First of all, since 1993, compared with the traditional college entrance examination questions, the "3+2" college entrance examination questions have changed greatly, but are relatively stable, with little change in the contents, examination objectives, forms and difficulty of the classical Chinese reading part. First of all, judging from the content of the examination, the requirement of reading classical Chinese in the Notes on the National Unified Examination of Chinese for College Entrance Examination issued by the Examination Center of the State Education Commission in 1995 is "being able to read simple classical Chinese", which is completely consistent with the requirement that middle school students should be able to read simple classical Chinese when learning classical Chinese issued by the State Education Commission in 1990.
In addition, from the "Examination Instructions", five specific requirements about the reading test of classical Chinese are put forward (1. Correctly explain the meaning of common notional words according to the context; 2. Understand the common usage of function words in classical Chinese; 3. Understand the special sentence patterns different from modern Chinese; 4. Be able to correctly grasp the meaning of the text and make a preliminary analysis and evaluation; 5. It can be translated into modern Chinese), and it is also in line with the teaching content of middle school Chinese syllabus and Chinese textbooks. Judging from the proposition of reading classical Chinese in the college entrance examination in recent three years, the goal of the exam is to see whether you can read the content of the article, rather than simply and superficially examining the form and expression of the article.
From the form of proposition, classical Chinese reading adopts the form of multiple-choice questions. From the knowledge points of the exam, there are the pronunciation of words, the understanding of real words and function words, the translation of sentences and the understanding of the full text.
Judging from the genre of reading materials, the selection of classical Chinese reading materials is mainly narrative, with relatively complete content, standardized language and excellent writing style. From the source of materials, they are all selected from extracurricular activities.
Judging from the difficulty, it is difficult, but it is still within the scope of "easy". As long as students have a certain level of reading classical Chinese, they can generally understand it. According to the above analysis, the following questions must be made clear in the classical Chinese reading review of the college entrance examination: 1. Although the reading materials of classical Chinese in the college entrance examination come from extracurricular activities, the knowledge examined comes from extracurricular activities. Therefore, we should also take the articles in the textbook as the basic materials for training reading ability, read the classical Chinese in the textbook well, memorize some paragraphs and famous sentences, and then strengthen the use of classical Chinese through appropriate extracurricular reading and practice.
2. Knowledge is the foundation of cultivating ability. In order to improve the reading level of classical Chinese, we must also pay attention to the basic knowledge of notional words, common function words and special sentence patterns different from modern Chinese, and try our best to infer the meaning and understand the meaning of sentences by combining the context, the position of words and their relationship. 3. There is also a problem of solving problems in reading classical Chinese in the college entrance examination.
In a word, it is how to effectively mobilize the known information, pay attention to methods and skills, infer accurately, and choose the right answer. The reading materials of classical Chinese reading questions in college entrance examination questions are mostly unfamiliar to candidates, but most words have appeared in middle school texts, so there are always many words that can be understood.
These comprehensible words are known information. Candidates must have the skills and ability to infer unknown answers from known information if they want to answer questions as well as possible on the basis of the original level.
In short, following the syllabus, firmly mastering the basic knowledge of classical Chinese in class, flexibly using known information to solve unknown problems and improving the overall reading ability of classical Chinese should be the guiding ideology that runs through the reading review of classical Chinese in college entrance examination. So, how can we effectively put this guiding ideology into practice in review? The main points should be grasped as follows.
First, we should pay attention to the overall reading and find out the main idea of the article. In recent years, classical Chinese reading test questions generally choose classical Chinese with narrative as the main part, and use multiple-choice questions to examine candidates' reading ability from two aspects: word meaning and sentence meaning.
Many candidates are often anxious to think about some specific questions of the proposition in order to find the answer quickly. The result is often haste makes waste, and the effect is not good.
We believe that in view of the propositional characteristics of NMET classical Chinese reading, we should first start with the overall reading, first think about what the selected text is about (cause, development and result), who it is about, what is the relationship between these characters, and what is the purpose and motivation of the author to write these contents, and then accurately grasp the general idea of the article according to these known and inferred information. With this foundation, the individual and specific questions in the test questions will be solved.
In the next interview, I will simply give an example of reading classical Chinese in the college entrance examination of 1995. The content of the anthology is the story of Zheng's mother educating her son to be an official and to handle political affairs rationally. Never add chēn@① anger, disobedience, arrogance and desertion to load the loyal minister's career.
Although Zheng's mother was "widowed at the age of 20", she was "virtuous and virtuous" and "learned a lot about books and history and knew how to govern the country". She is strict with her son and pays attention to methods when educating him. This is not a rude reprimand, nor a simple sermon, but an emotional sermon. She taught her son to be honest and clean, and to be reasonable in handling political affairs, with Zheng's outstanding performance of "being an honest official and not asking about private affairs" and "serving the country faithfully".
When Zheng felt that he was a "three-rank official, it was lucky to have a salary", his mother could sit back and enjoy her old age, instead of "spinning achievements" and "sleepless nights". Zheng's mother gave her son this seemingly reasonable ideological education in time. In fact, she doesn't know the moral code. "If she goes on like this, she will become arrogant and easy." Through this series of thinking processes, I understand the specific content of Zheng's Two Adopted Sons, thus grasping the general idea of the article.
In this way, it is not difficult to make a correct judgment and choice on how to interpret and translate the local words and sentences examined in the test questions in the specific context of the text. For example, the question 13 requires a comparison of the meanings of the two words "diligence".
On the basis of the overall understanding of the meaning, we can know that "if you are an old gentleman, you will be a loyal and diligent person" is what Zheng's mother said when she first taught her son. The word "diligent" in the sentence means "diligent".
2. Should we cancel the dispute over classical Chinese and attach importance to classical Chinese? How can we understand and inherit excellent traditional culture?
If there is a population of/kloc-0.3 billion, no one can read the Thirteen Classics and Twenty-four History, then when some of our neighbors tell you that Diaoyu Island belongs to them, the land south of McMahon Line belongs to them, the islands in the South China Sea belong to them, and even many historical figures and humanistic traditions in China belong to them, anyone and any country can misinterpret and tamper with the history of China at will, but none of us can blame and refute it. (This problem can also be divided into two parts: culture and territory, especially territory, which can also refute the argument that "classical Chinese is useless" and "China's ancient culture is backward")
Excuse me, does the Xia Dynasty exist? What was the history of Shang Dynasty? Which student can seriously answer this question? For thousands of years, Xia and Shang Dynasties were almost just dynasties in simple history and fairy tales. Why? Due to the lack of rich literature records in Xia Dynasty, although the Shang Dynasty left a lot of information about Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it was lost in Anyang Yin Ruins for a long time. If we don't study classical Chinese seriously now, and don't understand the literature and classics of the past 3,000 years, it's not hard to imagine that one day, Qin Huang Hanwu and Tang Zongsong Zu will become the same figures as myths and legends, which no one remembers or understands.
We admire the beauty of words in The Book of Songs and Songs of the South, and the beauty of artistic conception in Tang and Song poetry, but how many of us can seriously understand the meaning of words in The Book of Songs and Songs of the South? How many people can appreciate the subtlety of each poem? What is the difference between Su Shi and Xin Qiji, both bold poets? Are Li Yu, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui the same group of graceful poets? Excuse me, if we don't master classical Chinese well, how can we be related to ancient poets and poets by blood and spirit?
Today's China people wear jeans and suspenders in suits and ties; Eating chicken wings hamburgers and steak pizza; Travel by car, train, plane and ship; Contact relatives and friends by phone and mobile phone, and fax to Yi Meier. In addition, we have been studying hellow and OK since kindergarten, and we are still studying CET-4, CET-6 and IELTS TOEFL until university. During the Spring Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, it is very troublesome for us to pay New Year greetings to our elders, but we cry and shout that we will celebrate April Fool's Day, Valentine's Day and Christmas. Excuse me, from food, clothing, housing and transportation to manners, what else can prove that we are from China? Apart from a fragile soul gradually eroded by western civilization and modern fast food culture, what else do we China people have? Why can't you keep a little unique style for yourself?
Some people say that written language and traditional culture are too backward and outdated. Is Chinese mainland, which pays more attention to the reading of classical Chinese than we do, more backward than we try our best to eradicate the few remaining classical Chinese in Chinese textbooks? Our neighbors, still wearing kimonos, living old festivals, listening to music and watching sumo, are they more backward than China? Don't blame the road if you can't run. Please see if your shoelaces are fastened first!
That's all. These questions and answers are all positive. I hope they can be used.
3. Should classical Chinese be abolished in many ways? For knowledgeable people, classical Chinese is a kind of cultural accomplishment, which is profound and concise, representing the profound culture of China for 5,000 years. However, when the classical Chinese developed to the19th century, or earlier, because its broad cultural connotation was not accepted by the world, it kowtowed to the general public. Therefore, at that time, Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, Li Dazhao, Yi Baisha, Qian and others, as the main representatives, launched a campaign against feudal autocracy and all the bad things in the old society, and lashed out at China classical literature headed by Confucianism. Hu Shi first pointed out that classical Chinese should be replaced by vernacular Chinese, and all ancient literature should be replaced by vernacular Chinese, and then cooperated with the motion initiated by Chen Duxiu and others, which really opened the frenzy of the May 4th New Culture Movement and was hailed as an unprecedented ideological liberation and enlightenment movement.
One thing has both advantages and disadvantages. The rise and fall of classical Chinese can only be said to conform to the historical trend. Of course, there is no lack of promotion from * * *. Whether it should be abolished depends on the decision makers of * * *. As a person who loves classical culture, I don't want to abolish it. I hope that classical Chinese will be brilliant again one day.
4. Should Chinese recitation be cancelled? In my opinion, Chinese cannot be recited blindly. Recite selectively.
For example, the Analects of Confucius should be memorized, because it can inspire us to learn the will, understand the meaning of learning, the meaning of life and the truth of being a man.
What heavy classical Chinese is useless.
Evaluate everything in two, and never think too absolutely!
Chinese is a basic course to cultivate China people's Chinese literacy, and classical Chinese cultivates our logical reasoning ability. The emphasis on classical Chinese should be abolished, but you have to understand that education in China is like this and cannot be changed, and the senior high school entrance examination and college entrance examination have deepened the investigation in this respect. For the future, you should follow the crowd and recite it. .. or you lose, others score, and you lose. Lose points? Is it worth it? Hey. Although reciting classical Chinese should be cancelled, you should actively listen to the teacher, study hard with humiliation and wait until you grow up to be the Minister of Education. I hope you can save thousands of students!
5. How to debate in the debate, such as whether the ancient poetry in the textbook should be deleted. Traditional culture is the root of a country. A country without traditional culture is like a duckweed without roots, and ancient poetry is an important part of traditional culture.
Taking ancient poetry as an example, it is destroying our own traditional culture, making us think about where we came from and where we are going. Former US President Nixon once said: "When the next generation of China people forget their own culture, we can attack this nation."
Do we have to wait until the United States hits our door to wake up eloquently? To this end, traditional culture must be passed down. With the right direction, we must also have the right method. This is obviously contrary to the correct direction and practice of using ancient poetry.
Pupils are simply a blank sheet of paper. If you delete the ancient poems, there will be no traces of them on this piece of white paper. Although the environment can't determine a person, it affects a person to a great extent.
Without the environment of ancient poetry, it is difficult to arouse students' love for ancient poetry, and it is not conducive to inheriting the traditional culture of China. In fact, it is more important to reduce students' mental burden than material burden.
We shouldn't delete ancient poems, but we must make a fuss about them. It is better to actively cultivate students' love for ancient poetry, create a good environment, and let students get spiritual edification and pleasure in learning ancient poetry. Isn't this more valuable than deleting ancient poems? Taking ancient poems lightly will make students mistakenly think that ancient poems are insignificant; When they study ancient poems in the future, they are likely to have contempt and disgust.
The feeling of beauty in ancient poetry is so empty that his spiritual field must be barren. If so, the so-called inheritance of China traditional culture is wishful thinking, and China will become a rootless duckweed sooner or later.
The real burden reduction is to avoid the recurrence of the farce of "schoolbags are heavier than students", so that students can learn in happiness and get spiritual edification and pleasure. Deleting ancient poems is to drive primary school students away from the soil of China culture and make students lose their feelings about the beauty of ancient poems.
It's really sad
6. Should ancient poems be deleted from primary school textbooks? According to the "Morning News" report, eight ancient poems such as "Heron Villa" and "Night Temple" have been deleted from the new Chinese textbook for freshmen in Shanghai, and freshmen will get a simplified version of the new textbook this year. Many parents, teachers and even researchers believe that it is not difficult to read the ancient prose, which is very popular with students and will not take up too many class hours. "We can choose some simple and beautiful ancient Chinese as extended reading," said a Chinese teacher.
However, everything involves the change of children's learning, whether it is English reference or the deletion of this ancient poem, it will cause extensive discussion. "But you can broaden your view of 300 miles by walking up a flight of stairs" and "A dangerous building is 100 feet high, so you can pick the stars with your hands" are classic and familiar. When you hear that these children will never meet again in the first grade textbooks, adults will inevitably regret it. However, there is a problem. Does the withdrawal of ancient poetry mean that thousands of years of traditional culture have been ignored, so how will it be passed down? Many netizens believe that China's ancient poems are the accumulation of thousands of years of history and culture. Children can recite good poems, which will be a permanent wealth in the future. To reduce the burden on students, we can't just reduce the thickness of textbooks.
This kind of worry is not unreasonable. If in a few years, the students in the school are at a loss about Tang poetry and Song poetry, should we feel very sad? However, there are so many ancient literary works such as ancient poems, will it really be of great help for children who have just entered primary school to recite a few? No matter how the years change, excellent literary works emerge one after another, but at least we can reach an understanding that the influence of excellent works in ancient poetry on children's literature can not be ignored. But at the same time, don't forget that these are the thoughts of adults. If adults want to realize these ideas, they should first make children interested in ancient poetry, not just relying on classroom teaching. If children can't really appreciate the exquisiteness of ancient poetry and become interested in these works that have been circulated for thousands of years, even if ancient poetry is put into textbooks, it will only become cramming teaching. On the contrary, as the teacher said in the media reports, using these ancient poems as other ways to expand reading can not achieve the ideal effect.
It's not just ancient poems that have been deleted from textbooks. According to media reports, five long and profound words in the last chapter were also deleted. The literacy of the whole textbook is reduced from about 350 to 296, and the writing volume is also reduced to 1 18. Some complicated words have also been deleted from the vocabulary. These are nothing more than "reducing the burden". In fact, it is difficult to measure which is more important, ancient poetry, literacy or writing. In that case, why cling to the fate of China's ancient stereotyped writing? On the contrary, we should worry that the school will "reduce the burden" for students and parents will bear the burden for students after class. In fact, learning more ancient poems is not the key to the inheritance of traditional culture, nor will it bring immediate "burden reduction" effect. When discussing the topic of inheriting or reducing the burden of China's ancient poems, we are likely to fall into a situation of repeated arguments but no results, just because the two sides of the debate did not put the discussion on the same premise. Assuming that everyone is not so utilitarian about the subject setting and teaching content of children, the teaching model can get rid of the shackles of exam-oriented education earlier, and it is difficult to attract the attention of so many netizens by deleting eight ancient poems.
7. Should Zhuge Liang's example be excluded from middle school textbooks? Do you want to be an emperor when you start a war? Is his "loyalty" "foolish loyalty"? Is Zhuge Liang meritorious or guilty in history? Why do you want to delete "model" from middle school textbooks? A few days ago, a professor in Shaanxi suggested that Zhuge Liang's "role model" was promoting a kind of "foolish loyalty" and wrote to the Ministry of Education asking him to withdraw from middle school textbooks, which triggered online controversy and abuse.
Henan experts resolutely oppose it. They think that "Example" was selected as a Chinese textbook for middle schools because of its literary value, in order to teach middle school students how to understand "do your best, and die before you die". Zhuge Liang's high image is the result of people's yearning for beauty. Putting forward the above viewpoint is pure speculation.
As a result, Phoenix Satellite TV organized a debate contest in Beijing with the topic "Should models be excluded from middle school textbooks?". Hu Jue, a 65-year-old retired history professor at the Party School of Shaanxi Provincial Party Committee, and Nie, a 60-year-old professor at Nanyang Normal University and vice president of the China International Zhuge Liang Research Association, started a war of words on the preservation and abolition of a classic ancient prose. At 8 o'clock on the evening of July 26th, the debate was broadcast on Phoenix TV's "One Tiger, One Talk" program.
This tit-for-tat debate is due to Professor Hu Juezhao's blog incident. In March this year, Hu Juezhao put forward on his blog that Zhuge Liang's "Teacher's List", as a compulsory course of Chinese in the third grade, preached a kind of "foolish loyalty", which was not conducive to the middle school students with incomplete recognition ability to form correct military concepts such as "stop fighting and live". It is necessary to withdraw from middle school textbooks and replace them with the "thought of stopping the war and dispersing the people" advocated by contemporary Huaxin.
To this end, Hu Juezhao also wrote a letter of advice to the Ministry of Education, which attracted a lot of abuse on the Internet. Recently, Chang 'an Cultural Research Center of Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences invited scholars from xi 'an history circle to hold a "model" seminar. Some experts believe that this model should be withdrawn from middle school Chinese textbooks.
As a result, this dispute over the preservation or abolition of ancient Chinese classics has been triggered. One of the viewpoints collided: did Zhuge Liang want to be emperor when he started the war? "Zhuge Liang waged war with great personal dreams, for the sake of being an emperor and for his own self-interest."
Hu Juezhao said that at that time, the population of Wei was more than 10, and the population of Soochow was more than 2 million. However, Xishu tied more than 900,000 people in three provinces to the chariot of the seven-year civil war, which caused the people to suffer. Nie responded that at that time, the country was divided and it was the general trend to unify the world.
In this case, Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei's thought of "prospering the Han Dynasty" is in line with people's hearts and represents people's interests. "According to Hu Juezhao, if we don't seek reunification because we are weak, and if we do so by analogy, should we remain silent and not strive for reunification when the Chinese nation is in dire straits?" Nie Zhenyu said.
"Zhuge Liang never wanted to be an emperor. Zhuge Liang worked hard all his life. come to a bad end and his children died in battle. He devoted his life to his country. If he wanted to be emperor, he would never be here. " Nie Zhenyu said.
The second collision of views: Zhuge Liang in history is guilty? "Zhuge Liang is guilty in history, and The Model has caused a new round of warlord scuffle. China people must break the deification and invite Zhuge Liang to the altar. "
Hu Juezhao said that only by inviting Zhuge Liang to the altar and not learning from his foolish and loyal thoughts can people-oriented thoughts really enter the hearts of the people. Hu Juezhao said that the significance of the existence of cultural Zhuge Liang should not hinder the pace of revealing the true face of history; We cannot deny the original ecology of history just because of the existence of literature.
"What we need is Zhuge Liang of culture, who influences the people of China and is a symbol of a beautiful spirit. His significance is beyond doubt." Nie Maozhen said that if Zhuge Liang is removed from office, it is not only a denial of a textbook, but also a denial of the cultural image and national role model of the Chinese nation.
The third collision of views: Is Zhuge Liang "loyal" or "stupid"? "Gratitude is admirable, but not foolish. Loyalty should emphasize principles and sacrifice personal interests, but not the national justice. " Hu Juezhao said that Zhuge Liang just violated this principle. In order to repay Liu Bei and Liu Chan, he did not hesitate to harm the interests of the people and launched a war, which led to the long-term division of the country and people's livelihood.
Therefore, Zhuge Liang's loyalty is a kind of ideological dross. Nie Maozhen believes that Zhuge Liang practiced the virtue of "devoting all his efforts to death before doing it", which is the embodiment of the integrity and gratitude of the Chinese nation and is admired by the people. His spirit has influenced generations of Chinese sons and daughters.
"It is inappropriate to delete this model from middle school textbooks." Nie believes that Zhuge Liang's loyalty is not blind loyalty, but loyalty without independent thinking.
But Zhuge Liang always has a clear understanding of the situation. Liu Bei revenged Guan Yu and tried to dissuade him when he attacked Wu out of loyalty. Hu Juezhao: It is not a whim to write to the Ministry of Education. "I wrote a letter to the Teaching Materials Department of the Ministry of Education, suggesting that Zhuge Liang's" Example "be removed from the middle school Chinese textbook and replaced with Huaxin's" Stop the War ",but the letter was finally returned to me."
Hu Juezhao said: "It is not a whim to write to the Ministry of Education. I had this idea as early as 1994. " Hu Juezhao said that when the TV series Romance of the Three Kingdoms was broadcast, it was too distorted. In that year, he published the article "On the Advantages and Disadvantages of Armistice as a Model".
After retiring in 2003, he felt that he should end his research on the history of the Three Kingdoms, so he settled down and seriously thought about these issues. The Ministry of Education responded that the revision of curriculum standards will not be affected. Nie Maozhen said that he did not ask the Ministry of Education for verification.
On the day of the debate, a media reporter in Beijing interviewed the Ministry of Education, and the relevant person in charge said that he had not received a letter from Hu Juezhao and did not understand the situation. The person in charge of the revision of Chinese subjects in the Ministry of Education said that a person's views on an article will not affect the revision of the new curriculum standards.
At present, "model" still appears in the third grade Chinese textbooks. Li: The cancellation of "demonstration" middle school textbooks is purely hype. Li, president of China International Zhuge Liang Research Association, said: There is nothing wrong with academic arguments, but we can't defame Zhuge Liang's image in people's minds for thousands of years with an indifferent attitude. Since ancient times, no one is perfect. We should treat history with a dialectical attitude.
Li said that the reason why Example was chosen as a middle school Chinese textbook was because of its literary value. Zhuge Liang's high image is the result of people's yearning for beauty. It is a harmless phenomenon, which belongs to the cultural category and will not be related to the calendar.