Contents of bulletin board of maternal and child health education 1
I. Women's health
1, adolescent health care
The period from menarche to the gradual maturity of reproductive organs, also known as adolescence; This is a transitional period from children to adults. The World Health Organization stipulates that puberty is 10- 19 years old.
Physiological characteristics of adolescence (1)
1. Physical development
The growth of height and weight is the second peak after childhood, and the sudden increase of height is an important symbol of adolescence. The height growth during this period is about 5 ~ 7 cm per year. Weight is about 5 ~ 6 kilograms per year.
2. Development of reproductive system
It is characterized by the transformation of external genitalia from infancy to adulthood, such as pubic hump, enlarged labia majora, pigmentation of labia minora, vaginal folds, and increased length and width. The uterus is enlarged, especially the uterine body. The ratio of uterine body to cervix changed from 1: 2 in childhood to 2: 1 in adulthood. Tubal thickening, follicular development in different degrees.
3. menarche
The first menstrual period is called menarche. Menstruation is one of the important signs of adolescence. The age of menarche is mostly between13 and15, which is influenced by environment, health and other factors, and there are individual differences. If menarche occurs before the age of 9, should it be considered? Precocious puberty? However,/kloc-has no menstruation since he was 0/8 years old. It may be primary amenorrhea, so he should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Because the ovarian function is not perfect and the menstrual cycle after menarche is irregular, it must be gradually adjusted to get close to normal. The first day of bleeding is the beginning of menstrual cycle, and the interval between the first days of two menstruation is one menstrual cycle, generally 28-30 days. The duration of menstruation is 2 to 7 days, mostly 3 to 5 days. The amount of bleeding during each menstrual period is about 50 ml. Menstrual blood is generally dark red, the main feature is that it does not coagulate, and occasionally there may be small blood clots, which is a normal phenomenon.
Menstrual period generally has no special symptoms. Some women may have symptoms such as lower abdomen and lumbosacral drop, mild headache, insomnia, diarrhea or constipation, which generally do not affect their daily life and work.
4. The emergence of secondary sexual characteristics
The second sexual characteristic refers to the unique symbol of men and women except genitals. The second pregnancy feature of women is breast development first, followed by pubic hair and armpit hair, the pelvis gradually widens, and the subcutaneous fat of the chest, shoulders and buttocks increases, showing the unique posture of women.
5. System development
(1) circulatory system: the heart is enlarged and the myocardium is thickened. Blood pressure and cardiac output increased, and the pulse gradually slowed down, approaching the adult standard.
(2) Respiratory system: When both lungs develop vigorously, respiratory function and vital capacity increase.
(3) Nervous system: The development weight and capacity of the brain have not changed much, but the brain nerve structure has gradually developed close to that of adults. It is characterized by active thinking, improved ability to respond to things, more accurate and coordinated fine movements, and enhanced analytical reasoning ability and memory.
(B) the psychological and behavioral characteristics of adolescents
1. Germination of sexual consciousness
Adolescence, after physical maturity, plays a special role in psychology, that is, the germination of sexual consciousness, and the beginning of understanding one's own gender, gender relations, attitudes towards both sexes and behavioral norms.
Step 2 Enhance self-awareness
After entering adolescence, self-awareness develops rapidly, which is highlighted by strong self-esteem. Adult feeling? Still asking? Independent? Strong feelings. At this stage, teenagers often show the contradiction between ideal and reality, independence and attachment.
Curiosity is better than imitation
In this state of mind, it is easy to be influenced by others, and all kinds of temptations to complex society are easy to get into bad habits and go astray when their ability to distinguish and judge is not yet mature.
4. Occlusion
At the same time, teenagers began to have a sense of adulthood, that is, the sense of confidentiality began to form. It is manifested in the understanding of the problem and the lock on the outside world, parents and teachers. The psychological characteristics of adolescence have both a locked side and a desire to be understood. Teachers and parents should fully understand and master this psychological feature, pay attention to the way, grasp the period, and help and guide in time.
(3) adolescent health care guidance
1. Nutrition guidance
(1) puberty develops rapidly, and the nutritional needs increase greatly. First of all, there is more demand for calories than adults. The main source of calories is sugar in staple food, so appetite needs to increase, and hormones, antibodies and enzymes increase rapidly. These mainly depend on protein, so we should eat more milk, beans, fish and whole grains during this period.
(2) Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin D are all necessary for growth and development. Calcium and phosphorus are the main raw materials for bone formation and tooth formation, and iron is an important component of red blood cells, which should be supplemented in adolescence. Excessive dieting or weight loss will affect the development of endocrine system and body.
2. Psychological guidance
Around puberty, with sexual maturity, psychological changes are great, especially the awakening of sexual consciousness. Girls in this period showed shyness, anxiety, personality change and love for the opposite sex. During this period, the formation of self-awareness, independent intention and adult sense often has the contradiction of independence and dependence. Therefore, we should strengthen the education of sexual knowledge and moral concepts. According to the psychological characteristics of teenagers, parents, teachers and their adults should care about their friendship and guide them correctly.
3. Menstrual health guidance
(1) Choose sanitary products with soft texture and strong water absorption, keep the vulva clean, and don't take a bath.
(2) Avoid cold stimulation and excessive physical labor.
(3) Eat less spicy food, don't smoke or drink.
(4) If you find abnormal menstruation or acne before menstruation, don't crowd or abuse drugs, and seek medical advice in time.
Second, premarital health care.
It is to conduct health consultation and health examination for both men and women who are about to get married, publicize the necessary knowledge of marriage and childbearing, and make the couple live a harmonious, happy and healthy life.
A generation lays a solid foundation.
(1) Premarital health guidance
1. sexual health guidance
Including the basic knowledge of sexual physiology, sexual psychology and sexual health.
2. Reproductive health care guidance
(1) Planning pre-pregnancy preparation: including the choice of pregnancy opportunity, the preparation of health conditions, and avoiding the interference of unfavorable factors.
(2) It can be determined according to schedule calculation algorithm, basal body temperature measurement and cervical mucus observation. Easy pregnancy stage? And then what? Not easy to conceive stage? Arrange to get pregnant when it is easy to get pregnant.
3. Birth control guidance for newlyweds
Newlyweds should consider the physiological characteristics of newlyweds when choosing contraceptive methods. The methods should be simple and will not affect reproductive function and the health of future generations after stopping using them.
(1) short-term contraception is required after marriage: it is generally appropriate to use contraception outside. For example, male condoms are simple and easy to master. Applying some contraceptive ointment on the outside can increase lubrication, reduce foreign body sensation and improve contraceptive effect. Although natural contraception has the advantages of simplicity, economy, safety and harmlessness, it should be used with special caution to prevent failure due to mental excitement and physical fatigue during the wedding.
(2) Vaginal contraceptives can be used for long-term (1 year or more) contraception after marriage, and oral contraceptives can be used for those without contraindications to steroid hormones, with appropriate short-term effects. Stop using it in the first half of pregnancy.
(3) Those who require long-term contraception after marriage or are not prepared to give birth after remarriage: long-term, safe, simple, economical and stable contraceptive methods should be used first, such as intrauterine devices, long-term contraceptive needles and subcutaneous implants.
(4) For lifelong infertility: In principle, the sick party should take sterilization or long-term contraceptive measures.
(2) Medical opinions on marriage and childbearing
1. The marriage is terminated
(1) psychotic episode: such patients lose their self-control ability during the episode; There are many factors that affect the rehabilitation of patients after marriage; If a female patient is pregnant after marriage, taking a large number of antipsychotics will have an impact on the fetus's teratogenesis, stunting and intrauterine death.
(2) Designated infectious diseases are in the infectious period: the health hazards of marriage at this time: ① infecting spouses; (two) affect the rehabilitation of the disease; If pregnancy can be transmitted to the fetus, it will lead to a bad outcome.
(3) Diseases of important organs with dysfunction.
(4) Dysplasia of reproductive organs: It may affect the sexual life after marriage and should be corrected before marriage.
Contents of bulletin board of maternal and child health education II
1, so that children can grow up healthily and happily.
International Children's Day (also known as Children's Day) is a festival to protect children's rights to survival, health care and education all over the world, improve children's lives and oppose child abuse and poisoning. Most countries usually set it to June 1 every year. 1 949165438+1October, the international democratic women's Federation officially decided that June1day is a festival for children all over the world, that is, International Children's Day. 1949 after the founding of new China, People's Republic of China (PRC) officially designated June 1 day as International Children's Day.
Childhood is the most critical period of growth and development in life, and completing basic child health care is the most basic need to ensure children's growth and development. Society, families and health care workers have the responsibility and obligation to do a good job in children's physical examination, disease screening and other health care work on a regular basis.
Children are the future of the country and the hope of the nation. Our whole society should create a good family, social and learning environment for children, so that they can grow up healthier, happier and happier.
2, 0~36 months of children's health examination content?
(1) National free basic public health services
After the Childbirth Hospital establishes the Handbook of Child Health Care, it will regularly check and consult the children in the jurisdiction (or other medical and health care units) free of charge. ① Newborn visit: Newborn visit twice within 28 days after discharge. ②4.2. 1 physical examination: 1 children under the age of four times (March, June, September and February), 1-3 years old every six months 1 times, 3-7 years old every year 1 times.
(2) Other children's health examination items:
① Screening for congenital diseases of newborn At present, screening for hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria is carried out in our province; ② Newborn hearing screening; ③ Regular physical examination The child health care doctor of the medical and health care institution agrees on the time of regular physical examination for children according to their age. The examination contents include height, weight, hemoglobin, oral cavity, eyes, hearing, intelligence and blood examination. Parents should take their children to the jurisdiction or other medical and health units for child health examination according to the time agreed by the doctor; ④ Prevention and treatment of common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases Early screening, timely treatment and correction of nutritional diseases, infectious diseases, developmental diseases, amblyopia, strabismus, dental caries, hearing impairment and other common diseases and frequently-occurring diseases in children.
3. What are the benefits of participating in children's physical examination regularly?
According to the child's physical examination, we can know the growth and development data, accurately evaluate the current physical health of each child, and find some hidden diseases as soon as possible, such as malnutrition, anemia, myopia, dental caries, congenital heart disease and so on. Early detection of some infectious diseases in children, such as hepatitis. Early health intervention or disease correction for children is conducive to ensuring the healthy growth of children.
4. Why should we screen for neonatal diseases?
At present, the screening of neonatal diseases in our province is the screening of congenital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria. Through screening, congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and phenylketonuria (PKU) can be found as early as possible.
Congenital hypothyroidism is a disease caused by abnormal thyroid development, which leads to insufficient thyroid hormone synthesis, slow growth and mental retardation. Also called? Been sick? . The incidence of this disease in China is about 1:3000~4000.
Phenylketonuria can lead to mental retardation and brain injury in children. Most children were born without any abnormalities, and began to show symptoms with their growth and development (3 ~ 6 months), especially when they were 1 year old. If it is found in the neonatal period and treatment is started within 3 months after birth, the child's intelligence level can reach normal people. If the treatment is delayed, the mental damage will be irreversible.
Therefore, the key to congenital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria lies in early detection, early diagnosis and treatment in the neonatal period to avoid irreversible birth defects.
5. What other health checks should parents do for their children?
Vision care: Check children's eyesight regularly, so as to find out the abnormal eyesight in time, find out the causes of abnormal eyesight in time, and correct and treat them. The main causes of vision abnormality are: refractive abnormality (including myopia, pathological hyperopia, astigmatism and anisometropia, etc. ), amblyopia, eye trauma and other eye diseases.
Hearing health care: pay attention to children's hearing, check 1 time every year, find hearing damage in time, and avoid hearing damage caused by various factors.
Oral health care: check whether there are oral diseases every year, find them in time and prevent them in time. Oral health should include clean teeth, no cavities, no pain, normal gum color and no bleeding. Children are advised to brush their teeth in the morning and evening, rinse their mouths frequently and use fluoride toothpaste in moderation.
6. Why do newborns need hearing screening?
Hearing impairment is one of the common congenital defects. Domestic and foreign research data show that the incidence of bilateral hearing impairment in newborns is 1? ~4? The incidence of severe and extremely severe hearing impairment is about 1? . Early detection of hearing impairment in children plays a very important role in preventing deafness and language development disorders.
Normal listening is the premise of language learning. Babies with normal hearing can babble in 4 ~ 9 months, which is an important stage sign of language development. Children with severe hearing impairment cannot enter before 1 1 month due to lack of language stimulation and environmental impact? Huh? In the pronunciation stage, normal language learning cannot be established at the most important and critical age of 2-3 years old, and there is congenital hearing loss after examination. However, it is too late to start language rehabilitation treatment at this time. Lightly, it will lead to psychological and behavioral problems such as language and speech disorders, low social adaptability, attention deficit, learning difficulties, etc. In severe cases, it will lead to deafness, which will seriously affect children's intellectual development and have physiological, psychological and economic problems for their later life.
Under normal circumstances, it is difficult for parents to find children's hearing impairment in the first year, which makes many children with hearing impairment lose the best opportunity to recover in time. Early hearing screening for newborns can find hearing impairment as early as possible, so that they can use artificial means such as hearing AIDS to help them establish a language stimulation environment before the critical age of language development, which can make language development not or less damaged.
What other health checks do children aged 7.3-7 have?
In addition to routine physical examination, children aged 3-7 can also carry out special examinations according to their personal conditions: trace elements, bone alkaline phosphatase, Denver intelligence test, picture vocabulary test, temperament determination, children's raven reasoning test, etc. If you find that your child has abnormal behavior, you can go to the child health clinic.
Maternal and child health education bulletin board content 3
Brief introduction of vitamin folic acid
Folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin, which is egg-yellow crystalline powder in appearance, slightly soluble in water, unstable to heat and light, and easily inactivated by oxidation. This vitamin was originally isolated from spinach leaves, hence its name? Folic acid
Second, what is neural tube malformation?
Neural tube malformation is called neural tube malformation, which can be divided into anencephaly and spina bifida. Both anencephaly and spina bifida are malformations that occur in the early fetus. The head and spine are developed from some cells in the early stage of embryonic development? Neural tube? The front end of the neural tube develops into a head, and the back end develops into a spine. If the anterior end of neural tube is underdeveloped and incomplete, it will develop into anencephaly; If the back end of the neural tube is not closed properly, it will develop into spina bifida.
Three, folic acid collection and follow-up procedures in our city
1. Recipients: women who are going to get pregnant from 3 months before pregnancy to 3 months in the first trimester;
2. Place of collection: ① City Marriage Registration and Premarital Health Care Center (8th floor of Health Building); ② Obstetrics and Gynecology Department or Health Care Department of township hospitals and community health service centers of six sub-district offices in this city 13; (3) Pregnancy health clinics in all medical and health care units;
3. Drugs received: Folic acid tablets (0.4 mg? 3 1 tablet/bottle); 4. Collection frequency: two bottles are collected in February and three times in * * *;
5. Follow-up procedures: telephone follow-up, door-to-door follow-up, and follow-up when taking medicine from township hospitals and community health service centers. , understand the medication situation;
6. Special circumstances: If there is any abnormality after taking the medicine, please contact the medical staff of township hospitals and community health service centers in time.
7. If a woman is not pregnant after taking folic acid for 6 months, she should continue to supplement folic acid under the guidance of a doctor.
4. Why should women of childbearing age take folic acid tablets before pregnancy and early pregnancy?
Adequate folic acid should be taken before pregnancy. According to the existing medical evidence, neural tube malformation is mainly caused by folic acid deficiency in the body. But the question now is:? It may be too late to start folic acid supplementation after pregnancy! ? Green, Ph.D. in Applied Nutrition, Galford University, Canada, said: Because neural tube closure occurs in the early pregnancy, that is, 3-4 weeks of embryonic development, women usually know that they are pregnant for more than 4 weeks. Therefore, we suggest that women take enough folic acid three months before planned pregnancy to reduce or avoid neural tube defects.
At present, experts recommend that women of childbearing age take 0.4 mg folic acid every day in the early pregnancy. In food, cereals such as bread, noodles, white rice and flour, as well as beef liver and orange juice are all natural folic acid. But experts say it is not easy to get enough folic acid from food, and it is necessary to reduce cooking loss by 50%~90%. A survey of 73 women of childbearing age in China released at the seminar showed that daily intake of 375 micrograms of folic acid in fortified milk powder can increase the concentration of folic acid in blood to the highest level of folic acid prevention, and effectively prevent neural tube defects. Therefore, experts advise women to take folic acid tablets before pregnancy and early pregnancy to maintain their daily needs.
Professor Li Zhu, director of the Peking University Institute of Reproductive Health and director of the Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health of the Ministry of Health, pointed out: It is best to start taking folic acid three months before pregnancy, because it takes some time to improve the folic acid level in the body; Folic acid supplementation throughout pregnancy can solve the problems of perinatal stillbirth, low birth weight and hemolysis of newborn. ?
Folic acid health knowledge question and answer?
Pregnant woman: What is the function of folic acid? Why should expectant mothers supplement folic acid?
Doctor: In the first month of pregnancy, the embryonic cells in pregnant women divide at an alarming rate. Folic acid can help cells divide and grow, form DNA, and effectively prevent fetal neural tube dysplasia, megaloblastic anemia and premature delivery. If pregnant women lack folic acid, it will cause the disorder of embryonic cell division, lead to abnormal embryonic cell division and abnormal embryonic cell development, especially due to neural tube dysplasia, which will lead to fetal appearance? No brains? Or? Spina bifida? .
Pregnant woman: Folic acid is so important that you should supplement it as soon as you are pregnant, right?
Doctor: No, folic acid supplementation should start before pregnancy. The best time to supplement folic acid should be from 3 months before pregnancy to 3 months after pregnancy, preferably until the end of pregnancy. In the second and third trimester of pregnancy, the synthesis of baby DNA and the increase of placenta, maternal tissue and red blood cells greatly increase the demand of expectant mothers for folic acid. Therefore, even if the baby's nervous system has developed in the first trimester and folic acid is lacking in the second and third trimesters, megaloblastic anemia, preeclampsia and placental abruption will still occur.
Pregnant women: What foods are rich in folic acid?
Doctor: Folic acid is a vitamin and an important component in the diet. It exists in liver, bamboo shoots, fruits, wheat and green vegetables. For the sake of the baby's health, expectant mothers must correct the bad habit of partial eclipse and let more foods rich in folic acid appear on the table, such as spinach, milk, animal liver, potatoes, fruits and tomatoes, so as to rule out the possibility of reducing folic acid deficiency.
Pregnant women: Besides food, what other safe ways to supplement folic acid are there?
Doctor: expectant mothers, when you supplement folic acid, you should pay attention to the following points:
1. Under normal diet, taking 0.4 mg folic acid every day is a safe dose. At present, folic acid supplements sold in most pharmacies are mostly therapeutic drugs, each containing 5 mg folic acid, which is not suitable for expectant mothers.
2. During taking folic acid supplements, pregnant women should try to avoid repeating folic acid supplements while taking other nutrients or mommy milk powder;
3. If you don't get pregnant as scheduled after taking folic acid for three months, you can continue to supplement folic acid until you get pregnant.
Pregnant women: since the fetus needs it, is it better to supplement folic acid as much as possible?
Doctor: A normal amount of folic acid supplement is necessary for mothers, but taking folic acid in large doses will produce toxic and side effects, such as zinc deficiency, delayed development of babies in the abdomen, low birth weight and so on. In addition, taking folic acid in large doses will cover up the symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency and lead to serious irreversible nervous system damage.