These woodcarving schools are very influential in the whole country or local areas. The most famous ones are Quanzhou woodcarving, Dongyang woodcarving, Yueqing boxwood woodcarving, Chaozhou gold lacquer woodcarving in Guangdong, and Longyan woodcarving in Fujian. These five schools are called "Five Woodcarvings in China". Quanzhou, as the first batch of famous Chinese historical and cultural cities announced by the State Council, is rich in cultural resources. As one of the traditional folk arts in Quanzhou, woodcarving has a long history. Quanzhou's numerous woodcarvings and exquisite craftsmanship are breathtaking.
Historically, the rise and development of Quanzhou woodcarving was in the second year of Tang Tianbao (AD 686). After Wu Zetian ascended the throne, she changed her name to Kaiyuan, and asked all states in the country to build temples. At that time, Quanzhou's economy was prosperous and incense was flourishing. Around Kaiyuan Temple, more than 100 large and small temples were built at the same time, which was called "manjuji in the Grand Kaiyuan", providing unparalleled space for the rise of woodcarving art. It was at this time that Quanzhou woodcarvers began to intervene in the large-scale construction project of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou. Even the East West Tower at that time was completely made of wood and wood. These two huge wooden pagodas were later destroyed by the war and burned into ruins. In the Buddhist pavilion of Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, two woodcarving arhats that were picked up from the ruins in those days have been well preserved so far, which is simply superb and exquisite. We can imagine how magnificent two five-story wooden towers with tens of meters high should be. In the ancient Quanzhou, artists carved many exquisite wood carvings in it, and I don't know how many Chinese and foreign tourists fell. There is a poem to prove that "this place is called the Buddhist country in ancient times, and all the streets are saints." The Song and Yuan Dynasties were the heyday of Quanzhou woodcarving development. After Quanzhou Port became the largest port in the East, under the care of overseas Chinese and businessmen, Quanzhou woodcarving products crossed the ocean along the Maritime Silk Road and went to Southeast Asia and the world.
The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a glorious period for the development of woodcarving art in Quanzhou. In the tenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, Zheng Zhilong, the father of national hero Zheng Chenggong, invested in the reconstruction of Kaiyuan Temple. Today's Ursa Major Hall, known as the "Baizhu Hall", is supported by 65,438+000 columns. Above the pillar, there are 24 woodcarvings with wings spread and flying, holding Four Treasures of the Study and Nanyin musical instruments, with various manners. Just like young girls, these birds flying in the sky symbolize ancient Hinduism and wonderful birds of the 24 solar terms. No matter day or night, there are 24 solar terms in a year, 24 hours a day, every month, and every moment of the year, these wonderful birds dance around Baizhu Temple and Sakyamuni and worship. When the fragrance is strong, the smoke fills the air in the sky, looming, like a fairy descending to earth, flying high, amazing. Wood carving is the highlight of Quanzhou folk crafts. Flat carving, line carving, root carving, lattice carving and idol carving are colorful and have their own characteristics. The woodcarving art in Quanzhou is exquisite in carving and exquisite in flower work, just right. Hui 'an County and quanzhou taiwanese investment zone City in Quanzhou are the centers of wood carving industry and skill inheritance, and also the pillars of local cultural and creative industries. Woodcarving craftsman Huang Quanfu won the first prize of the first and second China Sculpture Art Festival in succession. Lu was awarded the honorary title of Master of Arts and Crafts in China, and his Longgen woodcarving Wu won the Fourth National Arts and Crafts Hundred Flowers Award Hope Cup.
Since the reform and opening-up, especially in Quanzhou, the main ancestral home of Taiwan Province compatriots, many Taiwan Province folks have gone to the mainland to seek their roots and frequently offered incense to pay homage to religious activities. The production, sales, processing and ordering of Quanzhou woodcarving once rose to the highest level in history, thus improving the woodcarving skills, bringing up talents and creating famous teachers and enterprises. Woodcarving works stand out and win prizes in various national competitions. Win glory for Quanzhou arts and crafts circles, contribute to overseas Chinese culture, and play a good role in promoting cross-strait folk arts and crafts and religious cultural exchanges.
Dongyang woodcarving
The woodcarving art in Dongyang City, Zhejiang Province has a long history. It is a traditional folk craft in Dongyang, and is known as the "hometown of carved flowers". The emergence and development of Dongyang woodcarving art, first of all, is due to a large number of wood suitable for carving, such as camphor wood. The appearance of Dongyang woodcarving works is characterized by retaining the original color and texture of wood, and being smoother, more delicate and more refined because of fine grinding. Its exquisite wood carving skills and elegant and exquisite products are well-known at home and abroad. According to the textual research of the wood carving Buddha statue unearthed in the indoor of DongYang South Temple Tower in the second year of JianLong in the Northern Song Dynasty (96 1), it has a history of more than 1000 years. According to documents, Dongyang woodcarving technology began in Tang Dynasty, developed in Song Dynasty and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Dongyang woodcarving has a wide range of themes, such as figures, landscapes, birds and animals, flowers, fish and insects, etc. The decorative content with historical stories as the theme has also begun to be expressed by Dongyang woodcarving.
As an art school, Dongyang woodcarving is formed through long-term artistic practice according to the respective modeling characteristics of architecture, furniture and various furnishings. It has a unique and complete set of carving techniques, including relief, round carving, double-sided carving, negative carving and color wood carving inlay. Relief is the essence of Dongyang woodcarving art and one of the unique craft forms of Dongyang woodcarving. It is made of traditional scattered perspective or bird's eye perspective, and then hollowed out and carved on both sides or inlaid with colored wood. In Dongyang's bas-reliefs, the depth of the picture is generally between 2-5 mm, and the subjective feelings of the object are reflected by the expressive force of prints. This kind of bas-relief is most praised as "carving on the ground", that is, the surface of the object is covered with carved patterns, which has a three-dimensional effect and is closely exposed, forming a unique artistic style. Embossed camphor wood box is the representative product of this technological feature, and it is also one of the traditional products that people like to see and hear.
Dongyang woodcarving works also have unique achievements in the fields of round carving, architectural decoration and appliance decoration. Its history can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty. Woodcarving screen and hanging screen are the innovations of Dongyang woodcarving industry on the basis of traditional relief technology. The composition design is carried out by the realistic technique of meticulous Chinese painting, and the hanging screen forms are also various, especially the carved patterns such as flowers and birds and ladies are the most prominent, with distinct levels, exquisite and vivid, which is refreshing. Workers and designers in Dongyang carving industry have also created and carved a variety of three-dimensional art platforms (that is, displaying handicrafts) that are purely ornamental. These works have broken through the traditional rectangular, circular, fan-shaped frame structure in modeling design, and a variety of loose-edged modeling designed according to the theme content has appeared, which is amazing. The appearance of these works has played a pioneering role in the continuous innovation of wood carving technology and the expression of richer content.
Fujian Putian woodcarving
Putian woodcarving flourished in Tang and Song Dynasties and Ming and Qing Dynasties. Known as "exquisite carving." At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the architectural decoration, Buddha statues and scriptures of monasteries had the embryonic form of carving technology. Screens, railings, woodcarving antiques, musical instruments, furniture, etc. The figures and flowers carved by Pu Xian are exquisite and lifelike. Putian in the Ming Dynasty was good at carving Buddha statues in circles and building decorations in flats.
The largest wood carving industry in China. Precious wood carvings occupy most of the domestic market. At present, there are about 20W people engaged in wood carving industry. It is mainly composed of classical furniture and high-grade and precious mahogany pieces.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, Cai Jing, a traveler of the Five Dynasties, said that he was "rich" and pursued luxury and wealth, so he summoned craftsmen from his hometown to organically combine Kyoto palace utensils with calligraphy and painting techniques to make wood carving furniture, which was the first of its kind in Putian. The piano table of the famous Song Dynasty painting "Listening to the Qin" collected by Beijing Palace Museum is exquisite Xinghua woodcarving furniture presented by Cai Jing to Song Huizong.
At the end of the Song Dynasty, rosewood and chicken wing wood imported from Quanzhou Port and Fengting Port became the wood carving raw materials of Xinghua craftsmen, and mahogany wood carving became more and more popular.
"Putian Wood Carving" formed a simple, lively and fresh artistic style in the Ming Dynasty, and entered a glorious period of exquisite structure, gorgeous decoration, complexity and massiness in the Qing Dynasty. According to industry insiders, Putian woodcarving is the accumulation of artists' cultural concepts and aesthetic tastes in past dynasties. Its traditional crafts include round carving, through carving, relief carving and root carving, and its categories include Buddha statues, ladies and flowers, landscape decorations, furniture and mobile phones. It has various shapes, fine workmanship and great practical, ornamental and collectible value.
There are still Ming Dynasty woodcarving Mazu statues, plaques, screens, ritual vessels and other cultural relics in Tianhou Palace, Nagasaki and Kagoshima in Putian, Taiwan Province Province. Xinghua has a famous representative of woodcarving skills in past dynasties. Liao, the grandson of Liao Ming, a famous teacher in the late Qing Dynasty, is good at characterization and carving. His masterpiece won the gold medal in 1903 Panama World Games. "Liao's Wood Carving" has become a treasure that Chinese and foreign antique dealers are scrambling to buy. There are still many Liao's wooden seats in the Palace Museum, and there is also a tribute carved by foreign artists in Putian during the Qing Qianlong period-gold-plated carved blue.
By the Ming Dynasty, due to the rebellion of Japanese pirates, there were very few mahogany imported from Nanyang countries. Xinghua woodcarving mostly uses local rich longan wood to carve various military commanders, ladies or immortals, antiques, supplemented by old paint to make the works more gloomy and antique, and longan woodcarving is famous for it. Chaozhou woodcarving originated in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, but as an art school, it also includes works made in Chaozhou, Chaoyang, Puning, Raoping, Shantou, Huilai, Haifeng, Lufeng, Xingning, Meixian District of Meizhou and Minnan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The surface of the work is covered with gold, which is a major feature of Chaozhou woodcarving. It is completely different from Dongyang woodcarving, so it is also called "gold lacquer woodcarving" and "gold lacquer woodcarving". It is said that "golden lacquer wood carving" is because of the composition of lacquer, which is specially configured for gold foil to attach to wood, and at the same time plays a role in moisture prevention and corrosion prevention. There are two main forms of lacquer painting of Chaozhou woodcarving: one is the common "black lacquer gold", with black lacquer as the background and then covered with gold foil; The second type is "multicolored inlaid with gold", which is mostly architectural decoration pieces, with turquoise or purple, pink and Huang San colors, and then with gold as the foil, producing a splendid effect.
The traditional techniques of Chaozhou woodcarving can be divided into intaglio carving, relief carving and round carving. Gravure is close to painting in nature and is mostly used in pictures. The theme is plum, orchid, bamboo and chrysanthemum. Besides buddhas, bodhisattvas, immortals and traditional figures, sculptures of magical animals, fish and shrimp are often used. Carving, also known as general carving, is an artistic expression technique often used in Chaozhou woodcarving, which is mostly used for architectural decoration. Chinese fir is generally used for architectural carving, mostly in large pieces. When carving, craftsmen not only win at multiple levels, but also strive for exquisite structure and vivid modeling. Therefore, Chaozhou woodcarving embodies the southern carving style of "multi-layered, transparent and exquisite", with both form and spirit, scattered scenery, smooth lines and strong sense of rhythm.
Chaozhou woodcarving has a long history, which can be traced back to before the Tang Dynasty. The Qing dynasty was the heyday of Chaozhou woodcarving art, which technically developed from single-layer hollowing out to multi-layer hollowing out; In composition, the development from "virtual reality" to "virtual reality" reflects the artistic effect of strong contrast between distance and size. During this period, the faces of Chaozhou woodcarving figures generally had deep reliefs, which were more vivid from a distance, and the proportion of figures was 5: 1. Therefore, looking up, the image is richer and more complete.
Gold lacquer wood carving was originally an architectural decoration art in ancient China. After spreading to the south, influenced by some local artistic features, a school of woodcarving was formed. It has a history of hundreds of years. Decorating the beams, rafters, lintels and furniture of houses and temples with gold lacquer wood carvings looks magnificent and gives people a magnificent feeling.
As the decoration of buildings, it must be eternal, which determines the characteristics of wood carving in material selection and carving techniques. This kind of wood carving is made of camphor wood, which is hard and contains camphor. Worms can't finish eating. After carving, you need to draw multiple layers and finally stick gold foil. In this way, after years of wind and rain, the finished wood carving is not easy to rot and can keep golden and bright. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, due to the government's attention to the gold lacquer wood carving industry, workers in the gold lacquer wood carving industry constantly absorbed some techniques suitable for wood carving from sister works of art such as teeth, jade and stone carving to enrich their creations, so that wood carving continued to innovate in subject matter, expression techniques and skills.
Fuzhou Wood Carving (Longan Wood Carving)
Fujian Fuzhou woodcarving is also a woodcarving art developed on the basis of architectural decoration, furniture decoration and temple statue carving, which matured in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Fuzhou woodcarving is made of longan wood, so it is also called "longan woodcarving". Longan wood is mainly produced in southern Fujian. The texture is slightly crisp, delicate and reddish. The trunk of the old longan tree, especially the roots, is grotesque and is a good material for carving. Woodcarving artists use their roots, creases and scars to carve various figures, birds and animals according to the situation. Vivid and steady modeling, beautiful structure, not only in line with anatomical principles, but also moving and exaggerated. Knife and axe chopping, or delicate description, round and skillful.
There are three main schools of woodcarving in Fuzhou in Qing Dynasty: Daban Village School represented by Daban Village artist Chen Tianci, with about 30 people. They mainly carved Maitreya Buddha, Eighteen Arhats, Eight Immortals, Guanyin and other immortal Buddha statues, and later added images of fairies, ladies and animals. Xiangyuan Village School, represented by Ke Qingyuan of Xiangyuan Village, is good at expressing Chinese caterpillar fungus flowers and fruit bowls. I also like carving works, such as treading water cars and rowing dragon boats. Yanta School, represented by Wang Qingqing, Yanta Township, is also called Lacquer School. They are mainly good at carving patterns and patterns, as well as relief flower-and-bird works combined with lacquerware.
Huizhou woodcarving
Huizhou woodcarving has a wide range of subjects and mature techniques. Line carving, relief carving, round carving, general carving and other comprehensive applications, but the materials are mostly sub-hard or cork materials such as pine, fir, camphor, nan and ginkgo. Therefore, Huizhou woodcarving works often do not pay attention to materials. What it pursues and deliberately expresses is the perfection of the theme content, carving technology and composition lines of the picture, which embodies a strong artistic appeal and has a great influence on the surrounding areas.
Huizhou woodcarving is mainly decorated with architecture and furniture, and is famous for its exquisite large-scale carving. The content of carving and painting, in addition to truly reflecting the rural life of men farming and women weaving and fishermen farming and reading, involves more myths and legends, historical stories, classical novels and so on. These artistic pictures and ornaments have entrusted their masters with their beautiful ideals and pursuits, reflected their cultural taste and status, and have extremely high historical, cultural and artistic values. It can be said that they are all masterpieces.
Today, people visit Huizhou, and residents of Ming and Qing Dynasties decorated with wood carvings can be seen everywhere. Only Hongcun has 158 building. In June 2000, Xidi and Hongcun in Huizhou were also listed in the World Cultural Heritage List, which attracted the attention of people all over the world.
Ningbo "Zhu Jin Wood Carving"
Zhu Jin woodcarving in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province is quite influential at home and abroad. Its simple and vivid modeling, vigorous knife cutting, resplendent, warm and prosperous, is a kind of wood carving art with gold paint on wood carving. This artistic effect mainly comes from the painter's grinding, scraping, painting and gilding, so it has the reputation of "carving in three parts and painting in seven parts".
Zhu Jin woodcarving in Ningbo is mainly used for folk daily furnishings, as well as the decoration of Buddha statues, figures and furniture. The theme of its characters is mostly taken from Beijing opera characters, which is called "Beijing School Style". The composition and patterns of this "Beijing style" in Ningbo are stereoscopic perspective, and they are good at artistic exaggeration. The proportion of the characters' heads is relatively large, so that a unique expression procedure of "a warrior has no neck, a beauty has no shoulders, a grandfather has a belly and a hero has a chest" is formed, which is fascinating and interesting.
Zhu Jin woodcarving is especially famous for carving Buddha statues. It focuses on depicting the face of the Buddha, which not only highlights the solemnity of the Buddha's appearance, but also is good at expressing its amiable manner. The furniture decoration in Zhu Jin wood carving, especially the bed and sedan chair in the wedding ceremony, has more local characteristics and shows a magnificent style, so it has the reputation of "all-round sedan chair" and "all-round bed". People in Ningbo often say, "Be a man all one's life and spend the rest in bed", so they pay special attention to the carving and decoration of wooden beds. Ningbo Golden Lacquer Wood Carving Bed is like a pavilion, including bed body, bedstead, dressing table, dressing box, snack box, pencil case and so on. There are layers of pavilions and dried noodles outside the bed, and the bed body and bedstead are carved with patterns and patterns, and then coated with then cinnabar, which is very rich; The saying of "1000 working beds" deserves its name.
Jianchuan woodcarving
Jianchuan woodcarving is a woodcarving art founded by Bai people in Jianchuan County, Yunnan Province. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, there have been many talented carpenters in Jianchuan County, and people with wood carving skills have been famous since ancient times. The three archways in Kunming, the stone zhaobi in Jianshui, Feilai Temple in Baoshan and Guihua Temple in Zhongdian. And many famous architectural decorations at home and abroad are attributed to Jianchuan woodcarving artists.
As early as the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jianchuan woodcarving had reached a high artistic level, and its exquisite works were breathtaking. During the period from Dali to Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Jianchuan woodcarving flourished. Political corruption in the late Qing Dynasty led to the decline of woodcarving with a thousand-year reputation.
After the 1950s, Jianchuan woodcarving revived. Old artists have handed down their exquisite craftsmanship, such as "falling in unison, falling in threes, falling in fives, falling in fives", "eighteen scholars make plum blossoms", "the phoenix wears peonies", "flying over umbrellas" and "loving the eyebrows (plums)", and created many exquisite wood carvings with elegant and luxurious shapes.
Wuhan woodcarving boat
Wuhan woodcarving boat is a very unique artistic variety in China woodcarving craft. Sculpture has a history of more than two thousand years. The craft of Wuhan wood carving ship can reach a superb level, which is closely related to the geographical environment of Wuhan and the developed shipbuilding industry in Hubei. There are many kinds of woodcarving boats in Hubei, including wooden sailboats, ancient waterwheels, warships, primitive boats, dragon boats, phoenix boats, floats and so on. Wuhan woodcarving ship uses cypress, boxwood and mahogany as raw materials. In the art of carving, besides round carving, relief and carving, there are some unique techniques, such as peeling shallow relief without hurting the face; Deep relief is deep without hurting the bottom, paying attention to decorative patterns, hollowing out flowers and precision molding. Its pattern is clear, symmetrical and slender. Pavilions, doors and windows, railings, etc. It is also nuanced on the ship. Its molding is to design parts with different structures according to the different shapes of each product. Technically, it requires Fiona Fang rules, seamless connection and easy disassembly.
The skills of Wuhan woodcarving ship have been passed down from generation to generation. Long Yun Huawei, an old artist in Yichang, is a famous artist today, and his descendants Long Congfa, Cheng Chuchun and Pan have also made innovations on the basis of inheriting the tradition.
All kinds of exquisite Wuhan wood carving boats have traveled across the ocean and exported to more than ten countries and regions such as Japan, Canada, the United States and France.
Southern Hubei woodcarving
Woodcarving in southern Hubei mainly comes from the junction of Hubei, Hunan and Sichuan provinces, where there are many mountains and dense forests. After long-term training, a large number of woodcarving artists have been created, and a unique school of woodcarving art-formerly known as "Pu Xian Gang" has been formed. The content of wood carving mostly embodies happiness, auspiciousness and longevity, such as the carved bed of "family portrait". Drawing lessons from the expression of the book of birds and insects in Qin and Han dynasties, the word "family portrait" composed of 28 birds is carved to symbolize the magpie's visit and wish the whole family well. Historically, the theme of woodcarving works in southern Hubei basically comes from opera tasks, myths and legends, and of course there are also animal images and flower and bird pavilions. Most of these works are combined with sculpture and relief, and deep relief and shallow relief are connected, which show feelings and scenes and are of endless interest, so they have local characteristics and outstanding artistic personality.
Yan was a representative figure of sculpture school in Qing Dynasty. Yan's skill is skillful and delicate. Later generations Kong Xianbin and Yan Jingxin had higher skills. Yan Jingxin used the natural form and texture of Mu Kai to carve a statue of Confucius, which was nearly 1 meter, and was well received by all parties.
Tongshanku
As a kind of wood carving art, Tongshan Pavilion originated in Tongshan, Hubei Province in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. In fact, "dressing cabinet" is a kind of decorative cabinet, which was originally set up for wealthy families to decorate their living rooms. It is not practical, so it is called "dressing cabinet".
The wardrobe is made of poplar and camphor wood, carved with several pieces of wood, and then assembled. It is nearly 2m high, 1m wide and 46cm thick. It has two parts: the upper part and the lower part. The lower half is cabinet-shaped, with five drawers arranged side by side, and a long cabinet is under the drawers. The content is garden flowers and birds and character stories. Looking at the cabinets in Tongshan is mainly a combination of sculpture and relief, and the expression is unpredictable, so the figures, flowers, birds and animals in the block are lifelike, which makes people never tire of seeing them.
Xiateri woodcarving
Shatili woodcarving is a popular woodcarving art among Mongolians. "Summer" means chess in Mongolian. It is impossible to prove when summer began. It is said that it was spread all over the grassland in the early Qing Dynasty. What you can see in summer is the woodcarving of Mongolian chess and several bone carvings. The shapes of the chess pieces in Shatri are camel, horse, lion and Nuoyan ("Nuoyan", Mongolian, refers to the general in chess and is the only figure sculpture in Mongolian chess). These vivid wooden round carvings are full of grassland life. The woodcarving in Saudi Arabia mostly adopts the method of combining round carving with line carving. The animal image is full and vigorous, and the flowing lines of mane and tail also enhance the flying trend of the whole artistic image. In the overall modeling, Shatili woodcarving often uses exaggeration to highlight the individual characteristics of the work and achieve the ideal performance effect.
Quanzhou puppet sculpture
Quanzhou puppet is a kind of folk handicraft, named after it was produced in Quanzhou, Fujian. The first blank is carved from camphor wood, put on the back, covered with soil, polished, painted and decorated with clothes. Quanzhou puppet has a complete image structure and exquisite production, especially the carving and pastel process of the puppet head, which is unique. Quanzhou puppet head has a clear outline and refined lines, which inherits the carving and painting styles of Tang and Song Dynasties. On the basis of inheriting traditional skills, contemporary puppet head production pays more attention to exaggeration and deformation, especially to individuality and expressiveness. It is a folk craft treasure renowned at home and abroad.
The typical carving process of garden puppet head is: material selection, blank (facial features, etc. ), carving, paper mounting, polishing, gap filling, mud brushing, powder coating, face opening (face painting), wax covering and so on. Male puppet characters either use real hair, or directly carve it into a bun from camphor wood, and some even have beards (that is, beards). Beards come in four colors: black, red, gray and white. Beards are long, short and splayed, which are matched according to different roles. Women always do their hair in a bun.
Quanzhou puppets can be divided into two types: muppets with larger heads (called "puppet show") and puppets with smaller heads (called "puppet show"). The performer moves the wooden idol alive by lifting the line or fingering the line.
Early muppets were carved and paved with Buddha statues, and it was difficult to remove the Buddha's face. Jiang Jia, a famous folk artist in modern times, inherited his father's footsteps and devoted himself to studying puppet art, which greatly promoted the development of puppet carving art. Therefore, Quanzhou Puppet is also called Jiang Puppet. Jiang Muppet's works have been exhibited abroad for many times and are highly praised by foreign artists. Some foreign museums treasure his works. Lacquer line carving is one of the artistic treasures in the cultural treasure house of Chinese lacquer art. According to the current research, it has a history of 1400 years in Quanzhou, and it is a traditional craft in Quanzhou and southern Fujian. Lacquer line carving has been applied to the decoration of Buddha statues since the prosperity of colored sculptures in the Tang Dynasty, commonly known as "releasing Buddha", which has been widely circulated for a long time as a special industry. Lacquer line carving is exquisite and elegant in craft, vivid in image, simple and solemn in style and lifelike in picture. It is a wonderful flower in art gardens and a must for China.
Qufu Mu Kai sculpture
Mu Kai carving is a kind of wood carving art based on Qufu's unique Mu Kai. It started in the Han Dynasty and is said to have been initiated by Confucius IX Sun Kongteng. The earliest work was Mu Kai's walking stick with a simple pattern. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been more and more varieties, the most famous of which is Mu Kai Ruyi. After Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, woodcarving really became an art, with dragon and phoenix, flowers, figures and other patterns, and its content was lively.
Suzhou rosewood sculpture
Suzhou mahogany carving skills have been very famous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there have been many famous woodcarvers. Bao Tiancheng, an artist in the Ming Dynasty, was good at carving various objects, with unique shapes and styles. Du Shiyuan, an artist in Qing Dynasty, had superb carving skills and carved many exquisite treasures. This shows that ancient Suzhou woodcarving skills are superb. After the founding of New China, with the development of society and the demand of domestic and foreign markets, Suzhou red woodcarving products not only retained the traditional products, but also inherited and improved the traditional carving techniques and production methods, and at the same time expanded and developed new products with the characteristics of Suzhou red woodcarving to meet the conditions of modern society. Such as mahogany beer cabinets, TV cabinets, sets of several, large food tables, washstands and so on. Some practical woodcarving crafts, which are both ornamental and practical, have been welcomed by domestic and foreign markets.
In addition to the 14 local woodcarving art school mentioned above, Guizhou Miao people's dragon boat carving and facial sculpture, Nanjing antique woodcarving, Hubei Daye woodcarving, Weifang mahogany inlaid with silver carving and Taizhou painted woodcarving are also well-known at home and abroad. Ming and Qing woodcarving refers to the famous woodcarving in Ming and Qing dynasties, mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang!
Wood carving pendants such as flower boards and window grilles in Ming and Qing Dynasties are the essence of Chinese traditional architecture and the concentrated expression of traditional cultural spirit in architecture. Seeking richness in simplicity and change in unity coincides with the modern decoration design concept.
Although the modern home space is much smaller than before, it is not suitable for the complete traditional Chinese home layout. However, if decorated with wood carving pendants, screen partitions and several carved cases, the home will look modern and traditional, lively and quiet, simple and profound, just like a mountain stream. Decorative woodcarving embodies the * * * of folk art in subject matter, which generally includes three kinds of contents: first, auspicious patterns, such as symbolic and symbolic patterns such as welcoming the New Year with pine cranes; The other is entertaining story paintings such as opera characters and legends; And the third kind is folk works, such as textile, grazing, entertainment and other real life descriptions. Wood carving generally adopts figurative techniques in expression, and its modeling is bold and exaggerated. For example, the characters are big and small, and their opinions are very small, which makes them look active and simple, just like the paintings of Jinnong in Yangzhou Eight Eccentrics, which are exaggerated, humorous and full of life.
Traditional decorative wood carving, like western architectural carving art, attaches great importance to the treatment of truth and falsehood, line division and hierarchical rhythm, pursues the rigorous change of picture and the full balance of composition, softens the abstract essence of Chinese painting, makes wood carving works change in realism, and achieves a high combination of practicality and decoration, which is very attractive.
There are various forms of wood carving panels, such as shallow relief, deep relief, through carving, round carving, etc., most of which are relief. There are many hollowed-out deep reliefs combined with round carvings, which strengthen the sense of depth and space and form a deep relief similar to round carvings. Because it is a wood product, its insolubility and weldability make it impossible for modern technology to be copied in large quantities, and it is still made by hand.
Carved wood is generally not too hard, such as boxwood, pear wood, camphor wood, sappan wood, walnut wood, litchi wood, teak wood, rosewood wood, imported rosewood and so on. They are unified in structure, beautiful in color and texture, and are used to hang doors, eaves, doors and windows, foreheads, partitions and screens in traditional buildings.
The wood used for ceiling carving needs fine texture, firmness, certain hardness and smooth fiber, especially for relief pendants, and the selection of materials is particularly important. At present, there are many kinds of wood used, such as new rosewood, chicken wing wood, new rosewood, camphor wood, basswood, nanmu, colored wood, ginkgo wood and so on.
Woodcarving ornaments, which are common in TV theaters and restaurants, have now entered the families of more and more Beijingers. The reporter learned from Panjiayuan flea market that the situation of consumers buying wood carving ornaments to decorate rooms has accounted for more than 50% of the total sales, while in the past it was only 25%. Craft woodcarving
Craft woodcarving usually refers to the woodcarving handicraft that has a long history, strong national traditional color, exquisite carving and exquisite craftsmanship.
Craft woodcarving can be divided into two categories: purely ornamental and practical. Decorative woodcarving is a small and independent work of art, which is displayed and placed on cabinets, windows, tables, tables, boxes and shelves for people to enjoy. Practical woodcarving refers to a work of art that combines practicality and artistry with woodcarving technology as decoration.
Artistic woodcarving
Artistic woodcarving usually refers to works with exquisite conception, profound connotation and originality, which can reflect the author's aesthetic views, artistic methods and artistic skills. Artistic woodcarving is generally designed and produced by the author himself, so it can always run through and grasp the creative ideas and pursuits. The creative method of artistic woodcarving, like other sculpture materials, uses modeling to express people and things in the objective world, either realistic, exaggerated or abstract. It is also necessary to combine the characteristics of wood, excavate the elements of beauty from the morphological attributes of original materials, and fully reflect the interest and material beauty of wood carving art.
On the one hand, the theme content and expression form of artistic woodcarving depend on the author's artistic accomplishment and hobbies, on the other hand, it also depends on the natural shape and texture of wood, that is, "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". Artistic woodcarving is rich and eclectic, bold, rough and powerful; There are exquisite carvings and smooth lines; Have a concise summary and skillfully use natural beauty. Good artistic woodcarving is not only the product of the sculptor's ingenuity, but also a work of art that decorates, beautifies the environment, cultivates temperament and is pleasing to the eye, so it has high collection value.