripped from fish. Reproduction is mainly based on asexual transverse binary division, and sexual union also occurs. Spherical or elliptical capsules can be formed in unfavorable environment.
The disease is a common fish disease, which mostly occurs in small tanks and pools with unclean water quality, and is the most harmful to young fish in that year. The aquaculture water temperature is 65438 02 ~ 65438 08℃. Judging from the few bugs found, fish can die in large numbers after 3~5 days of mass reproduction. When the water temperature in the outdoor fish pond is above 25 degrees, you will not get sick, but you will get sick in the indoor water tank and pool. The annual epidemic season is 65438+February to May of the following year.
(2) Symptoms: The sick fish is thin and black, and there is a milky thin substance on the body surface, which makes the sick fish lose its original color. In severe cases, the fins of sick fish cannot be fully extended.
Pathogens parasitize on the body surface and gills, destroying tissues and making it difficult for fish to breathe. Therefore, the sick fish swim around the water meter in a floating head shape, and even if it is replaced by clean water, it still cannot return to normal.
(3) Diagnosis: Trichinella spiralis is very small, and it needs to scrape mucus or cut gill tissue before it can be seen under the microscope.
(4) Control method: Oral filariasis.
Clock worm: Clock worm, also known as bell worm, cup worm and tongue cup worm, is a common sessile ciliate in water. Can be attached to the bottom of the pond wall, plants or other objects in the water, and feed on organic debris and microorganisms in the water. It is easy to reproduce in a high-temperature and eutrophic environment and attaches to the skin, fins and gills of fish, especially when the fish is injured.
(1) Etiology: The bell worm is thick at the front and thin at the back, cup-shaped or trumpet-shaped, about 100~400UM in size, with a mouth plate at the front and a joint groove at the bottom. There is an edge film made of fluff around the mouth plate, which can swing to drive the water flow and filter the bacteria, microorganisms, tissue debris and other organic substances in the water. An attachment is formed at the bottom, and the attachment is fixed on the epithelial cells of the host. 1 The macronucleus is in the shape of an inverted triangle or ellipse, and is located in the center of the worm. When the worm shrinks, the mouth disc shrinks first, then the cilia of the mouth contract, leaving only 1 hole at the top, making the shrunk worm look like an eggplant. There are two ways of reproduction: asexual vertical binary division and sexual union. The common species are CERATOPOGONIDAE, Insecta, Vortex, Acrospora and so on.
Normal fish rarely have the epiphysis of bell worms. When a large number of epiphyses appear, it is mostly because of body surface damage or mucosal damage protected by body surface during transportation. Without the protection of mucus, a large number of bell worms will be attached.
(2) Symptoms:
# At the initial stage of infection, white spots with the size of rice grains proliferated outward appeared on the body surface.
# The affected area gradually expanded, and the wound was accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, showing flushing bleeding.
# Scales fall off, the affected part is bleeding and festering, and there are water mold, algae or other protozoa attached.
(3) Diagnosis:
Scraping the mucosal tissue of the affected area and examining it under the microscope, we can observe the bell-shaped worms that gather and contract, and there is a long branch handle at the lower end of the worms to connect them together. In addition to the bollworm, the mixed infection of oral filariasis, oblique tube worm and rotifer, as well as the epiphysis of water mold and filamentous algae can be often observed.
(4) Treatment: Fungal infection of bollworm is generally difficult to treat. In addition to drug control, it must also be coordinated with improving water quality environment and controlling secondary bacterial infection.
# Improve the water quality environment: properly changing water to reduce the organic content in water and increase the intensity of water flow can reduce the occurrence of bollworm.
# Formalin: 20~30MG/KG concentration, medicated bath 12~24 hours, can reduce the epiphysis of bollworm.
# Control secondary bacterial infection: When there are inflammation and ulcers on the body surface, furazolidone 2~5MG/KG solution should be used in conjunction with long-term medicinal bath.
# Fungi with chronic local wound ulcer can be disinfected with iodine and then coated with antibiotic ointment, such as erythromycin, to protect the wound.
(5) Prevention:
# Change the water regularly, clean the filter pool, reduce the accumulation of organic matter, and keep the water pure.
# Be careful when moving the pond for transportation to prevent fish from being injured or mucous membrane from being damaged.
# When fish is injured or mucous membrane is damaged, it should be disinfected with drugs as soon as possible to prevent infection with bollworm or other secondary pathogens.