0 1
Topdressing basal fertilizer
The application of base fertilizer is often carried out during the dormant period of apple trees in winter and spring. From the application effect, autumn and winter application is better than early spring application, and early autumn application is better than late autumn or early winter application.
Applying base fertilizer in autumn has the following advantages: ① This period is the third peak of apple root growth, the injured roots heal quickly and new roots can germinate quickly; (2) Appropriate ground temperature, high soil moisture, favorable for microbial activity, fast decomposition of fertilizer, high salinity and easy absorption and utilization by roots; (3) The root system absorbs and utilizes the applied fertilizer, which increases the storage nutrients of the tree, makes the branches and buds full, sprouts early in the second year, spreads leaves quickly, grows new shoots quickly, has good leaf quality and strong photosynthetic performance, which is beneficial to the development of flowering, fruit setting and young fruits; (4) The decomposed fertilizer is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of fruit tree roots in the following spring, promoting the growth and development in spring, improving the quality of short and medium branches and creating a good foundation for flower bud differentiation; ⑤ Combined application of chemical fertilizers has a good effect on promoting nutrient accumulation during storage.
02
Fill the fruit trees with frozen water to spend the winter.
After the apple tree went through the dormancy period in autumn and winter, nutrients began to flow back from the tree to the roots. In the years when there is little rain in autumn and little snow in winter, pouring frozen water can promote the decomposition of base fertilizer, which is beneficial to the growth of new roots and the assimilation of nutrients by roots. It is beneficial to the differentiation and development of flower buds in winter and spring, keeping soil moisture sufficient, preventing the harm of drought and freezing in winter, and ensuring flowering and fruiting in the next year.
1
Look at the weather and irrigation in winter
If frozen water is poured too early, it will not only delay the dormancy of fruit trees, but also easily turn flower buds into leaf buds, which will affect the fruit setting rate in the next year and harden the soil. If watering is too late, it will freeze when it is cold, and it will not easily penetrate into the ground in a short time, and the fruit trees will easily freeze. The best time for watering should be sunny and windy weather, usually during the period from "heavy snow" to "winter solstice" in June+February of 5438.
2
Main irrigation quantity
Irrigation amount is 50- 100 cm after irrigation (root distribution area is 10- 100 cm). If it is too little, it can't meet the demand. If it is too much, the fertilizer elements will be washed to the rootless area (100 cm below). Not only wastes fertilizer, but also saves water, electricity and labor. After 2-3 hours of irrigation, you can see the depth of seepage by digging a pit around the tree tray.
three
Irrigation method
There are many ways to irrigate fruit trees. We should follow the principle of "convenience, water saving and high efficiency" and choose appropriate methods according to local conditions:
1
furrow irrigation
Dig a shallow ditch with a depth of 2.5 cm between rows, irrigate along the ditch, the distance between the ditch and the tree is 1.5 m, and fill the ditch after irrigation. The advantages are uniform soil soaking, less water loss and no soil hardening.
2
Disc irrigation
Take the trunk as the center, build a circular tree tray according to the crown, and introduce water into the tree tray.
three
Annular furrow irrigation
Dig an annular ditch at the vertical projection of the tree crown and introduce water.
four
Point pouring
Dig 8 holes with a diameter of 30 cm and a depth of 30 cm in the canopy, then fill the holes with water, and then restore the soil after the water seeps down. This method saves water and is suitable for mountain areas.
five
sprinkler irrigation
With the electric sprinkler, water is sprayed into the air evenly through the sprinkler, forming Mao Mao rain irrigation, which can adjust the microclimate of the orchard.
six
drip irrigation
This is an advanced water-saving irrigation technology. Using PVC pipes to make water drop into the root distribution area of trees has the advantages of saving water and labor.
03
Clean up the orchard and focus on eliminating pests and diseases.
Winter is the dormant period of fruit trees, and it is also the latent wintering period of fruit tree pests and germs. At this time, the wintering places of pests and diseases are concentrated and the age is the same, which is a period that can not be ignored in the centralized prevention and control of fruit tree pests and diseases. Doing a good job in pest control during dormancy of fruit trees can reduce the overwintering base of pathogens and pests.
1
A clean orchard
Combined with pruning in winter to remove dead branches, pests and diseases, timely clean up weeds, diseased fruits and insect fruits in the garden and burn or bury them. Because the eggs, larvae, pupae, spores and mycelium of many pests overwinter on litter and weeds. When more than 90% of the fruit trees have fallen leaves, dig a ditch with a depth of 60 cm and a width of 40 cm under the crown, bury the fallen weeds together in the ditch and fill it with topsoil. It not only eliminated the overwintering pests and diseases in weeds and fallen leaves, but also increased the organic fertilizer. Cut off sick and dead branches. Pruning and removing dead branches, pests and branches in winter, removing diseased fruits, insect fruits and stiff fruits on trees, and centralized burning or burying can effectively reduce the overwintering base of aphids and other pests. Pay attention to protect the big wound when pruning, and apply it with Youguo Skin Health.
2
Check and scrape rotten and rough skin.
Focus on checking trunk, branches, branches, scissors, saws, and old scars of rotten diseases, scrape and cure recurrent and newly discovered scars, and smear them with Youguo Skin Health Mixture. After scraping, the sick and disabled and other pests and diseases should be burned and buried deeply.
three
Scrape off the old wrinkled moth.
Especially at the included angle of branches, scars are burned, buried or burned every day to prevent branch diseases and eliminate overwintering eggs.
four
Inspection and control of wood borers
For borers such as longicorn beetles, fine wire can be inserted into the wormholes of branches to stab the larvae to death; You can also use 5- 10 times of dichlorvos or Oxfam, drill the liquid into the cave door with a syringe, and plug the hole with soil to poison the pests hiding in the trunk.
04
Shape, shape, light, potential, flower, big fruit
Plastic pruning is an important aspect of fruit tree winter management, which is divided into two aspects: plastic pruning and pruning. The former is mainly aimed at the tree shape, that is, through certain means, the fruit tree has a reasonable skeleton structure, and the main branches of the fruit tree are evenly distributed in space to achieve the purpose of ventilation and light transmission; Pruning is mainly aimed at tree potential, that is, load. Through pruning, the fruit trees tend to be vigorous, the load is reasonable, and they bear fruit every year.
1
The shaping of young trees
The following aspects should be paid attention to when pruning young trees.
1
The target tree must adapt to the combination of rootstock and spike, cultivation method and planting density.
2
For fruit trees with high spindle shape, slender spindle shape and trunk shape, it is necessary to keep the middle trunk thick and straight, and the main branches with excessive middle trunk level and unopened branches should be drained in time; For fruit trees with bent branches, they should be righted in time.
three
For traditional fruit trees with sparse planting and large crown, crown reduction is still necessary.
four
As an important means of plastic surgery, pruning should be strongly advocated, but it should be noted that the pruning angle must be determined according to different tree shapes, different regions and different fertilizer and water conditions.
2
Renovation of closed garden
The following problems should be paid attention to in the modeling transformation of closed gardens.
First, the transformation of closed gardens must follow the principles of big seal and big change, small seal and small change, and no seal and no change. Different orchards have different closed degrees, and the strategies, methods and key points of transformation are also different. It is strictly forbidden to adopt a one-size-fits-all approach.
Secondly, for 2×3, 2×4 and other densely planted orchards, the "slimming method" transformation technology promoted by the national apple industry technology system is preferred for shape modification. That is, through various technical means, the large crown tree is changed into a small crown tree, the sparse layer is transformed into a free spindle shape and a slender spindle shape, and the free spindle shape is transformed into a high spindle shape and a trunk shape. By slimming the crown, the sealing problem is solved.
Thirdly, for orchards in high-altitude areas with little annual precipitation and poor soil, the original tree shape can be kept unchanged and can only be adjusted locally because of the small annual growth and light sealing. Some relatively closed orchards can achieve the purpose of controlling the crown by opening the main branch angle properly.
Fourth, for orchards that are forced to dry up and bow their heads happily, the back branches are often more serious. For these branches on the back, we must adjust the trend and promote flowering by pulling branches, turning branches and carving buds. So that they can change from vegetative growth to reproductive growth as soon as possible, and use them to avoid blind logging.
Fifth, the transformation of closed gardens should follow six principles: the tree shape should be adapted to local conditions and changed year by year according to the situation, the trees should be divided first, the big ones should be removed, the small ones should be reduced, the transformation results should be taken into account, and the management after the transformation should be meticulous.
three
Tree potential regulation
There are three purposes of fruit tree pruning: dimming, adjusting tree potential and adjusting load. Among them, adjusting illumination belongs to the category of trees. By shaping young trees reasonably and remolding closed gardens, we can make the branches of fruit trees have a reasonable spatial distribution and solve the lighting problem. Robust tree potential and reasonable load are particularly important for fruit trees. As the saying goes, there is no good fruit on the tree without tree potential. As we all know, it is difficult for trees to blossom and bear fruit when they are too strong, and it is also difficult for trees to bear fruit after they grow a lot of flowers, that is, it is difficult to improve the quality of fruits. Robust and stable tree potential is the premise of stabilizing fruit, improving fruit quality, prolonging fruit life and resisting pests and diseases. And the adjustment of tree potential is a long-term process. During the growth of fruit trees, the tree potential of fruit trees is changing at any time. Different branches and different fruit trees bear different forces, some branches become stronger and some branches become weaker. The purpose of our adjustment is to ensure the stress balance between branches and different fruit trees.
four
Adjust the load of fruit trees
Through reasonable pruning, the flower buds of some trees with too many flowers are cut off in advance, and the purpose of adjusting the load is achieved with the thinning of flowers and fruits in spring. On the contrary, for fruit trees with few flowers, through the adjustment of tree potential and branch potential, comprehensive measures of adjusting potential and promoting flowers are adopted to make fruit trees blossom and bear fruit as soon as possible.
05
Anti-freezing and cold protection
First, cultivate soil for cold protection: before freezing, cultivate soil at the junction of the above-ground part and the underground part of the tree, with a thickness of 20-30 cm, and take it out when thawing next year.
Second, the trunk sokcho: winding the trunk with straw rope can not only effectively prevent freezing, but also eliminate overwintering pests and diseases.
Third, paint the trunk white: brush the white agent on the trunk, big branches and central trunk to prevent freezing. The proportion of whitening agent is: water 30 kg+lime 10 kg+salt 2 kg+animal oil 2.5 kg+sulfur mixture stock solution 1.5 kg.