Maca is a cruciferous plant, also known as Maca's specialty. It is native to the Andes near Jining and Pasco in central Peru, with an altitude of more than 4000 meters. Maca is rich in 55 kinds of energetic nutrients such as macaene and macamide. Long-term consumption has a good regulatory effect on improving qi and blood, relieving menopausal symptoms and restoring the health of sub-healthy people. In 2002, Huize County introduced Maca seeds from Oregon Horizon Herbal Medicine Co., Ltd. in the United States, and carried out trial planting in Dahai Township, Huize County (at an altitude of 3,500 meters) with similar natural climate conditions to the Peruvian Andes, and achieved success. Through years of development and planting, we have accumulated some experience in seedling raising and cultivation management. The cultivation and management techniques of Maca are summarized as follows:
First, raise seedlings
1, seedbed selection
Choose a plot with sunny lee, gentle terrain, good water source conditions, convenient irrigation and drainage, low groundwater level, deep and loose soil layer, sandy loam or loam without cruciferous crops planted in recent two years, and soil pH value of 6.5 ~ 7.5.
2, seedbed preparation
Maca is planted in Huize in two seasons: sowing in spring, transplanting in early March, and harvesting at 10; Sow in autumn, transplant in early July, and harvest at the end of March of the following year. No matter in spring or autumn, the nursery land needs to be deeply turned twice to finely divide the soil and remove weeds and stones in the field. Before the second deep ploughing, apply 65,438+0,000 ~ 65,438+0,500 kilograms of fully decomposed high-quality farmyard manure per mu, plow and rake till the fertilizer is evenly mixed into the soil, and then it should be 65,438+20 cm long. Spraying 500 times of methionine powder solution on the soil surface per square meter for disinfection, then spraying 1 0,000 ~10,500 times of methionine solution to control underground pests, sealing with film for 5 days, uncovering the film for 7 days and sowing.
3. Selection and treatment of Maca seeds are relatively small, about 900,000 seeds per kilogram, 3 mu of seedbed can be planted, and each mu of seedbed can be transplanted to 10 ~ 15 mu of fields. Before sowing, select fresh seeds with high purity, fullness and luster, soak them in warm water at 25 ~ 30℃ for 24 hours, then soak them in 500 times carbendazim 15 minutes for sterilization, dry the water, and mix in fine sand for sowing.
4. Sowing method
In spring, Marca will breed in early March, and in autumn, Marca will breed in early July. Choose windless and sunny weather, water the seedbed with sole water before sowing, spread the seeds evenly on it after the water completely permeates, then cover the soil with 0.5cm fine soil, cover the soil with a layer of pine wool after sowing, and then build a small arch shed with bamboo. The shed is covered with a black sunshade net, and the surrounding area is compacted with soil.
5, seedling management
According to the weather and soil moisture, water in time to promote germination and emergence. Generally, the seedlings emerge in 5 ~ 10 days, and the seedlings emerge completely in 15 ~ 20 days. When 70% ~ 80% of the seeds emerge, the loose hairs should be removed in time, and a thin layer of fine soil should be sprinkled on the wet surface to preserve moisture to prevent the roots from falling off, and metalaxyl should be sprayed once. 500-fold Mn-Zn solution+1000 ~ 1500-fold triamcinolone acetonide solution to control seedling damping-off and soil silkworm diseases and insect pests. After the seedlings grow 1 month, the sunshade net is removed for outdoor hardening. Pay attention to watering and weeding at seedling stage, and water in the morning and evening. Combined with watering, 0.3 ~ 0.5% urea solution or decomposed organic fertilizer (manure water) can be diluted 10 times, and topdressing can be carried out for 2 ~ 3 times according to the growth of seedlings.
Second, transplantation.
1. Adequate base fertilizer: Maca growth cycle is about 8 months, seedling stage is 2 months, and field growth period is 6 months. Fertilizer is not allowed to be used in the growing period, so soil fertility and application of foot fertilizer (fully decomposed farmyard manure) are the key factors to determine yield. Whether it is spring planting maca or autumn planting maca, the planting area must be planned according to the season (2000 ~ 2500 per mu) near the planting area, according to a layer of manure, a layer of mountain soil, straw, fallen leaves and so on. Water or manure is used for composting, so that farmyard manure can be fully decomposed and ready for use. 2. Land selection and soil preparation: the altitude of the planting site is required to be above 2,800 meters, and the optimal altitude is 3,000 ~ 3,200 meters. Choose loam or sandy loam plots with deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, good drainage and abundant sunshine for planting. Do not plant in yellow mud, low-lying land, swamp, barren land with heavy soil and poor drainage, and avoid continuous cropping. Take spring planting Maka as an example: after land selection, deep ploughing and insolation are carried out at the end of March, and ploughing is carried out again in mid-April. Combine with ploughing, apply 2000-2500 ㎏ of decomposed farmyard manure per mu, spread the farmyard manure evenly on the ground, thoroughly mix with the soil through ploughing, and then the soil moisture content is 1m wide and 10 long.
3. Standardized transplanting: Since Maca is planted in high-altitude mountainous areas and totally depends on natural rainfall, the transplanting time and planting specifications are particularly important. The row spacing of Maka transplanted plants is 10㎝×20㎝. Take the soil surface with a width of 1m as an example: 8 plants can be planted in each row, and 1.5 ~ 1.8 million plants can be transplanted per mu. According to the situation of rainfall in the field in that year, once the rain is thorough and the soil moisture remains moist, it is necessary to transplant it in time. The best transplanting time is in light rain or sunny evening, but it is not suitable for transplanting in sunny day. Dig the fine seedlings according to the transplanting area. When transplanting, try to dig deep hole pools, one plant in each pool. The root system must be stretched straight, and it is not allowed to be inverted, folded, twisted or forced to form a group. After planting, water your feet.
Third, on-site management
1. watering: after maca is transplanted into the field, water management should be carried out according to soil moisture. If the rain is good and the transplanted seedlings can survive, there is no need to water them; If it doesn't rain after transplanting, it must be watered in time to ensure the survival of transplanted seedlings.
2. Weeding: Weeding is an important part of field management after transplanting Maca, and it is also a decisive factor to determine the yield and harvest. Weeding should be done for the first time about 15 ~ 20 days after seedling transplanting. Therefore, the Maka seedlings have just survived and must be manually weeded. When weeding, care should be taken not to affect seedlings and roots. Weeds will be removed every 20 ~ 30 days and furrows will be cleaned every 2 months. The whole maca growth period generally needs weeding for 3 ~ 4 times, so that there are no weeds in the soil and no water in the ditch. 3. Fertilization: After maca is transplanted, it can be watered with thin human and animal manure or fully decomposed dry oil water (soaked in water 1 month and diluted with water), once every 15 ~ 20 days and continuously for 2 ~ 3 times, which can obviously increase the yield. In addition, 98% potassium dihydrogen phosphate (48㎏ per 100g water) can be used for foliar fertilization, and the effect is also very good.
Fourth, pest control.
Powdery mildew is the main disease of Maca, and the main pests are Plutella xylostella (silkworm), Spodoptera exigua and Silkworm. If it happens, comprehensive preventive measures should be taken to prevent it in time.
1, agricultural control: rational layout, avoiding continuous cropping of cruciferous vegetables in one year as far as possible, and avoiding endless insect sources; Timely treatment of residual leaves after harvest can eliminate a large number of insect sources.
2. Strengthen field management: remove weeds and surrounding cruciferous plants in the field to create an unfavorable living environment for the diamondback moth.
3. Physical control: Sex pheromone is used to trap and kill adults, and sex pheromone is used to control Plutella xylostella. Simple operation method, low cost and environmental protection. There are 4-5 basin sex pheromone traps per mu, which are evenly distributed on the ground in a chessboard shape. The basin is filled with clean water and a small amount of washing powder, and the water level is lower than the basin mouth 1 ~ 2 ㎝. Fix the bait core in the middle position above the water level of the basin 1 ~ 2 ㎝ with iron wire, remove the moths in the basin every 3-5 days, and replace the water in the trapping basin.
4. Chemical control: Powdery mildew can be controlled with 5% hexaconazole 800- 1000 times solution or 50% carbendazim+15% triadimefon (triadimefon) 500 times solution. Silkworms can be sprayed or fed with 1000- 1500 times of tiger shovel (2% dimethyl disulfide) in the evening. Can Plutella xylostella (filariasis) and Spodoptera exigua use100000 PIB/ml cotton core? Bacillus thuringiensis 800 times solution +3% emamectin benzoate 800 times solution or 10% chlorfenapyr 1500-2000 times solution +4.5% beta-cypermethrin 600-800 times solution for prevention and control, pay attention to alternate use, and prevent and control for 2-3 times in a growth cycle with an interval of 7-/kloc-.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) harvest
Maca grows for about 4 ~ 5 months after transplanting into the field. When it is mature, it should be excavated in time and sold in different levels, or processed into dried slices or dried fruits for sale.