In the structure of engine block, EF2000 uses a lot of composite materials and other advanced materials. The fuselage, wings (including inner trailing edge flaps), vertical tail and rudder are mostly made of carbon fiber composite materials; The canard, aileron outside the trailing edge of the wing and the tail nozzle are made of titanium alloy; Glass fiber reinforced composites are used for nose radome and vertical tail tip; Aluminum alloy is used for wing leading edge slat, wing tip pod, vertical tail leading edge and root; Magnesium alloy is used in the ceiling frame and its surroundings. Many advanced technologies are used in manufacturing, such as superplastic forming and diffusion bonding technology.
The flight control system is jointly developed by GEC- Marconi and German Aerospace Corporation, and adopts four-degree full authority digital active control technology. Combined with task adaptive layout, the system can adjust the aerodynamic surface differently according to different tasks. The aircraft adopts pitch instability design. By actively controlling the flight control system, the pilot can realize "worry-free control", effectively attenuate the influence of gust and maintain good continuous maneuverability throughout the flight envelope. Pitch control and roll control are realized by canards and flaperons. The active control of the flight control system can provide artificial longitudinal stability, and the rudder is used for yaw control without manual backup. In addition, the standard data bus of STANAO3838 NATO is adopted.
The avionics system of EF2000 was developed and synthesized by British Aerospace Company. The main sensing element is ECR90 multimode pulse Doppler radar of GEC- Freudi company, which can work in I/ J band all day and has the ability of looking up, looking down and tracking while scanning. Very advanced Integrated Defense Equipment Subsystem (DASS) is installed on the aircraft used in Britain and Italy. It can automatically observe and monitor the enemy's attack information, and then automatically implement countermeasures. The full set of DASS consists of radar warning receiver, wing tip active electronic jamming cabin, laser warning receiver, missile approach warning device and towed bait. , connected to the integrated defense computer (DAC). DASS is passive, and only when it is found to be a threat will it automatically turn against the government. The threat information is obtained from the subsystem of the comprehensive defense equipment, and after being analyzed and processed by the computer, the corresponding alarm and maneuver information is displayed on the display. In order to reduce the workload of pilots, computers can choose and implement the best countermeasures and interfere automatically. In order to save costs, German aircraft only need to be equipped with radar warning receivers and missile approach warning devices.
The cockpit design follows the principle of "never leave the steering column (steering column)", equipped with multi-function screen display, using Martin? Baker Mk 16 ejection seat. There are more than 20 function keys related to sensors, weapon control, defense equipment management and air control on the steering column and throttle lever. Wide-field head-up display is used to provide infrared search and tracking system information and flight data. Mk 16 ejection seat is a modification of Mk 14 universal ejection seat for aircrew. Mk 14 adopted many advanced technologies and successfully saved more than 100 lives. In order to meet the requirements of EF2000 fighter, it is required to reduce the weight of MH4 ejection seat by 30%. Finally, the main weight reduction measure is to make the outer tube of the rocket catapult dual-purpose, which is not only a part of the propulsion system, but also the main load-bearing structure of the seat. The control system of Mk26 seat is an electronic programmer controlled by a digital microprocessor, which can realize continuous control, control the working state of the seat more accurately and improve the life-saving performance of the seat in the whole ejection range. Solve the contradiction between high and low speed parachute opening.
EF2000 fighter's airborne weapon is equipped with a 27mm Mao Se gun on the right side of the fuselage. The whole aircraft has 13 external contacts, including 5 under the fuselage and 4 under each wing. When performing air-to-air combat missions, two advanced short-range air-to-air missiles (ASRAAM) are carried under the outer wing, two supersonic self-dropping auxiliary fuel tanks are carried under the inner wing, and four medium-range air-to-air missiles (AIM 120 of the United States or "Viper" of Italy) are carried in the semi-buried fuel tank of the fuselage; When carrying out the task of attacking the ground, you can carry free-falling weapons launched outside the defense zone, including autonomous weapons such as laser-guided bombs. The empty weight of the whole aircraft is 9750 kg, the internal combustion is 4000 kg, the external technical weight is 6500 kg, and the maximum takeoff weight is 2 1000 kg. Design performance, Taiping flight speed M2.0, operational radius 493-5 km; Two AIM 120 missiles, loaded with fuel, with an overload of 9-3g; Under the international standard atmospheric conditions, two medium-range air-to-air missiles and two combat missiles are filled with oil, and the take-off and landing distance is about 500 meters.
Power Plant1986 In August, the European Jet Engine Company was established by Rolls Royce of Britain, MTU of Germany, Fiat of Italy and IPT of Spain to jointly develop the power plant EJ200 of the "European Fighter". What is the specific division of labor? Royce is responsible for the development of combustion chamber components, high-pressure turbine components and intermediate casing; MTU Company is responsible for developing high and low pressure compressors and full-function digital engine control system (FADEC). Fiat is responsible for low-pressure turbines, afterburner and other components; IPT company is responsible for the development of external pipes, nozzles, diffusers and nozzles.
Before the development of EJ200, Rolls-Royce and the British Ministry of Defence jointly invested in the XJ40 engine technology verification plan. Some technologies needed by EJ200 engine were verified on XJ40 in advance, which made technical preparations for the development of EJ200. EJ200 engine adopts double-rotor structure, with bypass ratio of 0.4, fan booster ratio of 4.2 and total booster ratio of 26. The normal thrust is about 60kN (6 122kg force), the afterburning thrust can reach 90kN (9 184kg force), and the thrust-to-weight ratio is about 10. On this basis, the thrust can be further increased to103kn (10510kn) and17kn (1kloc-0/939kn) through phased improvement.
EJ200 engine fully absorbs the contemporary advanced scientific and technological achievements. For example, in the compressor design, the research results of three-dimensional fluid mechanics theory and calculation are adopted, and the number of compressor stages is reduced under the given total pressure rise ratio; Wide chord blade, high strength design, no damping boss; The compressor and turbine components adopt the latest brush seal technology. In addition, in the structural design, the unit body design is adopted, and a fault detection system is installed to facilitate the replacement and maintenance of the unit. The structural layout of EJ200 turbofan engine, the low-pressure turbine shaft is connected in series with a three-stage fan/low-pressure compressor driven by a single-stage turbine. The high-pressure compressor is five stages. The annular combustion chamber adopts pneumatic atomizing nozzle to reduce smoke pollution. Tail nozzle is designed with adjustable zoom nozzle.
According to Eurojet, EJ200 is the best solution to meet the demand of EF2000 fighter, and no other engine can compare with it. It can make EF2000 fighter meet the design requirements of operational performance, the requirements of thrust-to-weight ratio, the needs of multi-purpose development, and unify operational performance and range requirements. EJ200 turbofan engine used in EF2000 has the advantages of large air intake, low injection speed, high propulsion efficiency, large thrust and low noise. The company also said that EJ200 can be used not only for EF2000 fighters, but also for ten existing Gaelic and MiG fighters and ten other new aircraft. Its afterburner engine has the characteristics of long service life and low maintenance cost, and can be used to expand trainers and light fighters.
At present, the first two EF2000 prototypes are equipped with two RB. 199- 122 afterburner turbofan engines, and EJ200 advanced technology turbofan engines will be installed on production aircraft from DA3 prototype and later. The two engines are installed side by side in the rear fuselage. The lip of the inlet is rectangular, which is located in the belly of the fuselage under the cockpit and separated by a partition. Each air inlet has a fixed upper inclined plate and an adjustable lower lip. The aircraft is equipped with the digital engine control system of German Aerospace Company and the fuel management system of Lucas Company. Except that the oil tank in the machine can hold 4000 kilograms of fuel. You can also take two 1000 liter and 1 1500 liter auxiliary fuel tanks, or refuel in the air.
Flight test plan and evaluation "Eurofighter" program has gone through a difficult and tortuous course since 1984 reached a cooperative development agreement. France quit going it alone, and Germany wavered for a time, but the first prototype was finally sent to heaven after 10 years. The first prototype of EF2000 fighter, DA 1, was made in Germany and made its first test flight at Manxing Airport near Munich on March 27th, 1994. After many flight tests, the flight control system software needs to be improved, so the flight test plan of the first prototype has to be interrupted for nearly one year. The second prototype DA2 was made in Britain, and its first test flight was conducted on May 1995. The second prototype DA3 was made in Italy. EJ200 advanced turbofan engine developed by Eurojet was installed for the first time, and it was first tested on June 4 last year.
According to the general flight test plan, seven prototypes (DAl-7) and five fully equipped pre-production aircraft will be used for a total of 4,500 hours of flight test, and then the production can be finalized. The specific division of labor of the flight test plan is as follows: DAl's flight test mission is aircraft maneuverability and engine development; The flight test task of DA2 is to expand the flight envelope, test the "worry-free control" flight and develop the flight control system. The flight test tasks of DA3 are power system synthesis, external object management and launch test, and internal gun launch. DA4 is the second prototype made in Britain and the first two-seat model, equipped with a full set of electronic equipment. Its flight test mission is to evaluate the maneuverability, avionics integration and development of ECR90 radar of two-seat aircraft; DA5 is the second prototype made in Germany, and its flight test mission is the integration of avionics system and weapon system. DA6 is the second two-seater aircraft and the first aircraft assembled in Spain. Its flight test task is to test the electronic equipment and airborne systems related to the two-seat aircraft. DA7 is the second prototype made in Italy. Its flight test mission is to evaluate flight performance and weapon integration.
These seven prototypes are required to be launched in the first few months of 1996, and the other five pre-production aircraft participating in the test flight are required to be launched in 1999 to supplement the shortcomings of the prototype test flight, mainly the test flight weapons and radar system. When it comes to the evaluation of EF2000 advanced fighter, we must first understand the technical performance standards of the fourth generation supersonic fighter. In the half century after World War II, the development of jet supersonic fighters has roughly experienced four generations, and the typical models of each generation are "on a higher level" than the previous generation. The F-22 advanced technology fighter being developed in the United States integrates many high technologies in the aviation field in recent years, especially in stealth performance and supersonic cruise capability, which is a "step" higher than the third-generation fighter and becomes a typical example of the fourth-generation supersonic fighter.
According to this model, EF2000 and several other new fighters being developed in Europe, such as French Gust and Swedish JAS39, etc. According to the information available in Pakistan, these aircraft have obviously improved their maneuverability, agility, close combat capability, over-the-horizon air combat capability, STOL and maintenance performance, etc., compared with the second generation fighters represented by F- 15, F- 14, MIG -29 and Su -27, and even have little difference with F-22. However, it is far from F-22 in stealth performance and supersonic cruise capability. F-22 advanced technology fighter adopts various measures to reduce the detection characteristics of aircraft such as radar, infrared, sound wave and vision, which makes it difficult for enemy detection equipment to find and track, which is conducive to improving the survivability of aircraft and the suddenness of attack; F-22 has supersonic cruise capability and can fly at supersonic speed without afterburner, which not only solves the problem of supersonic flight and high fuel consumption of the third generation fighter. It is not easy to be attacked by enemy infrared guided missiles, which can greatly improve its operational efficiency.
Judging from the performance of EF2000 fighter, some are better than the third generation fighter, and some are not as good as the fourth generation fighter. Therefore, many experts believe that it is more appropriate to include EF2000 in the "three and a half" fighters. Of course, this is only based on the judgment of the current situation, and it must be put into use before it can be tested in actual combat.
Unique structural design
EF2000 is designed with a unique cell structure and equipped with a fault detection system, which can be used for cell replacement and maintenance as required.
Advanced materials and high-end technology
EF2000 uses a lot of conforming materials and other advanced materials on the fuselage, and adopts a variety of advanced technologies in manufacturing, such as superplastic molding and diffusion design.
Cockpit design
EF2000 follows the principle of "never leaving the lever" in the cockpit design, and there are more than 20 function keys related to sensors, weapon control, defense equipment management and air control on the steering lever and throttle lever.
Careless operation
EF2000 adopts pitch instability design. By actively controlling the flight control system, the pilot can realize "worry-free control", which can attenuate the influence of gust and make the aircraft maintain good and sustained maneuverability during the flight.
Core data
Captain:15.96m.
Machine weight: 9.75 tons
Speed: 2448 km/h
Span:10.95m.