The history of the British royal family

Britain experienced the rule of the Roman Empire. After the Romans retreated, they entered a period of scuffle between the small kingdom and the small tribal alliance. By the 6th century, the invading Anglo-Saxons had formed seven kingdoms (tribal alliances). The kingdom of Wessex grew stronger. In 829, King egbert conquered other kingdoms and became Lord of England. But at the same time, Britain also entered the "terrible Viking era" and was invaded by waves of Vikings. Alfred, the grandson of Egbert, was honored as "the Great" by later generations because of his achievements in successfully fighting against Danish invasion, building London, and organizing the compilation of Alfred Code and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Wessex dynasty handed down 15 generations of kings. When they arrived in Edmund Ii, they finally couldn't resist the Danes and were forced to carve up Britain with King Knut of Denmark. When Edmund Ii died in 10 16, Knut annexed the whole England and began the rule of the Danish dynasty. But in 1042, Edward the Confessor, a descendant of the Wessex royal family, inherited the Danish throne through maternal lineage. 1066, Edward the Confessor, on his deathbed, instructed witenagemot to elect Hadro II as king. But William, Duke of Norman from northwest France, crossed the ocean and conquered England. He is William I, the conqueror, who founded the Norman Dynasty. William I enfeoffed a large number of Norman nobles to England, and compiled a land tax questionnaire through the national census, which strengthened the kingship of England. William I's son Henry I was succeeded to the throne by his nephew Stephen after his death, because he had no children, but Henry I's daughter Matilda and her son Henry II refused to accept it and defeated Stephen, forcing Stephen to make Henry II his heir.

The Plantagenets

1 154, Henry ii began to rule the plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenet Dynasty (Anjou Dynasty) was the first golden age in British history, and a large number of famous kings emerged. Henry II, with high legal attainments, carried out many fruitful reforms in the British legal system. After his son Richard I succeeded to the throne, he took part in the Third Crusade, once defeated Saladin and became famous, and won the title of "Lion Heart King". John, Richard I's younger brother, succeeded to the throne and was defeated by Philip II, king of France, and lost a large territory in France. However, the Magna Carta of Freedom signed in 12 15 under the coercion of big noble is a milestone in the history of world constitutional development. During his reign, Henry III, the son of Landless King, was also coerced by big noble to pass the Oxford and Westminster Ordinances and open the Legislative Assembly. During the reign of Henry III's son "Long Legs" Edward I of England in England, the parliamentary system was mature and the British legal system was perfect. It also annexed Wales and made an expedition to Scotland, which laid the foundation for the unification of Britain. When Edward I of England's grandson Edward III arrived in England, the battle for the French throne began the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France, and the French knights were defeated several times. Edward III's grandson Richard II was deposed by Henry IV, Duke of Lancaster, and the Plantagenet Dynasty was replaced by Lancaster Dynasty. In fact, Henry IV was also the grandson of Edward III and the son of Prince Gunter, who was named Duke of Lancaster. Henry V, the son of Henry IV, reopened the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France and ravaged most of France, forcing the French king to recognize him as his heir. Unfortunately, he died suddenly in the French battlefield. His son Henry VI became the king of Britain and France before he was one year old, but the appearance of Joan of Arc turned the tide of war in France, and the British were driven out of France. Henry VI's rule in Britain will soon come to an end. 1455, the Duke of York, the descendant of Edward III's granddaughter Filipa, revolted. The history of this war is called "Red and White wars of the roses". Henry VI was abolished and rebuilt, and was finally defeated by the York family. English Edward IV of England of York family succeeded to the throne and established York family. However, wars of the roses is not over yet. 1485, henry vii, son of Gunter, Duke of Lancaster, attacked Britain from abroad, killed Richard, the late king of York family, and established the Tudor dynasty. Henry VIII, the son of Henry VIII, broke away from the Pope and carried out the religious reform in England. Since then, the king of England has become the "leader of the established religion". During the period of Elizabeth I, the daughter of Henry VIII, Britain successfully passed through the chaotic period of religious reform and made great progress in economy, culture and military affairs. However, Elizabeth I was unmarried for life and had no heir. The Tudor dynasty ended, and her cousin (the great-grandson of Henry VIII's sister), King James VI of Scotland, succeeded to the throne of England, which was called James I. England and Scotland were ruled by the same king for the first time in history, and the Stuart dynasty began. Charles I, the son of James I, was overthrown in the English Revolution of 1640- 1648 and was finally guillotined. Cromwell was lord protector. Charles ii, son of Charles I, restored the Stuart dynasty in 1660. However, after his younger brother James II ascended the throne, despite the fact that most people in Britain had converted to Protestantism, he tried to restore the dominance of Catholicism and fell into a alienated situation. His daughter Mary Ⅱ and his son-in-law William (William III in power in the Netherlands) invaded Britain at the invitation of the upstart and overthrew James II's rule, but they accepted the premise of the Parliamentary Bill of Rights. This event was called the "glorious revolution" and a constitutional monarchy was established. After Mary Ⅱ's younger sister Anne succeeded to the throne, she announced that England and Scotland had merged into the same kingdom. Anne died childless, and the Stuart dynasty ended. 17 14, the British parliament invited George, the granddaughter of James I and the son of the German Hanover family, to inherit the British throne and started the Hanover family. Hanover period was the golden age when Britain vigorously expanded its colonies overseas and began the industrial revolution. By the hand of Queen Victoria, the sixth king, British overseas colonies reached more than 33 million square kilometers, which was called "not falling into the empire". At the same time, under the impetus of the industrial revolution, new things constantly emerged, social life changed with each passing day, and the British Empire reached its peak. But at the same time, the real power of the British royal family has been shrinking. In the 20th century, it almost became a "rubber stamp" of the country's political life.

Windsor royal family

Queen Victoria married Albert of the Saxony-Coburg-Gotha family in Germany. After her son Edward VII succeeded to the throne, she was also called the Saxony-Coburg-Gotha Dynasty after her father's surname. During the reign of George V, the son of Edward VII, he caught up with World War I and refused to use the surname of the enemy Germany. He changed the name of the royal family to Windsor (because the palace is Windsor Castle) and the name of the dynasty to Windsor Dynasty. The Windsor dynasty has continued to this day, and Elizabeth II, who is currently in office, is its fourth king. Although the British royal family has experienced many dynasties, in fact, there is a blood relationship between the front and back dynasties, and the royal lineage has never been interrupted.

The hereditary chronology of the royal families of England and the United Kingdom.

Wessex dynasty

(829— 10 16)

1 egbert (in place of 802-839)

Ethelwoff (reigned 839-858)

3 Ethelbad (reigned 858-860)

Ethelbert (reigned 860-866)

5 Ethel Reid I (866-87 1 in office)

Alfred (87 1 ~ 899 in office).

Edward I of England, England (900-924)

Ethelstan (924-940)

Edmund I (940-946)

10 Edred (946-955 in the office)

1 1 Edwig (955-959 in place)

Edgar (959-975)

Edward II (975-978)

14 Ethel Reid II (in 978-10/6)

15 Edmund Ii (instead of 10 16)

Danish dynasty

( 10 13- 1042)

1 Swing I (King of Denmark) (in office1013-1014)

2 Knut (King of Denmark) (10 14- 1035 in office)

3 Harold (office 1035- 1040)

4 Hardy Canut (King of Denmark) (1040- 1042 in office)

Wessex dynasty (continued)

Edward the Confessor (reigned 1042- 1066) 2 Harold II (reigned 1066).

Norman dynasty

( 1066— 1 135)

1 William I (1028-1087) (in the position of King1066-1087).

William II (1060- 1 100) (King of England 1087- 1 100)

Henry I (1068- 1 135) (King of England1100-135).

Stephen (1096- 1 154) (King of England1135-154)

Plantagenet Dynasty (Anjou Dynasty)

( 1 154— 1399)

1 Henry II (1133-189) (King of England1154-11)

Richard I (1157-1199) (King1189-165438).

John (1167-1216) (King of England1199-1216)

Henry III (1207- 1272) (King of England 12 16- 1272)

Edward I of England, England (1239- 1307) (King of England 1272- 1307)

Edward II (1284- 1329) (King of England 1307- 1327)

Edward III (13 12- 1377) (King of England 1327- 1377)

8 Richard II (1367- 1400) (King of England 1377- 1399)

Lancaster college

(1399— 146 1 year)

1 Henry iv (1367- 14 12) (king of England 1399- 14 13 in office)

Henry V (King of England 14 1422)

Henry VI (1421-1471) (King of England 1422- 146 1,1470-60).

York family

( 146 1— 1485):

1 King Edward IV of England of England (1442- 1483) (King of England 146 1- 1483)

Edward V of England, England (1470- 1483) (King of England 1483)

Richard III (1452- 1485) (King of England 1483- 1485)

Tudor dynasty

( 1485— 1603):

1 henry vii (1457- 1509) (king of England 1485- 1509 in office)

2 Henry VIII (1491–1547) (King of England 1509- 1547)

Edward VI of England, England (1537- 1553) (King of England 1547- 1553)

Jane Grey (1537- 1554) (Queen of England 1553)

Mary I (15 16— 1558) (Queen of England 1553— 1558).

6 Elizabeth I (1533-1603) (Queen of England 1558- 1603).

Stuart dynasty

( 1603— 17 14)

1 James I (1566- 1625) (Scottish king 1567- 1625, English king 1603- 1625).

2 Charles I (1600- 1649) (King of England 1625- 1649)

* * * and political power

( 1649- 1653)

1 oliver cromwell, lord protector (1599- 1658) (tel. 1653- 1658)

2. The axiom of defending our country, Cha Cromwell (1626- 17 12) (at location 1658- 1659)

Stuart dynasty (continued)

Charles ii (1630- 1685) (Scottish King1651-kloc-0/685, English King 1660- 1685).

2 James II (1633- 170 1) (king of England, king of Scotland 1685- 1688).

3 Mary Ⅱ (1662- 1694) (Queen of England, Queen of Scots, 1689- 1694) William III (1650- 1702) (UK)

Anne (1664- 17 14) (Queen of Scotland 1702- 1707, Queen of England1702-17/kloc-)

Hanover family

(1714—1901year)

1 George I (1660- 1727) (the king of England 17 14- 1727 was in office).

2 George II (1683- 1760) (King of England 1727- 1760)

George iii (1738- 1820) (king of England 1760- 1820)

George IV (1762- 1830) (King of England 1820- 1830).

William IV (1765- 1837) (King of England 1830- 1837).

6 Victoria (1819-1901) (King of England 1837- 190 1)

Saxony-Coburg-Gotha dynasty (1901-1917);

Edward VII (1841-1910) (King of England1901-10)

Windsor royal family

( 19 17—)

1 George v (1865- 1936) (the king of England 19 10- 1936 in office)

Edward VIII (1894- 1972) (King of England 1936)

3 George VI (1895- 1952) (King of England 1936- 1952)

4 Elizabeth II (1926-) (King of England 1952-)

British royal family layoffs

The British royal family lost weight, leaving only five people. Abandoned second-rate prince and princess. The succession of the British throne is determined by the eldest son's right of succession, that is, the throne should be inherited by the eldest son of the current monarch first, then by other sons and finally by daughters. However, according to the law, the succession to the British throne is not automatic. According to the Settlement Act passed in 170 1, the throne shall be passed on to the descendants of Sophie, the elector of Hanover, and the heir shall not be a Catholic or marry a Catholic. Some people think that this provision conflicts with the provisions of other British laws prohibiting religious discrimination. But in fact, the vast majority of people who are eligible to inherit the throne are Protestant Christians, and most of them claim to be members of the Anglican Church in public. In addition, the bill also stipulates that the succession to the throne is decided by the parliament, not the monarch himself.

First heir: His Royal Highness Prince Charles, Prince of Wales (the eldest son of the Queen)

Second heir: His Royal Highness Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, Wales (the eldest son of Prince Charles)

Third heir: His Royal Highness Prince Harry of Wales (the second son of Prince Charles)

Fourth heir: His Royal Highness Prince Andrew, Duke of York (the second son of the Queen)

Fifth heir: Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrice, Duke of York (the eldest daughter of the Duke of York)

Sixth heir: Her Royal Highness Princess Eugenia of York (the second daughter of the Duke of York).

Seventh heir: His Royal Highness Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex (the third son of the Queen)

Eighth heir: Viscount James of Severn (son of Earl of Wessex)

Ninth Heir: Lord Louis Windsor (the eldest daughter of the Earl of Wessex)

Modern:

Britain introduced laws to weaken the royal rights and reduce the royal expenses.

Princess Diana

Regarding the royal family's views on Princess Diana, we can refer to the film The Queen starring helen mirren, which shows the inner world of the Queen with a lot of real images and superb acting skills. This film is of great help to understand the British royal family.

The famous 13 wedding of the British royal family

1. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert 1840

Edward VII and Princess Alexandra of Denmark 1863

3. George V and Princesse Marie 1893

4. Duke of York and Elizabeth Bos Leon 1923

5. Duke and Duchess of Windsor 1937

6. Elizabeth II and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 1947

7. Princess Margaret and Anthony Armstrong Jones 1960

8. Princess Anne and Captain mark phillips 1973

9. Prince Charles and Diana Spencer 198 1 year

10. Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson 1986

1 1. Prince Edward and Sophie Reese Jones 1999