Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization

The ancient inhabitants of China

Humans evolved from apes, and whether they can make tools is the fundamental difference between humans and animals.

The earliest ancient humans discovered in China;

Yuanmou people lived in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province about1700,000 years ago.

Progress chart of comparison between cavemen and Beijingers;

A social organization that represents the concept of fire in the tool manufacturing of culture, physique and body.

Peking man kept some features of ape-man from 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, made rough stone tools, and set primitive people on fire naturally.

The caveman is about 30,000 years ago, and his appearance is basically the same as that of modern people. They mastered polishing and drilling techniques, artificially ignited, loved beauty, and buried blood-related clans after death.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

Two representatives of China's primitive farming life;

A place where primitive humans discovered production, activities, tools, houses and appliances.

The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived about 7000 years ago. Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province in the Yangtze River valley, grows rice, raises livestock and grinds stone tools. Reddy people cultivated land, built houses (wells) with dry fences, made pottery, jade and musical instruments, and learned to spin.

About five or six thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Banpo planted millet and vegetables in Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province, and raised pigs and dogs. Painted pottery with grinding stone tools and semi-basement houses is widely used for fishing and hunting (with the earliest text prototype on it)

China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet (and also the first country to invent porcelain).

Dawenkou culture: polarization between the rich and the poor (root: development of productive forces)

★ Lesson 65438+0,2 Look at the corrected questions and the original test paper in Fine Analysis.

Lesson 3 China's ancestors

1. Why do China people often proudly call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people"?

1, Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After a long period of development, the future Huaxia nation was formed. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.

2. Huangdi: the ancestor of mankind. Build palaces, make clothes, dig wells, and invent boats and cars. (Lei Zu sericulture reeling, Cangjie word-making, Linglunle)

Second, abdication system: the way to democratically elect the leaders of tribal alliances (the leaders elected by abdication system are Yao, Shun and Yu). )

Dayu went to the mansion three times, but he didn't enter, which contributed to the water control.

Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social changes

Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

First, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

The establishment of dynasties, the time of death, the capital, the founding monarch and the king of the country.

Xia Dynasty, about 2070 BC, about 65438 BC+0600 BC, Yucheng Yujie.

From 65438 BC to 1046 BC, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital many times, and Pan Geng moved its capital to Tang Yin.

65438 BC+0046 BC 7765438 BC+0 BC Haojiang, Zhou Youwang, Zhou Wuwang.

Zhou Pingwang, Luoyi, 770 BC, Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Second, why can Shang Tang defeat Xia He?

Jay and Zhou are cruel and unpopular; The benevolence and righteousness of Shang Tang and Wu Wang won the hearts of the people; Appoint sages (Yi Yin, Jiang Shang) to unite with small neighboring countries.

Three. Xia, Shang and Zhou politics

1, Kay: Inherited his father's business and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become the "home world".

2. The establishment of various state institutions (including government agencies, military, criminal law and prisons, etc.). ) The Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of early countries.

3. The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty (purpose: to consolidate the rule)

Content: ① The son of heaven distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes.

(2) Duties of princes: obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou; Pay tribute to the emperor; Defend the territory in peacetime and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime. Significance: the remote areas were developed and the rule was strengthened, making the Western Zhou Dynasty a powerful country.

Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization

The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

First, the superb craftsmanship of bronzes (famous artists: Simu Wuding, Siyang Fangzun)

The characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou dynasties are: large scale, many varieties, fine craftsmanship and wide distribution.

Second, the development of agriculture and animal husbandry: The Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties were mainly agricultural societies with basically complete varieties.

Third, the miserable life of slaves: the splendid civilization at this time is at the expense of the miserable life of slaves.

Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

First, the spring and autumn hegemony.

1. Famous overlords: Qi Huangong (logo: Kwai Meng), (logo: victory in the battle of Chengpu),.

2. What are the reasons why Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong became the hegemons? (Reform: developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs)

Qi Huangong appointed Guan Zhong as prime minister, carried out reforms, and won the hegemony of Chu Jin with the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries".

3. Impact: bring all kinds of disasters to society; However, in the war for hegemony, some vassal States were eliminated and some countries with vast territory appeared.

Second, the Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin (pay attention to the position)

Famous battles: the battle of Guiling, the battle of Maling and the battle of Changping (the battle of Changping, the six eastern countries were unable to resist Qin Jun's attack)

★ Idioms related to this lesson: Stay out of it, submit to humiliation, encircle Wei to save Zhao, and talk on paper (pay attention to which war it is).

Lesson 7 the era of great change

First of all, economically

1, iron farm tools and the popularization of Niu Geng (Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development)

2. The famous Dujiangyan: Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County, Qin State Location: the middle reaches of Minjiang River in Chengdu Plain

Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated the flood of Minjiang River, irrigated a large area of farmland, and made Chengdu Plain gain the reputation of "Land of Abundance".

Second, politically-Shang Yang's political reform.

① Time: 356 BC ② Character: Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

Objective: To establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and be invincible in hegemony.

④ Content and influence:

Content influence

Reward farming and production (those who produce more grain, cloth and silk can avoid corvee). Economic development makes the country rich. In short, Shang Yang's reform established a feudal system, which made Qin the most prosperous country at the end of the Warring States Period and laid the foundation for the national reunification of Qin.

Reward the military (according to the size of the military, the title of Hotan Prefecture). The combat effectiveness of the army is enhanced and the soldiers are strong.

Recognize private ownership of land, allow free trading and establish feudal land ownership.

Establish a county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern and strengthen centralization

Lesson 8 and Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture

First, the evolution of the text

Time, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Late Western Zhou Dynasty, Warring States Period

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Copper Seal Bamboo Slips and Silk Books

Materials: tortoise shell, animal bones, bronze bamboo slips, silks.

The history of China's writing began in Shang Dynasty (Oracle Bone Inscriptions is a relatively mature writing).

Two. Achievements in astronomy, calendar, medicine and literature

The earliest solar eclipse recorded in ancient astronomical books took place in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Xia and Shang Dynasties. There are many records about solar eclipse and lunar eclipse, which have been verified by modern scientists and are very reliable.

Calendar According to legend, there was a calendar in Xia Dynasty, and the calendar in Shang Dynasty was more complete. During the Warring States period, 24 solar terms were measured in one year.

Bian Que, a famous doctor of medicine, has always been used by Chinese medicine.

Literature Qu Yuan and His Masterpiece Li Sao

The music "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed in chimes unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Third, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Ideological Content of Representative Works in School Period

The political thought of Confucian Analects in the Spring and Autumn Period-Benevolence, Love and Rule by Virtue. Educational thought: teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and learn new things by reviewing old ones.

Mencius in the Warring States period ruled the country with benevolence, paid taxes lightly and used resources sustainably.

Everything in Laozi's Tao Te Ching in the Taoist Spring and Autumn Period is antagonistic, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other.

During the Warring States Period, Zhuangzi let nature take its course and ruled by doing nothing.

Universal Love by Mozi in the Warring States Period: I hope people can help each other and love each other. "Non-aggression": Oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.

Legalist Han Feizi advocated reform; Advocate the rule of law; Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization.

Sun Tzu's art of war, a strategist "know yourself and know yourself, and you won't be defeated."

★ Solve the problem with three viewpoints: Confucianism: persuasion education; Tao: Let nature take its course; Law: strict regulations and effective punishment

Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country

Lesson 10 "The King of Qin swept Liuhe"

A, the unification of the qin dynasty:

22 BC1Capital: Xianyang Founding Emperor: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng.

Significance: It ended the infighting situation that lasted for hundreds of years since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and created a new situation of unification. Since then, reunification has been the mainstream of China's historical development.

Second, measures to consolidate reunification.

Impact of measures

The political system of centralization and absolutism has been used in China for more than two thousand years, which has had a far-reaching impact on the history of China.

Economic unity, currency and weights and measures have great influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.

Cultural unity writing

Burning books to bury Confucianism destroys culture and limits people's thinking.

Military construction of the Great Wall in the north and development of southern Xinjiang (unifying Lingnan and building Lingqu) The Qin Dynasty has a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

★ Qin Shihuang's evaluation: a monarch with great achievements in China history (historical facts); But there is also a cruel side (historical facts); The overall work is greater than the excess.

Lesson 1 1 "Killing Qin without virtue"

First, the tyranny of the Qin dynasty

(1) Heavy corvee and taxes (two-thirds) (2) Severe criminal law (3) More cruel (Zhao Gao "refers to a deer as a horse").

The tyranny of the Qin dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the burden and pain of the people, and aroused the people's resistance.

Second, Chen Guang Uprising (Uprising)

Time: 209 BC Uprising Location: Xiangguan, osawa: Slightly rooted in the tyranny of Qin.

Significance: The first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history, and their revolutionary pioneering spirit inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against brutal rule.

Third, the peasant rebels overthrew the Qin Dynasty.

Xiang Yu: The Battle of Julu defeated Qin Jun's main force. (burn one's bridges)

Liu Bang: The rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.

The dispute between Chu and Han: 206 BC-202 BC,

★ Related idioms: Xiang Zhuang dances sword, which means stories such as Pei Gong, Chu River and Han Dynasty, besieged on all sides, farewell to my concubine, etc. : Hongmen Banquet.

Establishment of the Western Han Dynasty: In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.

Unified Han dynasty

First, the rule of Wenjing (historically, the rule of Wendi Jingdi was called "the rule of Wenjing")

1. reason: ① situation in the early Han dynasty: economic depression and ethnic poverty. (2) Summarize the lessons of Qin Dynasty's death from tyranny.

2. Measures: ① Pay attention to the development of agricultural production and reduce people's burden; 2 advocating economy; (3) advocate "remoulding people by virtue"

Second, the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Impact of background measures

The political vassal States that were enfeoffed in the early Han Dynasty still had considerable power to "push the favor order" and weaken the enfeoffment right. (Zhu's suggestion) The vassal states are no longer able to confront the central authorities.

Schools of thought are still active. They criticized the emperor's policies and accused the central authorities, which was very unfavorable to centralization. (Dong Zhongshu's suggestion) The imperial academy will be held with the Five Confucian Classics as the main teaching material. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unification and entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

Fourth, the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty: the capital was established in 25 AD: Luoyang, and the founding emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu.

Economic development in Han dynasty

1. Harnessing the Yellow River: In the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the harnessing of the Yellow River; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ming Di sent Wang Jing to preside over the river repair.

Agricultural progress: In the Western Han Dynasty, methods such as plowing the wall (turning over the soil and breaking the soil), plowing the car (sowing tools), and two cows lifting the bar appeared.

Second, silk weaving: using jacquard machine; The dyeing technology is also very high, and silk is liked by foreigners.

Smelting technology: Du Fu-shi invented the water grate (a tool for iron processing) in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was 1000 years earlier than that in Europe. Iron weapons replace bronze weapons.

Third, economic measures to strengthen centralization: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty restored the right to coin and the right to operate salt and iron to the central government, and unified the casting of five baht (economic unity). Business prosperity: East and West Beijing (Xijing Chang 'an, Tokyo Luoyang); Professional business district: city. (But the rulers practice "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce")

The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty

A, modu chanyu unified Mongolian grassland

1, Huns' living customs: living a nomadic life and migrating by weeds.

2. Maodun unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.

3. The development of Xiongnu production (the prosperity of animal husbandry; Learn to farm and start farming and growing grain)

Second, the Huns and the Peace War of the Han Dynasty

Time: Early Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty.

The situation of economic depression and national poverty was ruled by Wenjing, and the Huns split with strong national strength, among which Uhaanyehe surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

Policy and affinity: treat the imperial daughter as a princess, marry the Huns far away, and give a lot of food and textiles every year. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu (Mobei Battle: 1 19 BC), and Zhaojun left the fortress.

As a result, tarquin sent troops south every year, and pro-Xiongnu did not fundamentally solve the threat of Mobei War. Xiongnu suffered heavy losses and could no longer confront the Western Han Dynasty. It has made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.

What's the difference between those in the early Han Dynasty and those in the Han Dynasty?

★ Summary: What are the aspects of the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? (economic, political, military, ideological)

Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.

1. Western Regions: west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, now Xinjiang and beyond.

2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions: BC 138 (purpose: to contact Yue family and crusade against Xiongnu).

Significance: I learned about the experience of the western regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.

3. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions: BC 1 19, with the purpose of friendly political and economic exchanges with countries in the Western Regions.

4. The establishment of the Western Regions' Capital Protection House: 60 BC (marking that Xinjiang began to be subordinate to the central government and became an inseparable part of China. )

Second, the Silk Road.

1, the silk road on land (named after mainly transporting silk to the west)

China's silk and silk products were transported from Chang 'an through Hexi Corridor to today's Xinjiang, then to West Asia and then to Europe, and the treasures of western countries were imported into China.

2. Maritime Silk Road (starting from Guangzhou)

Prosperous Qin and Han culture (1)

First, the invention of paper and the improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun

1. The invention of paper (time: early Western Han Dynasty) 2. Cai Lun improved papermaking (Cai Houzhi) 3. The spread of papermaking.

Second, the Nine Chapters Arithmetic and the Seismograph.

1, Chapter 9 Arithmetic (Summing up the Mathematical Achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty)

2. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng (recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world)

Third, there are many famous doctors.

1, Hua Tuo (imperial doctor): anesthetic "Mafeisan" and "Wuqinxi"

2. Zhang Zhongjing (medical sage): Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.

★ China's leading scientific and technological achievements in Qin and Han Dynasties;

Inventing and improving papermaking; Zhang Heng invented the seismograph; Hua tuo made "hemp boiling powder"; Some Achievements in Nine Chapters of Arithmetic

(In the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi calculated pi to seven decimal places)

The Prosperous Culture of Qin and Han Dynasties (2)

First, the introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism

1, Introduction to Buddhism

(1) originated in ancient India. (2) It was introduced into the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. (3) The White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was built by Emperor Han Ming of East China.

(4) Doctrine: After death, people can be reincarnated in the afterlife, people can suffer hardships in this life, and if they truly believe in Buddhism, they can be happy in the afterlife.

2. The rise of Taoism

Taoism is a native religion. Founder: Zhang Ling. The Eastern Han Dynasty was popular among the people.

(4) Doctrine: advocating self-cultivation and refining Dan medicine in order to live forever.

Second, Sima Qian and Historical Records

Lu Xun's evaluation of Historical Records: "Historians never sing, Li Sao has no rhyme"

Historical achievements: ① It is the first biography of China; (2) become a model of later biographical history books.

Literary achievements: It is an excellent literary work with concise words, vivid language and vivid characters.

Third, the sensational Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses: clay sculpture firing, an outstanding representative of China sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties. Known as the eighth wonder of the world.

Unit 4 Separation of Political Power and Integration of the State

The three countries stand upright.

First, the battle of Guandu

Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlord regime and production were severely damaged.

Time: 200 AD: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao.

Results: Cao Cao defeated Yuan Jun with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Second, Battle of Red Cliffs

Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the whole country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan developed their influence in the south.

Time: AD 208: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun.

Results: Sun and Liu joined hands to win more with less, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Third, the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Title, time, capital, founding monarch

Wei proclaimed himself Cao Pi in Luoyang in 220.

22 1 year, Han proclaimed himself Liu Bei of Chengdu.

In 222, Wu Zhao was named Sun Quan.

Fourth, the economic development of the three countries

Guo Wei: many water conservancy projects have been built, and the production in the north has been restored and developed;

Shu State: Silk industry prospers, and Shu brocade is marketed in the three countries;

Wu: The shipbuilding industry is developed. Wu's fleet arrived in Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.

The development of Jiangnan area

First, the rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the ethnic groups moving inward

1, the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty (the order of the extinction of the Three Kingdoms: Shu, Wei and Wu)

1 Wei mieshu; ② In 265, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei; (Founding Emperor: Sima Yan; Capital: Luoyang) In 3280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and achieved reunification.

2. The nationalities that moved in (from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty; Wuhu: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Anta, Biandi and Qiang)

3. The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty

Reasons: ① The ruling group was decadent, and the royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty competed for the throne for more than ten years, which exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty.

(2) The bureaucratic landlords in the Western Jin Dynasty brutally oppressed the ethnic minorities who moved inward and aroused their resistance.

In 3 16 AD, an inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Second, in the water war.

1. Situation: ① South: Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, with Jiankang as the capital, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

② North: The pre-Qin regime established by Adi Fu Jian was strong and unified the Yellow River basin.

2. Time: In 383 AD, the two sides fought: the former Qin Dynasty VS the Eastern Jin Dynasty. As a result, the eastern Jin dynasty defeated the former Qin dynasty with fewer victories.

3. Impact: With the collapse of the former Qin Dynasty, the northern region once again fell into a state of separatist melee.

The temporary stability in the Eastern Jin Dynasty provided favorable conditions for economic development.

Third, the economic development of Jiangnan.

1, the reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan:

(1) Jiangnan area has superior conditions for developing agriculture.

(2) The migration of population to the south has brought labor and advanced production technology. (main reason)

(3) There are few wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable.

2. Performance: ① A large number of wasteland has been reclaimed as farmland. ② Many water conservancy projects have been built. ③ Agricultural technology progress: using green manure and popularizing Niu Geng and manure. ④ Wheat extends to the south of the Yangtze River.

3. Impact: It laid the foundation for the gradual shift of economic center of gravity to the south.

Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities

I. Unification of the North

In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by the rising Xianbei nationality in the northeast unified the Yellow River basin.

Second, national integration.

1, ethnic integration in the Yellow River Basin has gradually become the general trend (one of the reasons for the success of Emperor Xiaowen's reform).

2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Moving the capital to Luoyang: The fundamental purpose and reason is to strengthen the rule of the Central Plains.

Sinicization policy: learning Chinese; Wear hanfu; Use China surname; Marry with the Han nationality; Adopt the official system and laws of the Han nationality; Learn the etiquette of the Han nationality.

These measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration.

Lesson 265438 +0 and Lesson 22: Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Contribution of representative works of different dynasties.

Mathematics in the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi's Composition calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, one thousand years earlier than the world.

Jia Sixie's Book of Qi Yao Min is the first complete agricultural science work in China.

Geography Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics of Northern Wei Dynasty is a comprehensive geography monograph.

The calligraphy and painting of the words written by Wang Xizhi in the Preface to Lanting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are either beautiful and fresh, or "floating like a cloud and agile as a dragon". Preface to Lanting has the reputation of "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is called "the sage of books" by later generations.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty painted Gu Kaizhi's Proverbs of Women's History and Luoshen Fu Tu.

Grottoes Art The Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province in the Northern Dynasties.

Attached:

The order of dynasties in China's history: Xia, Shang, Zhou-Qin-Han-Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties (please remember the establishment time, capital and founding monarch of Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin and Eastern Jin).

Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties

Wei, Western Jin, Sixteen States, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui

Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty

Shuni virus

Chen Liang in the Eastern Jin and Song Dynasties

A country in the Zhou dynasty

Matters needing attention

Review:

1. Clear up the context of knowledge, and you can also know what the topic of each lesson in 22 lessons is, what period it is about, what major events, main contents and characters are by closing the book.

2. Pay attention to the "thinking" of each lesson in the textbook and really understand why.

3. Pay attention to the thinking of some big questions in "refined analysis".

This outline can help review and remember, but it is only a basic outline and should be based on textbooks.

4. Summarize some similar knowledge by yourself.

Check:

1. Examine the questions carefully and don't be greedy. With plenty of time, you should complete at least 25 points in multiple-choice questions, and consider the big questions before writing, but don't leave them blank (try to answer them even if you are not sure).

2. When answering a big question, write "Answer" first, and the content should be organized according to the requirements of the topic. It's better to divide it into several sections, and don't write a long paragraph on one subject.

3. The big questions are really not available or can't be tested on time. Go back to the previous multiple-choice questions and see if there is any relevant content. Or, before starting to do the paper, browse the big questions first and be aware of them.

4. Answer the questions as comprehensively as possible. If you ask the reasons, there are usually objective reasons, subjective reasons, historical reasons, practical reasons and so on. (Not all problems exist); To evaluate a character, we should see two sides, both evaluation and historical explanation.

5. Multiple choice tips:

When asked about the root cause of historical events or things, the answer is usually related to economic factors (productivity).

Asking the ruler the fundamental reason or purpose of implementing a certain measure is generally to strengthen control or consolidate rule.

When you first choose an answer, first look at whether other answers are more suitable and choose the most suitable one.