The legend of the rise of the Khitan nationality is reflected in the story of the green cow and the white horse. In fact, the rise of the Khitan nation is far from as simple as the story tells. Let's take a look at the history of the rise of the Khitan nation.

The Khitan nationality is one of the oldest ethnic minorities in northern China. Originally belonged to Donghu clan system, but its origin was Xianbei, a branch of Donghu. Xianbei also has a Yuwen Department, and Qidan is one of the branches of this Yuwen Department. The name Qidan first appeared in the China history books of the Northern Wei Dynasty in the 4th century. At that time, the Huanghe River (now Xilamulun River) and Tuhe River (now Laoha River), which were distributed in the northern part of the Liaohe River Basin, lived a clan life of fishing, hunting and animal husbandry, with chasing water plants as the main nomadic way. In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, the Khitan formed eight ancient departments, which were not under the jurisdiction of each other and had no connection. The ministries independently maintained tributary relations with the Northern Wei government. Due to the expansion of Turkic forces in Sui Dynasty, various tribes were conquered. In order to defend against the Turks, the ministries of Qidan began to contact and support each other, and later formed a relatively loose tribal alliance in the early days. In the early Tang Dynasty, the Khitan formed a tribal alliance headed by Yamato. Its system is to choose one of the eight chiefs as the leader, or the leader. The term of office is three years, and the re-election expires, but the Yamato people have the privilege of world elections. At this time, the leader has the right to manage. The Khitan leader later led troops into the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong gave the flag and drum to show his recognition of the leader's authority. In the Tang Dynasty, an administrative organization was established in the Khitan area, that is, the DuDu House in the end of the Song Dynasty, and its leader was appointed as the DuDu.

During the Xuanzong period of the Tang Dynasty, after the disintegration of the Yamato Tribal Alliance, the Yaozhi Tribal Alliance was re-established. After being ruled by Uighur for a period of time, it was reunited with the Tang Dynasty by the opportunity of Uighur civil strife, and the decline of the late Tang Dynasty provided a good opportunity for the independent development of Qidan.

In the late period of the Yao-Emperor Alliance, due to the melee in the Central Plains at the end of the Tang Dynasty, the northern Han people fled to the Qidan area to escape the war. The advanced production and other technologies of Han nationality promoted the economic development of Qidan. Among the eight departments of Qidan, the overlapping thorn department is close to the Central Plains, so it has the fastest development and greater influence than the other seven departments. Yili violette (tribal leader or alliance military leader) in Dila has always been controlled by the Lu Ye family. This family reorganized the Khitan Tribal Alliance from Lu Ye Yaer, the eighth ancestor of Baoji. After serving as Ili Violet, it entered the upper class of the Khitan society. From the seventh ancestor, it mastered the military power of the alliance, ranking second only to the leader of the alliance. By the time Baoji's grandfather, Vanders, served as Li Yizi in Diera Department, the tribe had developed animal husbandry and agriculture, with strong power and rapid social development, and began to transition from clan system to class society.

At the beginning of 10 century, Bao Zheng, an outstanding leader of the Khitan nationality, unified the ministries of the Khitan nationality, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital. Bao Ji is Liao Taizu. (There are different opinions about the time when Qidan changed its name to Liao for the first time. According to Liao History Taizong Ji, the name of Qidan was changed to Liao in 947, and it was changed to Qidan in 983, 1066 Liao. )

After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Khitan forces continued to expand southward, and the sixteen states of Youyun were occupied by Emperor Taizong of Liao Dynasty. The conflict with the Central Plains regime has intensified.

There is a more detailed paragraph below.

Hongshan people-Donghu people-Qidan people-Chifeng people

(Chifeng has a perpetual history)

1. 1 Neolithic Age, about 1 10,000 years ago, the earliest remains of human activities in Chifeng were found in a cave in Shangyao Village, Shanzuizi Township, Wengniute Banner. The cave is located at the top of Tiger Cave, which is 100 meters above the ground. Near the cave, primitive stone tools used by human beings and swollen deer bones were found. Appraised by the archaeological community, it should belong to the remains of human activities in the early Neolithic period, about 1 10,000 to 8,000 years ago. This discovery opened the prelude of human history in Chifeng area. 2. About 8,000 years ago, there were human settlements in Xinglongwa Village, Baoguotu Township, Aohan Banner, Chifeng. Archaeologists and historians named it "Xinglongwa Culture" in the Neolithic Age. Xinglongwa settlement is a spectacular and well-built primitive building. In an oval moat of180m, more than ten rows of houses of 100 are neatly arranged, which are located in the center of the settlement with an area of140m2. The unearthed cultural relics in Xinglongwa Culture period are extremely rich, and pottery, stone tools, bone implements and jade articles have their own characteristics. Most pottery surfaces are embossed with 3-5 different patterns, which are distinguished from the mouth, shoulders and abdomen, and are extremely elegant and generous. Fish darts for fishing and hunting often have barbs, and the blade is inlaid with fine stone tools, which is firm and sharp. In addition to the Xinglongwa Culture site found in Aohan, archaeologists have also excavated corresponding remains in Baiyin Changhan, linxi county, Nantaizi and Hexigten Banner. All these indicate that the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River and today's Chifeng area are at the turning point of China's ancient society's evolution from clan stage to state, and social organizations, defense facilities, ideology and religious etiquette are also gestating and taking place according to the requirements of the state. This is the outstanding contribution of Chifeng ancestors to China's 8,000-year history of civilization. The first excavation was carried out at 1982. From the autumn of 1983 to the end of 1984, the Institute of Archaeology of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences conducted seven large-scale excavations of Xinglongwa Culture site. During the period of 1992 and the Eighth Five-Year Plan, it was listed as one of the new archaeological discoveries in China 10. 1996 was listed in the fourth batch of national key cultural protection units by the State Council. The year 2000 is listed as one of the China 100 archaeological discoveries in the 20th century and will go down in history forever. About 7000 years ago, the ancestors of Zhaobaogou culture lived and settled in Aohan Banner, Chifeng City. Zhaobaogou settlement site is located in Mangang, about 1 km northwest of Zhaobaogou village in Aohan Banner, covering an area of 90,000 square meters. 1986, the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences officially excavated and cleaned the building 17, and made a partial anatomy of the altar. The excavated pottery, stone tools and bone implements show the production technology and craft level at that time, and occupy a leading position in the archaeological culture of the Neolithic Age in northern China. Archaeologist Mr. Su pointed out in the book "A New Exploration of the Origin of Chinese Civilization": "In the Zhaobaogou cultural site 7,000 years ago, dragons, phoenixes and unicorns carved with deer as prototypes were found, which fully demonstrated that the social division of labor was obvious. In the Central Plains, the earliest such' artistic artifact' is the dragon and tiger sculpture on the Xishui slope in Puyang, Henan Province, which has been around for 6,000 years, more than that in Inner Mongolia. " 4. The remains of Hongshan Culture ancestors about 6,000 to 5,500 years ago were found in the north of Hongshan, Chifeng today. Hongshan is located on the Jinying River, with an altitude of more than 750 meters and an area of nearly 65,438 square kilometers. The remains of middle ancestors in Hongshan Culture are mainly distributed in the area behind Hongshan Mountain. In addition to residential areas, there are graves and other relics. Hongshan Culture is widely distributed, with Chifeng in the upper reaches of the west Liaohe River as the center, Zhangbei in the west, Beijing and Tianjin in the south, Liaohe River in the east and Daxinganling in the north. In recent years, the remains of Hongshan Culture discovered in the surrounding areas have greatly enriched the content of Hongshan Culture and provided more archaeological materials for restoring the social history of Hongshan Culture. Among these new discoveries, the discovery of "jade" is particularly striking. Onniute Banner is located on the south bank of Xilamulun River. Since 1972, the early Yulong, Topaz Dragon and Jasper Dragon have been unearthed and discovered. It is called "a dragon in China" and is the birthplace of Shangyu culture and dragon worship tradition in China. Dozens of jade articles unearthed from Nastai site in Bahrain Right Banner include jade silkworms, jade birds and owls. This shows that Chifeng area was the base of producing and making jade articles in ancient times, and jade culture spread from the grassland in the north to China, forming a profound jade cultural tradition for thousands of years, which is the crystallization of the wisdom of Chifeng ancestors and the pride of Chifeng descendants. 5. About 5,300 years ago, the remains of the ancestors of forest and grassland culture in northern China were discovered at Fuhegoumen on the banks of Urjimulun River in Balinzuoqi, which was defined as Fuhe culture academically. 37 houses were excavated in Fuhegoumen settlement building. These houses are built along the hillside terrain, with a dustpan-like layout and a ridge in the middle. After the first discovery of Fuhe culture in Balinzuoqi, it was also found in other areas north of Xilamulun River and neighboring Zhelimu League. According to the determination of underground carbide by C 14, it is a new primitive cultural type in the grassland area in northern Chifeng after Hongshan Culture, about 5300 years ago. Like Xinglongwa Culture, Zhaobaogou culture and Hongshan Culture, it is an ancient culture created by clan members in the Neolithic Age. 6. Xiaoheyan culture about 4500 years ago. Excavation of Xiaoheyan Site in Aohan Banner 1974. Xiaoheyan culture has a group of pottery groups with obvious characteristics. It is the first time to find "black pottery" with exquisite pottery, hard texture, polished surface and smooth surface. Archaeologists identified it as Xiaoheyan culture, about 4500 years ago. 7. The remains of the early bronze age ancestors in northern China about 4,300 years ago were found in Xiajiadian Village, Wangjiadian Township, Songshan District, Chifeng City. Their age is equivalent to that of Shang Dynasty or early Xia Dynasty in China's historical calendar. Archaeologists named it the lower culture of Xiajiadian in Chifeng, about 4300 years ago. Xiajiadian's lower culture, centered on Chifeng, is widely distributed, from Liaohe in the east to Zhangjiakou in the west, from Beijing and Tianjin in the south, and from Lamulun River in the north. The inhabitants of Chifeng should be related to the ancestors of Emperor Yan and Shanrong, who were the pioneers of the early bronze civilization in northern China and the founders of the heyday of Chinese bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The lower culture of Xiajiadian in Dadianzi Township of Aohan Banner was listed as one of the archaeological discoveries of China 100 in the 20th century.

Second, Xia and Shang Dynasties

1. About 4300 years ago, in the early Shang Dynasty, there was a social form of city-state slavery in Chifeng area in the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River. Archaeologists have found a large number of stone castles with large scale, strong buildings and tight layout in Aohan Banner, Yinhe River Basin and Yingjinhe River Basin in Songshan District. Most of them are built on high mountains or hillsides. Today, people call them "Chengzishan". There are many houses in the city, with stone walls, many gates and watchtowers. Shijianggou in Aohan Banner, Bajia in Shuidi, Chijiayingzi and Gushanzi in Songshan District are the most typical castles. These mountain castles have aroused widespread concern in archaeology and history. 2. About 4,200 years ago, in Xia and Shang Dynasties, Chifeng area in the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River was a fief of the post-Shang State or Fang nationality. A large bronze ritual vessel in the early Shang Dynasty was found in Tianbao Barrel in Tuchengzi, Keshiketeng Banner, Wusan Township, Songshan District, and Wutonghuatou Brand in Wengniute Banner. Archaeological appraisal in China was about 4,200 years ago. 3. In the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, the Shang ancestors lived in the wild (now the Laoha River Basin) and moved to "Stone" in the early 20th century BC (now the mountains and rivers in the south of the Heximulun River). In a generation, the ancestors of the Shang nationality crossed the Inner Mongolia Plateau from the upper reaches of the Xiliao River to the Central Plains, wiped out the Xia and Shang Dynasties, created a prosperous history and culture in the pre-Qin period, and made great contributions to Chinese civilization. 4. Around19th century BC, the "favored son of heaven" Donghu people originated in the area of Laohahe in Chifeng today, and there are different names such as Tu Tu, Tuhe and Tuhe in China historical records.

Third, from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, in the eleventh year of Wang Hui, the king of Zhou Dynasty (666 BC), Guandi Town, linxi county began mining and smelting copper. Archaeological relics show that it is the earliest, largest and most complete mining and smelting copper mine in the north and south of China, alongside the Tonglushan ancient copper mine in Hubei Province, which occupies an important position in the history of mining and smelting of ancient minerals and the history of scientific and technological development in China.

Fourth, the Western Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Countries, Southern and Northern Dynasties

(1) Yan State, one of the Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period 1 During the Warring States Period, Yan Zhaowang was located in the 12th year (300 BC) in the north, with a weak national power and a small territory, and was often threatened by neighboring countries, especially Donghu. In the twelfth year of Yan Zhaowang (300 BC), Wang Zhao, the monarch of Yan State, recruited wise men, and Qiang Bing, a rich country, turned from defending to attacking, and sent general Qin Kai to lead the northern expedition, thus destroying the East Lake in one fell swoop. However, the East Lake was thousands of miles away and retreated to the grassland area of the Xilamulun River basin. Yan wasteland, build the Great Wall, and set up the right Beiping County (the county address is now Heicheng Village, Dianzi Township, Ningcheng County). It is also the first time in Chifeng history to set up a county). The Great Wall of Yan starts from Xiangping (now Liaoyang) in the east, reaches Zaoyang (now Zhangbei) in the west and passes through the south of Chifeng, with a total length of more than 300 kilometers. This is one of the earliest Great Walls built in the history of China. 2. In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 BC), Qin destroyed six countries, established a unified centralized state, established counties and implemented unified measures. Today, Chifeng is under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi and Youbeiping County of Qin State. 3. In the thirty-second year of Qin Shihuang (2 15 BC), in order to continue to consolidate political power and expand the cause of reunification, Qin began to repair, expand and connect the Great Wall of Wan Li-Qin Changcheng, which is adjacent to the Xiongnu (East Lake) in the Three Kingdoms (Qin, Yan and Zhao). It starts from Lintao (Gansu) in the west and reaches Liaodong (Liaoyang) in the east, passing through pawnshops, Wangjiadian, Shuidi, Anqing ditch and Aohan in Songshan District in the south of Chifeng. The territory is 250 kilometers long, and there are many beacon towers and castles along the line. 4. In the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), the Huns living in Hetao and Yinshan Mountain of the Yellow River rose again. In 209 BC, the soldiers moved eastward and destroyed the East Lake. The Donghu Tribal Alliance living in the Xilamulun River Basin quickly disintegrated, and the remaining forces were divided into two branches. One retreated to the Fifth Ring Mountain, which was called the Fifth Ring Department. Those who retreated to Xianbei Mountain were called Xianbei Department. Since then, most of Chifeng today belongs to the left wing of Xiongnu. 5. In the first year of Yuanshuo in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 128), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty launched the Sino-Hungarian War in 10, with dozens of small-scale battles and more than ten wars, especially in western Liaoning and right Beiping (now Chaoyang and Chifeng). The southern mountainous area of Ningcheng was an important battlefield at that time. Han has sent more than one million troops to attack Xiongnu, with nearly 300,000 Xiongnu casualties. 6. In the 4th year of founding ceremony in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 1 19), Huo Qubing, a general of the title of generals in ancient times in the Han Dynasty, led 50,000 soldiers to ride out of Beiping and break the Xiongnu left. In order to prevent the Huns from going south again, the Western Han Dynasty built the largest "Great Wall of Wan Li" in the history of China, starting from Dandong, Liaoning in the east and reaching Gansu in the west. Today's Chifeng area is in the middle section of the Great Wall of Han Dynasty, in the mountainous area south of Harqin and Ningcheng, there are many beacon towers and distant castles. The Great Wall of Han Dynasty is about150km in Chifeng. 7. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 9), Wang Mang's New Deal opened a precedent for casting money in the county. Today, Black City, Dianzi Township, Ningcheng County, became the largest county and state money casting base in northern China in the early Eastern Han Dynasty, mainly casting "Daquan 50" and "Koizumi Neichi" currencies, which were supervised by the central money casting officer (clock), with the number of coins cast by counties and States. 8. In the 25th year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 49), most of the Wuhuan Department moved south, while the other part remained in the same place, belonging to Xianbei. At that time, all the land outside the Great Wall in the five counties was occupied by Xianbei. Until the Three Kingdoms period, Hao Dan, an adult of Wuhuan in western Liaoning, led more than a thousand people, including accepting the knighthood of Emperor Han Xian. The Han court restored a captain to protect Wu Huan in its jurisdiction. 9. In the 30th year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 54), Xianbei was attached, and the Han court ordered him to live in Wuhuan's hometown. Adult Xianbei entered the DPRK and accepted the reward of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. In AD 10, the ninth year of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 166), Tan, the leader of Xianbei, divided his land into three pieces. Today's Chifeng is the residence of Yuwen Xianbei in the east, and Yuwen Xianbei is the ancestor of Qidan. When tracing back to the ancestor of Qidan, the Epitaph of Yeluyu clearly records: "Shi Huai was first produced and went through the Han, Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties. (2) Xianbei in the east, moved southward during the Sixteen Countries of the Western Jin Dynasty 1 period and the early Western Jin Dynasty (around 220 AD), and three powerful tribes, Duanbu, Murong and Yuwen, rose successively, among which Yuwen was the Xiongnu of Xianbei, with a vast territory and powerful ministries. Its place of residence is Liucheng (now Chaoyang) in the east and Suishui (now the upper reaches of Luanhe River) in the west. Today Chifeng area is the activity center of Yuwen Department.

2. After Wei and Jin Dynasties (AD 344), two tribes, Kumoxi and Qidan, emerged in Chifeng. Kumoxi, later called xi, is a different kind of Oriental Yuwen Department. Qidan, originally a Xianbei tribe, has long been nomadic with Yuwen and Kumo. With the development of society and economy, there are more and more tribes. In 344 AD, he became independent from Xianbei tribe and called himself "Qidan". Its land is hundreds of miles east of Kumoxi and north of Helong (now south of the lower reaches of Xilamulun River). This is the first milestone in the history of the development of Qidan nationality, which indicates that Qidan will stand on its own feet in the forest of nationalities. 3. In the fourth year of Long 'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 400), the Qidan people who lived in Huangshui (now Xilamulun River) and Tuhe River (now Laohahe River) gradually developed from the original two departments of Qingniu and Baima to eight departments (Yaojili Department, Housing B Department, Real Housing Department, Na Wei Department, Frequency No Department, Neihui Chicken Department, etc.).

5. During the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (1) and the first year of Sui and Huang Kai (58 1), the ancestor Neri of the Khitan tribe carried out fruitful social reforms for the first time. 2. In the second year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty (AD 628), the Khitan Yamato Tribal Alliance Chief Moxie rebelled against the Turks and led his troops to the Tang Dynasty. Since then, more than ten ministers, including Xi and Wei Shi, have successively descended to the Tang Dynasty. 3. In the fourth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (AD 630), Turkic declined. Xue Wanshu, the governor of Tangying County (now Chaoyang), sent Mo Hui, the chieftain of Qidan, to persuade Xi and Shi Wei to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. 4. In the 19th year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 645), Emperor Taizong levied Korea. The army went from northeast Chang 'an to Lulongkou, passing through Chifeng area, and once camped in Wangxiya account (now beside Laoha River in Ningcheng County). The leader of the Xi clan led his army to conquer. 5. In the 22nd year of Tang Zhenguan (AD 648), the Tang Dynasty set up a commander-in-chief at the end of the Song Dynasty in Qidan (so it is now in Yingtaogou, Shuangjingdian Township, linxi county), with the chieftain of Dahe in Qidan as the left leading general and commander-in-chief at the end of the Song Dynasty, making him Wuji Gong and giving him the surname Li. Set up Raole Governor's Office in Xi (now Daming Town, Ningcheng County), with Xi Kedu as the right governor and Raole Governor. This is the establishment of the policy of "taming" ethnic minorities in the northern grassland areas of the Tang Dynasty. 6. In December of the fifth year of Tang Xianqing (AD 660), Tang generals Xue and Xin Wenling led an army to attack Qidan, entered the grassland, fought in Montenegro (now Xiaohanshan, Bahrain Right Banner), captured Abu Gu, the governor of the late Song Dynasty, and sent him to Luoyang. 7. In the first year of Tang Yifeng (AD 676), during the Tang Gaozong period, Siphopoli came to China, and for the first time, he went to Zhaomiao Temple in Bahrain Zuoqi to preach the Dharma. This is the earliest record of temples and monks in Chifeng area. 8. In the fourth year of Tang Kaiyuan (AD 7 16), Li, king of Qidan, left his post, and Wang Li led his troops to Tang Dynasty. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was demoted as the king and chief of Songmo County, and Fu You was the king and chief of Raole County. The following year, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave his wife, Princess Xin's Gu 'an, to King Xi. Take Yang, the granddaughter of Dongping, as Princess Yongle and marry Li, the king of Qidan. This is the first time in the Tang Dynasty that a nomadic leader in the northern grassland was married in captivity. 9. In the first year of Tang Dynasty to Germany (AD 756), the Khitan once again attached to the Tang Dynasty and settled in Yanzhou (now the upper reaches of Chagan Mulun River in Bahrain Right Banner). 10, in the second year of Tang Tianfu (AD 902), the first private city, agricultural and ethnic handicraft settlement in Qidan was built, and the old city is located in today's Zuo Qi, Bahrain (where today's Chagan Hada Middle School is located). It laid the foundation for the urban construction and economic development of Qidan.

6. During the Liao Dynasty, 1 year, in the spring of the first year of the sacred book of Liao Taizu (AD 9 16), Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Qidan, established a slave country, calling himself emperor, and later changed it to "Da Liao", also known as "Da Fan" and "Guo Shang". Jianyuan's "List of Gods" shows that his country has accepted the deity, and its capital is near the Yellow River (now south of Bahrain Town), forming the second situation of the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China's history. 2. In the third year of Liao Taizu (AD 9 18), the first imperial palace was built on the grassland with Han Dynasty official Kang as the "architect" and Han, Jia Quyi and others as co-chairs. Later, in the first year of Liao Tianxian (AD 926), Guo Tuo was exhibited, and a palace was built, including three halls of Emperor, Ande and Wu Luan, the Tianxiong Hall was expanded, and the wrist building was built. By the seventh year of Liao Tianxian (AD 932), the houses of Zhaode, Zhengxuan Hall, temples and empresses had been built one after another, and by the first year of Liao Huitong (AD 938) 3. During the Tianzan period of Liao Taizu (922-925 AD), after the founding of Qidan, Yelu Baoji of Liao Taizu carried out a series of reform measures to consolidate the new regime. This is a reform with great social significance and far-reaching influence, and it is the pioneering work of Qidan. 4. At the beginning of the first year of Tianxian (A.D. 926), Emperor Taizu of Liao adopted the suggestion of assisting the heroic Han, "dividing the city and surrendering the Han", expanded and improved the organization of the viceroy, and implemented the "viceroy system" combining tribal slavery and feudalism in the Central Plains of Liao country. "Bow system" shows: (1) Bow countries are legal local slavery groups, which are directly under the royal family or aristocratic families, and slaves and property are privately owned; (2) Relatively centralized, adopting the mode of slavery production, and maintaining strict remnants of slavery; (3) Slaves, the main members of Touxia Prefecture and the creators of social wealth, are mostly Han Chinese (refugees or surrenders), especially Yan and Han people; (4) High production technology is the main economic pillar of Liao country. In the spring, he presided over the construction of the ancestral grave (now a stone house in Zuo Qi, Bahrain), and the next year, "the ancestral grave was buried in peace". 5. In the eighth year of Tianxian in Liao Dynasty (AD 933), the first mission of Uighur in the western regions arrived in Liao country, and then the mission continued to visit Liao country, and the exchanges gradually expanded. Religion, culture, art and even the native products of the western regions spread to Liaoning, enriching the material and spiritual life of the northern grassland residents and the Qidan people. 6. In the 12th year of Liao Tianxian (AD 937), the Wu Kai Temple Tower in Shangjing (now the South Tower Zigou Tower in the ancient city of Balinzuoqi) was completed. Built with octagonal seven-level eaves, 25 meters high, Sumiyama-style seats, simple and elegant. On both sides of the tower, there are ochre relief Buddha statues, Tian Fei, Jialing Pinjia, Bodhisattva, small towers and so on. The sculpture is rough and powerful, with vivid modeling, which is the treasure of tower structure and sculpture art in the early Liao Dynasty. 7. In November of the first year of Liao Huitong (AD 938), Emperor Taizong wrote a letter, and the Khitan State was renamed Da Liao, changed to Yuan Huitong, changed the emperor to Beijing, and the regime remained Huang Lin. 8. In the third year of the Liao Dynasty (AD 940), after the Liao Dynasty introduced the Tang calendar from the Central Plains to Qidan, a department was set up among the court officials south of Shangjing Prefecture, including Taishiling, Zheng, military attache Zheng, Cheng, Zhu Bo, military attache Ling Tailang, Zheng, Zhu Hou, Dr. Ke Lou and Dian Zhong. The further improvement of astronomical institutions has promoted the development of astronomy in Liao countries. 9. In the fourth year of Liao Huitong (AD 94 1 year), You Pingzhang, Tai Wei, Tai Fu, Guo Kai of Dongping County, Jacky of Dongdan State, Ye Lu Yu of Upper Zhu State and Tai Fu of Tokyo were buried in the sun of today's Mount Ketu in the Han Dynasty in Arukerqin Banner. The excavation of Yeluyu Tomb from 65438 to 0995 is one of the major new discoveries in domestic archaeology in recent years. 10. In the third year of Liao Yingli (AD 953), Taizu fell ill after being sued by the French, and was buried in Liao Zuling, Shiwu Village, Hada Ying Ge, Zuo Qi, Bahrain. 1 1 In the first year of Liao Dynasty (AD 983), farming began in the nomadic hinterland of Huangshui (now Xilamulun River) and Tuha River (now Laoha River) in northern Qidan, which were distributed in Linhuangfu, Dingba County, Shangjing (now north of Nanboluo, Balinzuoqi) and Zhouen, Zhongjing (now Xiqiao Township, Harqin Banner). 12 years, in the fifth year of the Liao Dynasty (AD 987), the mother of Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao led the army south and defeated Song Jun. In addition to being a monk in Beijing Kailong Temple for more than a month, she also built Gansheng Temple (now near Daming in Ningcheng) in Beijing to celebrate her great victory. 13, in the 22nd year of Liao Tonghe (A.D. 1004), after Yan and Yun 16 states entered Khitan, the basic national policy of Song Dynasty was to "recover lost territory", but many northern wars failed. That year, Emperor Shengzong of Liao and his mother, Filial Piety Empress, turned from defending to attacking, led the army south, and the army advanced to "Ge Yuan" (now Puyang, Henan). Enemy at the Gates, Song and Liao signed the Alliance Against the Walls. The Song Dynasty exported 65,438+200,000 pieces of silver and 200,000 pieces of silk to Liao every year as a condition for the Liao army to withdraw northward, which ended the long-term confrontation between the two countries and made the northern border of China stable for more than 100 years. "There is nothing going on in all directions, and the people are happy. The household registration is prosperous, and the fields are getting wider and wider." "Children and grandchildren keep it" and "spread endlessly" 14 years. In the twenty-five years of Liao unification (A.D. 1007), Zhongjing Dading House, the largest capital of Liao State, was completed under Qijinshan. This is a metropolis with grand scale, rigorous architectural layout, complete urban facilities and rich humanistic connotation. It played an important role in the history of Qidan nationality in the middle and late Liao Dynasty. 15 years, Xiao Taihou, the mother of Liao shengzong, died in the 27th year (A.D. 1009). 16, in the second year of Jingfu, Liao (AD 1032), Liao built Qingling (now Sumubei, Bouriga, Bahrain Right Banner) under Qingyun Mountain, and Qingzhou was built as Fengling City in the south of Qingling in the same year. Sanzong, Xingzong, Daozong and their queens were buried respectively. Qingling Mausoleum is divided into East, West and Middle Mausoleums, which are grand in scale and gorgeous in architecture. The memorial books in Chinese and Qidan languages and a large number of murals preserved in the mausoleum are the precious cultural heritage left by the Qidan people to future generations. 17, in the 13th year of Liao dynasty (A.D. 1044), Bao Zheng (commonly known as He), the imperial imperial examination supervisor in the Northern Song Dynasty and a bachelor of Longtuge, was ordered to serve in Qidan and Zheng Dan, Henan Province. 18, in the 18th year of Liaozhongxi (A.D. 1049), the Nigumu Pagoda in Gyeongju City was completed, with octagonal seven-level and pavilion-style brick-wood mixed building, with a tower height of 73.27 meters. The whole tower is exquisite and beautiful, and its appearance is tall and straight. It was a great cultural landscape of Mobei grassland at that time, and also an outstanding artistic masterpiece in the history of ancient architecture in China.

19, in the 23rd year of Liao dynasty (A.D. 1054), on August 28th, Ouyang Xiu, a famous litterateur in Northern Song Dynasty, a bachelor of Hanlin, a doctor of official department, an imperial edict of Zhi Zhi, and an editor of historical museum, went to Qidan, where He Liao Daozong ascended the throne and arrived in Zhongjing and Beijing successively. During this period, he wrote many poems in the middle of the land, among which Five Words on the Qidan Road and Bianhu are the most valuable literary historical materials. "Border households" cloud: "Family affairs are border households, and they are always at the station every year; Children learn pommel horse, women can bend bow ... Since the League of Nations, the north and the south are happy. " 20. Su Song, a famous writer and historian in the Autumn and Northern Song Dynasties, went to Liao in the eighth year of Xianyong, Liao (A.D. 1072). Su Song made textual research on the system of oaths, envoys, gifts, coins and ceremonies in past dynasties, and wrote the diplomatic monograph Lv Weixin. After the Liao Dynasty, there are not only travel notes handed down from generation to generation, but also poems of the Liao Dynasty (or poems in northern languages), which are precious materials for studying the history of the Liao Dynasty. Among them, Crossing the Tuhe River, The Khitan Account, You Zhong Jing Zhen Guo Temple and Niu Shan Dao Zhong are widely praised. The poem "Khitan Account" said: "Home is everywhere in the camp, and there are several cars in the wonderful dome; Thousands of miles of mountains and rivers have no aborigines, and hunting in the four seasons is a business. " It vividly depicts the scenery of Liao and the unrestrained nomadic life of Qidan people. 2 1. In the first year of Liao Dakang (A.D. 1075), Shen Kuo, a famous scientist, historian and textual research scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, sent a letter of thanks to Liao. He started from Baigou River (now Juma River) in Hebei Province, passed Gubeikou and Fuyuguan (now Dianzi Township in Ningcheng County), arrived in Liaozhongjing and Songshan House (now Chengzi Township in Songshan District), crossed Huangshui River (now Xilamulun River) and went straight to Zen Jade Pavilion (Daozong traveled in Tuer Mountain, now Wulanba, Zuo Qi, Bahrain). This is an emissary with a solemn mission, whose direct purpose is to redraw the boundaries of Wei Bei, Yunxian and Yingzhou (now Shaanxi). After returning to China, he wrote the famous "Xi Ning Shi Lu Tu Copy" (Yongle Grand Ceremony, volume 10877). The mountains and rivers in Liao country are different in distance and height, the roads have plummeted, and the north and south have changed. Even the customs, clothes, official rank, political punishment, military and civilian, goods and food are correct. With detailed records, accurate textual research and high historical value, Tu Chao is a precious historical material for studying the relationship between Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty and the historical geography of Liao Dynasty. 22. In the first year of Da 'an in Liao Dynasty (A.D. 1085), Ye Luyixin, the powerful minister, and Miss Zhang, the prime minister, staged the biggest unjust, false and wrong case in the history of Liao Dynasty. The young, virtuous and versatile queen Yide was falsely accused of having an affair with court musician Zhao. Daozong became angry from embarrassment and hanged himself for the queen, and the prince was killed. A group of loyal ministers who dared to speak out for Chen were demoted, exiled and moved to the company. Quot "Inside and outside the imperial court, the ruling and opposition parties were silent, which shocked the Liao Dynasty. Wang Ding, a famous scholar and bachelor of reading, wrote a straight book in his "Zanthoxylum bungeanum" and made a true narrative and fair comment. Daozong knew and executed Yi Xin. In the Tianzuo period, those who were completely falsely accused by Yixin were rehabilitated and paid tribute to Queen Xuanyi. 23. In the fourth year of Da 'an in Liao Dynasty (A.D. 1088), Su Zhe, a famous writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, went to Liao. After returning to China, in addition to the important diplomatic document "On the inconvenience seen by the Northern Dynasties in the imperial court", I also wrote 28 first Lu poems with Liaoning scenery along the way as the theme. Among them, Out of the Mountain depicts the life scenes of Liao people and Qidan people: "Yan Qiang is not only an ancient northern que, but also less and less flat fields in the mountains;" Xi people live in their own straw houses, and Qidan cleans cars by water springs. " 24. In the fourth year of Shou Chang, Liao (A.D. 1098), the Gansheng Temple Tower in Zhongjing Dading (now Daming Pagoda, Ningcheng County) was completed. Octagonal thirteen-level solid brick tower with dense eaves is 80.22 meters high, which is the tallest building in Liao Dynasty and the second tallest tower in China. The whole tower is dignified, the relief knife method is simple and powerful, the lines are smooth, and the expression is beautiful and realistic. The tower body is equipped with netted wooden supports, vertical cypress beams and cross beams from top to bottom. The tower has a high-pressure resistant groove, which is built with white mortar and welded with bricks. It has excellent seismic performance and has important scientific and artistic value in the history of ancient Chinese architecture.