What does the Women's Manifesto mean?

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The Women's Declaration refers to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1adopted by the 34th UN General Assembly on February 28th, 979).

States parties to this Convention

Noting that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms faith in fundamental human rights, the dignity and worth of the human person and the equal rights of men and women,

Noting that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms the principle of non-discrimination and declares that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights, and that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the Declaration, without any distinction, including that between men and women;

Noting that States parties to international human rights conventions have the obligation to ensure that men and women enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights equally;

Considering the signing of international conventions aimed at promoting equality of rights between men and women under the auspices of the United Nations and specialized agencies;

Take note of that resolutions, declaration and recommendations adopted by the United nations and specialize agencies aimed at promoting equality of rights between men and women;

Concerned that despite these documents, discrimination against women is still widespread;

It is believed that discrimination against women violates the principles of equal rights and respect for human dignity, which hinders women's equal participation with men in the political, social, economic and cultural life of their country, hinders the prosperity and development of society and families, and makes it more difficult for women to give full play to their potential of serving the country and mankind.

Concerned that poor women often have the hardest access to food, health care, education, training, employment and other needs;

Convinced that the establishment of a new international economic order based on equality and justice will greatly contribute to promoting gender equality; Emphasizes that the complete elimination of apartheid, all forms of racism, racial discrimination, colonialism, foreign aggression, foreign occupation and foreign rule and interference in the internal affairs of other countries is essential for men and women to fully enjoy their rights;

It is recognized that strengthening international peace and security, easing international tensions, mutual cooperation among countries, regardless of their social and economic systems, complete and complete disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, recognition of the principles of justice, equality and mutual benefit in state-to-state relations, realization of people's right to self-determination and independence under foreign colonial rule and foreign occupation, and respect for the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries will promote social progress and development, thus contributing to the full realization of men and women.

Convinced that the all-round and thorough development of a country, the well-being of people all over the world and the cause of peace require women's full participation in all aspects of work on the basis of equality with men;

Bearing in mind the great contribution of women to family well-being and social development.

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The original text of the Women's Declaration:

■ "Women's Propaganda"

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

(1Adopted by the 34th UN General Assembly on February 28th, 979)

The States parties to this Convention note that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirms their faith in fundamental human rights, the dignity and worth of the human person and the equal rights of men and women;

Noting that States parties to international human rights conventions have the obligation to ensure that men and women enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights equally;

Considering the signing of international conventions aimed at promoting equality of rights between men and women under the auspices of the United Nations and specialized agencies;

Also takes note of the resolutions, declarations and recommendations adopted by the United Nations and specialized agencies aimed at promoting equality of rights between men and women;

Concerned that despite these documents, discrimination against women is still widespread;

Concerned that poor women often have the hardest access to food, health care, education, training, employment and other needs;

Convinced that the establishment of a new international economic order based on equality and justice will greatly contribute to promoting gender equality;

Emphasizes that the complete elimination of apartheid, all forms of racism, racial discrimination, colonialism, foreign aggression, foreign occupation and foreign rule, and interference in the internal affairs of other countries is essential for men and women to fully enjoy their rights;

It is recognized that strengthening international peace and security, easing international tensions, mutual cooperation among countries, regardless of their social and economic systems, and comprehensive and complete disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, under strict and effective international control, recognizing the principles of justice, equality and mutual benefit in relations between countries, realizing people's right to self-determination and independence under foreign colonial rule and foreign occupation, and respecting the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries will promote social progress and development, thus contributing to the all-round development of men and women.

Bearing in mind that women's great contribution to family welfare and social development has not been fully recognized so far, bearing in mind the social significance of mothers and the social significance of parents' tasks in family and raising children, and understanding that women should not be discriminated against because of childbirth, because raising children is the responsibility of men and women and the whole society;

Recognizing that in order to achieve complete equality between men and women, it is necessary to simultaneously change the traditional roles of men and women in society and family;

Determined to implement the principles contained in the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, and to this end, take all necessary measures to eliminate all forms of such discrimination and its phenomena.

We hereby reach the following agreement:

■ The first part

Article 1 For the purpose of this Convention, "discrimination against women" means any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex, which has the effect or purpose of preventing or denying married or unmarried women from knowing, enjoying or exercising their human rights and fundamental freedoms on the basis of equality between men and women.

Article 2 Contracting States condemn all forms of discrimination against women and agree to take all appropriate measures immediately to implement the policy of eliminating discrimination against women. To this end, they promised:

(a) The principle of equality between men and women, if not already included in the national constitution or other relevant laws, should be included, and the realization of this principle should be guaranteed by law or other appropriate means;

(b) Take appropriate legislative and other measures, including imposing sanctions where appropriate, to prohibit all discrimination against women;

(c) To establish legal protection for women's equal rights with men and to ensure that women are effectively protected from any discrimination through competent courts and other public institutions in various countries;

(d) To refrain from any act or practice that discriminates against women and to ensure that no public authority or institution violates this obligation;

(e) All appropriate measures should be taken to eliminate discrimination against women by any individual, organization or enterprise;

(f) All appropriate measures, including legislation, should be taken to modify or abolish existing laws, regulations, customs and practices that constitute discrimination against women;

(g) Agree to repeal all provisions in the domestic criminal law that constitute discrimination against women.

Article 3 Contracting States shall undertake to take all appropriate measures, including enacting laws, in all fields, especially in the political, social, economic and cultural fields, to ensure the full development and progress of women, with the aim of ensuring that women exercise and enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with men.

Article 4. 1. Temporary special measures adopted by States parties to accelerate the realization of de facto equality between men and women shall not be regarded as discrimination within the meaning of this Convention, nor shall they lead to the maintenance of unequal or separate standards; These measures should be stopped after the goal of equal opportunities and treatment for men and women is achieved.

2. Special measures adopted by States parties to protect maternity, including those listed in this Convention, shall not be regarded as discrimination.

Article 5 States Parties shall take all measures:

(a) Changing the social and cultural patterns of behaviour of men and women in order to eliminate ideas of inferiority or superiority based on gender or prejudice, customs and all other practices based on stereotyped roles of men and women;

(b) Ensure that family education should include a correct understanding of mothers' social functions, and acknowledge that raising children is the common responsibility of parents, but it is understood that the interests of children should be given priority in any case.

Article 6 Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures, including enacting laws, to prohibit all forms of trafficking in women and exploitation of women by forcing them into prostitution.

■ Part II

Article 7 Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in their own political and public affairs, and in particular shall ensure that women, on equal terms with men:

(a) The right to vote in all elections and referendums and to be elected in all electoral bodies;

(b) Participate in the formulation and implementation of government policies, hold public offices at all levels of government, and perform all public duties;

Participate in non-governmental organizations and associations related to public and political affairs in the country.

Article 8 Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that women have the opportunity to represent their governments at the international level and participate in the work of international organizations on equal terms with men without any discrimination.

Article 9 1. States Parties shall grant women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality. In particular, the State party should ensure that neither marriage to a foreigner nor husband's change of nationality during marriage will automatically change his wife's nationality, make her stateless or impose her husband's nationality on her.

2. States Parties shall grant women equal rights with men with regard to the nationality of their children.

■ The third part

Article 10 Contracting States shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure that women enjoy equal rights with men in education, especially on the basis of equality between men and women:

In all kinds of educational institutions, whether in rural or urban areas, vocational and industrial consulting, learning opportunities and diplomas are the same. This equality should be guaranteed in preschool education, general education, technical, professional and higher technical education and various vocational training;

Courses, examinations, teachers' standards and the quality of school buildings and equipment are the same;

(c) In order to eliminate any stereotyped concept of the roles of men and women at all levels and in all forms of education, coeducation should be encouraged and other forms of education conducive to achieving this goal, especially textbooks and curricula should be revised, and teaching methods should be revised accordingly;

The same opportunities to receive scholarships and other research grants;

(e) Equal opportunities to receive adult education, including adult literacy and functional literacy education, especially in order to shorten all educational gaps between men and women as soon as possible;

(f) Reducing the dropout rate of girls and organizing programmes for girls and women who leave school prematurely;

(g) The same opportunities for active participation in sports and physical education;

(h) Have the opportunity to receive special education counseling to ensure family health and happiness, including knowledge and counseling on family planning.

Article 1 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in employment so as to ensure that they enjoy the same rights on the basis of equality between men and women, in particular:

Everyone has the inalienable right to work;

The right to the same employment opportunities, including the same employment selection criteria;

Enjoy the freedom to choose a major and occupation, promotion and job security, all service benefits and conditions, and the right to receive vocational training and retraining, including internship training, higher vocational training and formal training;

(d) The right to equal remuneration, including benefits and equal treatment, for work of equal value, and the right to equal treatment in evaluating work performance;

The right to social security, especially in case of retirement, unemployment, illness, disability, old age or other incapacity to work, and the right to paid holidays;

(f) The right to health and safety in working conditions, including the protection of reproductive function.

2. States Parties shall take appropriate measures to prevent women from being discriminated against because of marriage or childbirth, and to ensure their effective right to work.

Dismissal on the grounds of pregnancy or maternity leave and discrimination in dismissal on the grounds of marital status are prohibited, and violators will be punished;

Enjoy paid leave or maternity leave with the same social benefits, without losing previous jobs, qualifications or social allowances;

Encourage the provision of necessary supplementary social services, especially by promoting the establishment and development of a system of childcare facilities, so that parents can balance family obligations and work responsibilities and participate in public affairs;

(d) Give special protection to women who engage in work that is really harmful to health during pregnancy.

3. The protective laws related to the contents contained in this article shall be reviewed periodically with reference to scientific and technological knowledge, and shall be revised, abolished or popularized when necessary.

Article 12 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in health care and ensure that they have access to all kinds of health care services, including those related to family planning, on the basis of equality between men and women.

2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 65-438+0 of this article, States Parties shall ensure that women are provided with appropriate services during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum, and provide free services when necessary, and ensure adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation.

Article 13 States parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in other aspects of economic and social life and ensure that they enjoy the same rights on the basis of equality between men and women, in particular:

(a) The right to family allowance;

(b) The right to obtain bank loans, mortgages and other forms of financial credit;

Article 14 1. States Parties shall take into account the special problems faced by rural women and their important role in family livelihood, including their work in sectors of the economy where there is no currency transaction, and shall take all appropriate measures to ensure the application of the provisions of this Convention to women in rural areas.

2. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in rural areas and ensure that they participate in and benefit from rural development on the basis of equality between men and women, in particular to ensure that they have the right to:

(a) Fully participate in the formulation and implementation of development plans at all levels;

(b) The right to use appropriate health care facilities, including family planning information, counselling and services;

Receive all kinds of formal and informal training and education, including functional literacy training and education, and enjoy the benefits of all community services and extension services, among others, in order to improve their technical proficiency;

(e) Organizing self-help groups and cooperatives to obtain equal economic opportunities through employment and self-employment;

Participate in all community activities;

(g) Access to agricultural credit, marketing facilities, appropriate technology and equal treatment in land reform and land reclamation plans;

Enjoy proper living conditions, especially housing, sanitation, water and electricity supply, transportation and communication conditions.

■ The fourth part

Article 15 1. States Parties shall grant men and women equal status before the law.

2. States Parties shall grant women the same legal capacity as men and the same opportunities to exercise this capacity in civil affairs. In particular, they should enjoy equal rights to sign contracts and manage property, and should be treated equally in court and court proceedings and at all stages.

3. States Parties agree that all contracts and any other private documents with legal effect aimed at restricting women's legal capacity shall be deemed null and void.

4. Contracting States shall grant men and women the same rights in laws concerning the movement of persons and freedom to choose their residence.

Article 16 1. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in all matters relating to marriage and family relations, and in particular shall ensure that women, on the basis of equality between men and women:

(a) The same right to enter into marriage;

(b) The same right to choose a spouse freely and not to marry without their free expression and full consent;

(d) Parents have the same rights and obligations in matters concerning their children, regardless of their marital status. However, in any case, the interests of their children should be paramount;

(e) The same right to decide freely and responsibly the number and spacing of their children, and have access to knowledge, education and methods to enable them to exercise this right;

(f) In terms of guardianship, supervision, entrustment and adoption of children or similar systems, if these concepts exist in national laws and regulations, they have the same rights and obligations. However, in any case, the interests of children should be given priority;

(g) Husband and wife have the same personal rights, including the right to choose a surname, profession and occupation;

(h) Both spouses have the same rights in the ownership, acquisition, operation, management, enjoyment and disposal of property, whether free or paid.

2. Child betrothal and child marriage have no legal effect, and all necessary actions should be taken, including enacting laws to set the minimum age for marriage and stipulating that marriages must be registered with official registration agencies.

■ The fifth part

seventeen

deprive

1. In order to review the progress in the implementation of this Convention, a Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (hereinafter referred to as the Committee) shall be established, which shall be composed of highly respected and competent experts in the field of application of this Convention. At the time of entry into force of this Convention, the number of experts shall be eighteen, and after ratification or accession by the thirty-fifth State Party, the number of experts shall be twenty-three. These experts shall be elected by the States Parties from among their nationals and serve in their personal capacity, taking into account the principle of equitable geographical distribution and differences.

2. Members of the Committee shall be elected by secret ballot from a list nominated by States parties. Each State Party may nominate a candidate from among its nationals.

3. The first election shall be held six months after the date of entry into force of this Convention. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall write to the States parties at least three months before the date of each election, inviting them to submit their nominations within two months. The Secretary-General shall compile a list of all the nominees in alphabetical order, indicating the States parties that recommended them, and distribute the list to the States parties.

4. The election of members of the Committee shall be held at a meeting of States parties convened by the Secretary-General at United Nations Headquarters. At the meeting, two thirds of the States parties shall constitute a quorum, and those who get the most votes and an absolute majority of the representatives of the States parties present and voting shall be elected as members of the Committee.

5. The term of office of members of the Committee is four years. However, among the members elected for the first time, the term of office of nine members will expire in two years. Immediately after the first election, the chairman of the Committee shall draw lots to decide the names of these nine members.

6. After the thirty-fifth country has ratified or acceded to this Convention, the Committee will, in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of this article.

Paragraph 4. Five additional members shall be elected, two of whom shall serve for two years, and their names shall be decided by the chairman of the Committee by lot.

7. When a temporary vacancy occurs, the State Party whose expert is no longer a member of the Committee shall, with the approval of the Committee, appoint another expert from among its nationals to fill the vacancy.

8. In view of the importance of the responsibilities of the Committee, members of the Committee will receive remuneration from United Nations resources on terms and conditions that may be decided and approved by the General Assembly.

9. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall provide the necessary staff and equipment to enable the Committee to effectively perform its functions in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.

Article 18 1. Each State Party shall report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations the legislative, judicial, administrative or other measures taken to implement the provisions of this Convention and the progress made, for consideration by the Committee:

(a) Within one year after the entry into force of the Convention for that country, and

(b) Thereafter, at least once every four years, and whenever the Committee so requests.

2. Reports may indicate various factors and difficulties affecting the performance of obligations under this Convention.

Article 19 1. The Committee shall formulate its own rules of procedure.

2. The Committee shall elect its own officers for a term of two years.

Article 20 1. Generally speaking, the Committee shall meet once a year for no more than two weeks to consider the report submitted in accordance with the provisions of Article 18 of this Convention.

2. Meetings of the Committee shall normally be held at United Nations Headquarters or at any other convenient place decided by the Committee.

Article 2 1 1. The Committee shall report annually on its activities to the United Nations General Assembly through the Economic and Social Council, and may make suggestions and general recommendations based on the examination results of reports and information submitted by States parties. These comments and general recommendations should be included in the report submitted by the Committee together with comments that may be made by the State party.

2. The Secretary-General shall transmit the report of the Committee to the Commission on the Status of Women for information.

Article 22 Specialized agencies have the right to send representatives to participate in the deliberation on the implementation of the provisions of this Convention within the scope of their work. The Committee may invite specialized agencies to report on the implementation of this Convention in areas within their scope of work.

■ Part VI

Article 23 (a) Laws of Contracting States; or

(b) Any other international convention, treaty or agreement in force for the country.

If it contains any provisions more conducive to the realization of equality between men and women, its effectiveness shall not be affected by the tasks of this Convention.

Article 24 States parties undertake to take all necessary measures at the national level to fully realize the rights recognized in the present Covenant.

Article 25 1. The Convention is open for signature by all countries.

2. Designate the Secretary-General of the United Nations as the trustee of this Convention.

This Convention is subject to ratification, and the instrument of ratification shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

4. This Convention is open for accession by all States and shall enter into force after the instruments of accession are deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 26 1. Any State Party may request an amendment to this Convention at any time by submitting a written notice to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. The General Assembly of the United Nations will decide on the steps to be taken in response to this request.

Article 27 1. This Convention shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date of deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

2. After the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession, this Convention shall enter into force for each country ratifying or acceding to this Convention on the thirtieth day after the deposit of its instrument of ratification or accession.

Article 28 1. The Secretary-General of the United Nations shall accept the reservations made by countries upon ratification or accession and distribute them to all countries.

2. Reservations incompatible with the object and purpose of this Convention are impermissible.

3. A Contracting State may at any time request the withdrawal of its reservation by notifying the Secretary-General of the United Nations, who shall inform all States accordingly. After receiving the notice, it will take effect on the same day.

Article 29 1.

Any dispute between two or more States parties concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention, which cannot be settled through negotiation, shall be submitted to arbitration at the request of one of them. If the parties fail to reach an agreement on the composition of arbitration within six months from the date of requesting arbitration, any party may submit the dispute to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the requirements of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

2. When signing or ratifying this Convention or acceding to it, each Contracting State may declare that it does not consider itself bound by paragraph 65 of this article, and other Contracting States do not consider that any Contracting State has made this reservation.

3. Any State Party that has made a reservation in accordance with paragraph 2 of this article may withdraw it at any time by notifying the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

Article 30 The Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of this Convention are equally authentic and shall be deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.

In witness whereof, the undersigned plenipotentiaries have signed at the end of this Convention.

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