The speed of sailing is determined by three factors, namely, the quality and performance of equipment, the scientific adjustment state of equipment and the scientific controllable state of equipment sailing on water. The first two factors (omitted).

Maneuvering technology is a method and means for the crew to effectively control the ship's equipment through exercise, so as to keep it in a scientific and reasonable state in various wind directions and waves for a long time, so as to obtain superior straight-line driving speed.

There is no clear distinction between the concepts of downwind route and crosswind route. Usually the wind direction angle is 130- 170O, which is called a downwind route, and the wind direction angle is 170- 180 O, which is called downwind.

In the smooth sailing of the breeze, the first thing is that the crew should be emotionally stable, not impatient, and operate the main sail and ball sail carefully. The technology of hull balance operation in straight line driving is below 4m/s wind speed, adjust the ship to lean in the downwind direction and keep the hull level. The inclination of the hull is very easy to control in a small wind, and the hull is controlled to lean about 5O in the downwind direction by using the crew's body. Tilting is to make the sail have a better shape under the action of gravity, produce the maximum buoyancy, and be beneficial to the speed of the ship.

The purpose of driving the hull horizontally is to better conform to the theoretical design of sailing ships and reduce the underwater resistance. In addition, according to the gradient change of wind, the higher the water level, the greater the wind force. When sailing horizontally, the mast is the highest.

In moderate and strong winds, when sailing against the wind, it is basically necessary to keep the hull level; When the windward deflection reduces the wind direction angle, the hull tilts a few degrees to the downwind direction; When doing downwind deflection acceleration, you can also tilt a few degrees to the headwind direction; In strong wind, the inclination of the hull must be within the control ability of the crew.

In the operation technology of sailing straight against the wind, besides the movement of the body, the cooperation between the main sail and the rudder is the best way to keep the balance of the hull. When the position of the person driving in a straight line against the wind is below 4m/s, the position of the person should usually move forward.

When the wind speed is 4- 10 m/s, the personnel position should be slightly moved backwards. When it is difficult to control the stability of the hull, the position of personnel must be moved back slightly.

If the wind speed is above 10 m/s, people should move backwards when paddling. How to use the operation technology of gust to drive straight? When sailing, you often encounter gusts. The wind speed during gust is higher than that before gust. Before the gust, the wind speed may suddenly decrease and then suddenly increase. After the gust, it will slow down and return to normal wind speed. In the operation of sailing straight against the wind, when a gust of wind comes, we should first make psychological and technical preparations, control the balance of the hull, and prevent the weak wind from appearing at the moment before the gust comes. When the gust comes, there are three common operating methods: one is to keep the hull balanced, relax the main sail, pull the rudder a little, and increase the angle of the wind, so as to use the gust to improve the speed of the ship. This operation technique is used when encountering strong winds. The second is to keep the course unchanged, concentrate on "feeling" the wind direction and wind speed changes of the gust, adjust the sail angle in time to keep the sail at the best wind power, and adjust the body of the personnel to keep the hull running smoothly, with the aim of improving the ship speed by using the gust. The third is to keep the sail angle of the sailboat, control the hull to lean slightly in the downwind direction with the body (except when the wind speed is particularly high and it is difficult to control the balance of the hull), and then push the rudder to close the sail, so that the sailboat can deflect in the downwind direction, with the aim of taking advantage of the gust to seize the upper hand. How to sail against the wind

The main driving force for sailing against the wind is suction.

According to aerodynamic principle, with the increase of fluid velocity, the pressure decreases. The air must accelerate to bypass the curved sail surface, so the pressure is reduced, which produces suction and pulls the sail aside. The suction of pressure drop on the leeward side of the sail is quite large, which is 1 times greater than the force of pushing the sail on the windward side.

The suction and thrust generated by the wind on both sides of the sail make the ship run sideways; The middle plate prevents the ship from moving sideways, so the wind force is divided into two components, one component pushes the sailboat forward, the other component makes the ship lean to the leeward side, and the helmsman leans outward on the other side of the ship to maintain balance.

Sailing boats can't sail completely against the wind. 12m long sailboat can travel against the wind at an angle of 12- 15 degrees with the wind direction. If you want to face the wind head-on, you must sail in a zigzag course. When driving against the wind, the smaller the angle between the ship and the wind direction, the slower the speed. If the helmsman sails on a zigzag course with a large angle, the speed of the ship will increase, but the voyage will be longer.

2. About navigation knowledge

The full name of the International Sailing Federation, referred to as "ISAF". FIA was founded in 1906, and its headquarters is in Britain. At present, ISAF is one of the largest individual sports federations in the world, with 122 member countries (or regions) and 76 sailing classes under its jurisdiction. ISAF has established the International Foundation for Sailing for the Disabled (IFDS) to engage in sailing for the disabled. At present, there are 9 levels of events entering the Olympic Games, 1 1 events.

GoranPetersson, the current president of ISAF from Sweden, defeated two other competitors from Spain and Belgium in Copenhagen, Denmark in June 2004 and became the new president of the FIA.

China Sailing and Windsurfing Association, referred to as "China Sailing Association". The English full name is, abbreviated as "CYA". China Sailing Association is a national sports association recognized by the Chinese Olympic Committee and a national mass sports organization with independent legal personality. China Sailing Association is the leading organization of sailing and windsurfing in China and the only legal organization representing China in international sailing organizations.

Classification of sailboats:

Sailing boat is mainly composed of hull, mast, stabilizer or keel, rudder, sail and rigging. The main material of the hull is wood or FRP. In terms of equipment, sports sailboats can be divided into five categories:

Features-The bottom of the ship has a fixed stabilizing plate and lead pressing, with large displacement, complex structure, high price and multi-person operation, which is suitable for long-distance races and offshore exploration.

Features-there is a retractable stabilizer at the bottom of the ship. Small and flexible, low cost, simple operation and easy popularization. Most Olympic events are such boats.

Features-It is composed of two or three hulls, with high speed. It is thrilling to operate.

hammer-head crane

Features-large-scale, antique design, multi-mast layout and gorgeous decoration, suitable for outreach activities, entertainment competitions and sailors' sea operation training.

Features-Sailors sail on skateboards without rudder and only fins.

Rules of sailing competition:

About 60-70 countries participated in the recent Olympic Games. The sailing competition mode of the 2008 Olympic Games is route competition. There are Olympic trapezoidal routes and trapezoidal routes, and windsurfing will also perform a combination of trapezoidal and obstacle skating in the medal round competition. There are only 49 people 16 rounds, and all other events 1 1 rounds, and each event can play at most two rounds every day. Usually, it is stipulated that the sailing signal will be sent at 1 1 or 12 in the first round of the day. All competition instructions are issued through bulletin boards, signal flags and stereos.

3. So how to control the sailboat?

Usually when sailing, people use one hand to control the direction and the other hand to control the angle of the sail.

The most important thing in sailing is to judge the wind direction correctly, and then choose the right angle between the sail and the wind direction. It is simple and easy to control when driving with the wind.

Don't think that sailing can only sail with the wind, in fact, sailing can also sail with the wind! At this time, the power of sailing mainly depends on suction, so it is better for the ship to take a zigzag route, which is faster and safer. If we go straight ahead, the ship will sway with the wind.

Moreover, when driving against the wind, the greater the angle between the sail and the wind direction, the faster the speed of the ship. At the same time, a counterweight will be installed on the sailboat to reduce the center of gravity of the sailboat, thus reducing the probability that the sailboat will be blown down by the wind.

In fact, the weight of people sometimes has a great influence on the balance of sailing boats! Sailing can not only exercise the body, but also temper the will. Sailing may face severe weather such as strong winds and waves, which is a double test of the physical strength and perseverance of sailing athletes.

As early as 16? Sailing appeared in the Netherlands in the17th century, and then gradually became popular all over the world. Sailing was included in the second Olympic Games held in Paris, France in 1900.

4. About navigation knowledge

1. The length unit commonly used in navigation is nautical miles, and the speed unit is knots.

2. Wind wave refers to the water surface fluctuation under the direct action of wind.

Surge refers to the waves coming down after the wind stops or in the area where the wind speed and direction suddenly change and the waves coming out of the wind area.

Near-shore waves refer to waves that spread from the wind and waves or swells in the open sea to the coast, and the wave properties change due to the topography.

3. Sailing is a kind of water sport that pushes ships to compete within a specified distance with the help of sails.

The flow of air forms the wind.

5. Sails used in sailing ships have radians. According to Bernoulli's theorem, the fast edge pressure is small and the slow edge pressure is large. Therefore, the pressure difference between the windward side and the downwind side of the sail produces a pulling force, which is the lifting force (resultant force) of the sail.

6. You can adjust the sail direction and let the boat go forward.

7. Length-2.30m width-1.13m weight-35kg

8. For each event, the preliminaries 10 round (49 people, 15 round) will be conducted first, and the 10 sailboat with the best preliminaries will enter the final round as the medal round. The competition will adopt a low scoring system, and the medal round will be scored twice. In the end, the boat with the lowest total score will win the championship.

5. Introduce navigation knowledge.

A ship propelled by the wind.

Originated from ancient people living in Haihe River area. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He, a huge fleet led by the Ming Dynasty in China, made seven voyages to the Western Ocean and reached more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa.

Modern sailing started in Holland. 1660, the mayor of Amsterdam, the Netherlands presented a sailboat named "Mary" to King charles ii of England.

1662, charles ii hosted the sailing competition between Britain and Holland. 1720, Ireland established the Royal Cork Sailing Club.

185 1 year, Britain held an international yacht race around the isle of wight. 1870, the United States and Britain held the first transatlantic America's Cup regatta.

There are two kinds of sailboats: stable sailboats and keel sailboats. Stabilized sailboats are light and flexible, and can sail in shallow water. Flying Dutchman, Dutchman, 470, Star and Tornado in the Olympic Games all belong to this category, and they are the most popular sailboats in the world.

Keel sailboat, also known as rudder stabilizer, is bulky, inflexible, stable and strong in sail, and can only travel in deep water. Both the storm type and the sorin type in Olympic events belong to this category.

The competition is held on the sea surface, and the venue is an equilateral triangle composed of three buoys, and the length of each channel is 2~2.5 nautical miles. The competition sailed around the standard, with a total of 7 games. Take the sum of the best six games to evaluate the total score, and the one with the least total score ranks first.

The scoring method for each competition is 0 for the first place, 3 for the second place, 5.7 for the third place, 8 for the fourth place, 5 10 for the fifth place, 6 1 .7 for the sixth place, 7 13 for the seventh place, and then rank/kloc-0 every time. 1896 was listed as the first Olympic Games, but it was not held because of bad weather.

1900 is listed as an Olympic event again. Originally a mixed event, men and women were separated from each other from the 1988 Olympic Games.

In13rd century, the Spanish and Portuguese began to build a light sailboat called caravel, which was mainly used as a fishing boat at first, but it was widely used in other fields because of its good performance. Bartholomeudias discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, Christopher Columbus discovered the new continent in 1492, and Vasco Dagama crossed the Indian Ocean to reach Asia in 1498. The first round-the-world voyage was completed by Ferdinand Magellan in 15 19- 1522, all using this kind of ship.

Don't forget that Europeans can build such ships because they have learned a lot of "long skills" from the East, especially China. The first "skill" that Delta Europeans learned from Orientalism was the sailor's "triangular jib".

Europeans have always used square sails, that is, square sails placed horizontally. After more than a thousand years (6th century A.D.), influenced by the dhows of the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, Mediterranean sailors gradually switched to this relatively easy-to-manipulate spinnaker instead of a cross sail.

By the 9th century, there were almost no horizontal sails in this area. Incidentally, although the invention right of this sail should belong to * * *, it is called "Latinsail" or "lateensail" in Europe.

The second "skill" that Europeans learned was "fore and aft sails". China people used this kind of sail as early as the Warring States Period (3rd century BC), but it was not learned by Europeans until13rd century. The jib they learned from sailors is relatively easy to operate, but it is still horizontal, so they can only use the downwind, which is good in the North Indian Ocean where the monsoon blows, but not suitable in the Mediterranean Sea and other European waters with uncertain wind direction.

Using the principle of component force and resultant force, the longitudinal sail can sail in all directions, but only against the wind can't sail. However, in the16th century, due to the way of "adjusting the wind against the wind", ships could sail against the wind.

The so-called "adjustment" means adjusting the direction of the bow and turning the headwind into a crosswind, which can also push the ship forward in a zigzag way. A necessary condition for using longitudinal sail is that it can flexibly adjust the direction of the bow.

In China, it is achieved by using a "rudder" placed at the stern. Now there is "have it both ways" in the idiom dictionary, which comes from "slang" rather than "literary talent". It controls the rudder according to the wind direction to adjust the course.

It is not derogatory. Unfortunately, it is often used to refer to a sleek, worldly, unprincipled and drifting with the wind. In ancient times, the word "rudder" was also called "rudder", "rudder" and "rudder" When Liu Xi explained the word "ship" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he said: "The end of the ship is called" rudder ".

Jade tablets from the Southern and Northern Dynasties (A.D. 543) said, "The rudder is ship wood." He said, "Hey, the stern is small."

These written records show that China people invented the rudder very early, and the evidence of using the rudder obtained by archaeological excavations is earlier. Wooden boat models have been unearthed from Western Han tombs in Guangdong and Hubei, and the stern is equipped with a rudder. However, the rudder spread to Europe quite late, about 12 century.

Until now, Europeans have been using side oars to control the direction, which is far worse than using rudder. Rudder can be said to be the third "long skill" learned by Europeans.

After learning to use jib, longitudinal sail and rudder, sailors can use wind more freely, which leads to an increase in the number of masts and sails, especially the number of sails, because it is easier to operate with multiple smaller sails than with a single large sail. "caravel" is a light multi-masted sailboat, which usually has three masts. The front mast and the front of the main mast are hung with transverse sails, and the rear mast is hung with triangular longitudinal sails.

Some people even put up a fourth mast and hung a jib. There are also some ships that extend forward from the bow with a bowsprit with small sails and a top sail above the main sail and the front sail.

This can make full use of wind power, with speed, flexibility and easy operation, and can drive in various wind directions. It should be noted that the wind blowing on the upper part of the sail not only produces horizontal thrust, but also produces upward lift.

Small lift is beneficial to the navigation of the ship, but excessive lift may capsize the ship. The use of jib and top sail can reduce the lift and help the ship sail smoothly.

Europeans began to build.

6. Small-scale scientific and technological production, production, small sailboats, how to do it?

Based on the hydrodynamic performance of sail and hull, this paper discusses the mechanical principle of sailing and some ways to improve the level of sailing.

Based on the historical origin of maritime culture, this paper discusses maritime culture. The research holds that sailing culture is gradually formed in the long-term sailing training, competition and management activities, and is generally recognized by the majority of sailing participants. It has distinct sports characteristics and characteristics of the times, and is the sum of various spiritual cultures, institutional cultures and material cultures of sailing.

Sailing culture is mainly divided into horizontal structure and vertical structure, which has the functions of guidance and restraint, cohesion and encouragement, external plastic and divergence, and its characteristics mainly include historical, regional and competitive. In the future, sailing culture will mainly develop in the direction of unity of inheritance and innovation, combination of specialty and society, combination of specialty and commercialization, combination of sailing culture and city brand culture, and mutual penetration of sailing culture and life concept.