Cholesterol and triglyceride in blood generally combine with protein and exist in the form of lipoprotein, so hyperlipidemia is often called hyperlipoproteinemia in clinic. There are four forms of lipoprotein: ① Chyloid particles, which are neutral fat particles from food sources and mainly contain exogenous triglycerides. ② Low density lipoprotein, mainly containing cholesterol. ③ Very low density lipoprotein, mainly containing endogenous triglycerides. ④ High density lipoprotein, mainly containing protein, cholesterol, phospholipids, etc. It is a favorable factor to prevent arteriosclerosis. Clinically, hyperlipoproteinemia is divided into five types: I, II, III, IV and V. Type I is also called hyperviscosity, and there are chylomicrons in the blood, and triglyceride is abnormally increased, which is hereditary and rare in clinic. Type ⅱ, also known as hyper-β-lipoproteinemia, has the characteristics of family inheritance. Blood cholesterol is obviously increased, triglyceride is normal or slightly increased, and arteriosclerosis is common.
Type ⅲ, also known as extensive β-lipoproteinemia, has a family recessive genetic feature, with elevated blood cholesterol and triglycerides and common arteriosclerosis. Type Ⅳ, also known as hyper-preβ-lipoproteinemia, has familial dominant genetic characteristics, mainly with elevated blood triglycerides, which is the most common type in clinic and often leads to arteriosclerosis. Type ⅴ, also known as hyper-preβ-lipoproteinemia and hyper-chylomicronemia, is mainly characterized by abnormal increase of blood triglyceride, which has the characteristics of type I and type IV.
Dietary prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia is of great significance, and dietary control is one of the most important preventive measures, which has a positive effect on slowing down the development of hyperlipidemia and reducing the occurrence of atherosclerosis.
(1) dietary principles
1. Dietary principles of hypercholesterolemia:
(1) Limit the intake of dietary cholesterol. Avoid foods with high cholesterol content, such as animal brain, liver and kidney, crab roe, roe, egg yolk and preserved eggs. Cholesterol intake should be controlled below 300 mg per day, and dietary cholesterol should be controlled below 200 mg per day for those with moderate or high blood cholesterol.
(2) Limit animal fat intake and increase vegetable oil appropriately.
(3) Dietary fiber can promote cholesterol excretion, reduce cholesterol synthesis and lower blood cholesterol. Therefore, the food should not be too fine and refined, and the daily diet should not lack foods with high fiber content such as vegetables, fruits and coarse grains.
(4) Appropriately increase some foods that can reduce blood fat and cholesterol, such as beans, garlic, onions, hawthorn, ganoderma lucidum, etc.
(5) Diet should be light. Protein in all kinds of animal foods is of high quality, but some animal foods are also high in cholesterol and fat, which should be properly controlled. Especially for the elderly, the ability to regulate in the body is gradually weakened, and a light diet is more conducive to controlling the increase of blood cholesterol than obesity.
2. Dietary principles of hypertriglyceridemia:
(1) Maintain ideal body weight and limit total calorie intake. Overweight or obese people should achieve the goal of losing weight by limiting the intake of staple food, and generally should eat to eight points full. When you lose weight, you should follow the principle of step by step and lose weight step by step. You shouldn't act in a hurry.
(2) Carbohydrate should account for 45 ~ 60% of total heat energy, and try to avoid eating white sugar, fruit candy, cakes and canned food with high sugar content.
(3) The daily intake of cholesterol should be controlled below 300mg. Compared with patients with hypercholesterolemia, food choice control can be slightly relaxed.
(4) Under the premise of controlling the total calorie intake, the heat energy ratio of fat should not be too low, which can account for 25 ~ 30% of the heat energy, but care should be taken not to consume too much animal fat. The daily consumption of oil is about 50 grams, and vegetable oil should account for the majority of edible oil.
(5) Eating more foods containing more fiber, such as vegetables, fruits and coarse grains, is beneficial to lowering blood lipids and increasing satiety.
(2) Examples of recipes
Breakfast: steamed bread (flour100g)
250 grams of milk and 5 grams of sugar.
Mix shredded wax gourd (50g cucumber and 20g dried bean curd).
Lunch: Rice (100g)
Wonton (50 grams of flour and 20 grams of lean pork)
Fried onion (onion100g, lean pork10g)
Spinach fans (spinach100g, vermicelli10g)
Fried tofu (tofu100g)
Dinner: steamed stuffed bun (flour 100g, mutton 30g, carrot 100g).
Corn? Porridge (30g corn)
Stir-fried cabbage (cabbage100g)
Assorted side dishes (carrot 20g, celery 20g, radish 20g, cabbage 20g)
200 grams of fruit after a meal
20 grams of cooking oil for a whole day.
The total daily heat energy is about 9030 kilojoules (2 150 kilocalories).
(3) the main points of food selection
1. Restrain staple food. People who are overweight or obese should pay special attention to moderation. Avoid pure sugar foods and sweets.
2. Eat more fish (especially marine fish), soybeans and bean products, poultry meat, lean meat and other foods that can provide high-quality protein but are low in saturated fatty acids and cholesterol.
3. Control the intake of viscera such as animal liver, and strictly limit animal brain, crab roe and roe.
4. Cook with vegetable oil to minimize the intake of animal fat.
5. Eat more vegetables, fruits and coarse grains. Ensure the proper intake of dietary fiber, vitamins and inorganic salts. In particular, eat more foods rich in niacin, vitamin C, vitamin E and vitamin b6.
6. Many foods have been found to have hypolipidemic effects:
(1) Garlic: Garlic can increase high-density lipoprotein in blood, which is beneficial to prevent arteriosclerosis.
(2) Eggplant: The decomposition products of eggplant in the intestine can be combined with excess cholesterol and excreted.
(3) Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula: It can reduce blood cholesterol and triglyceride. According to the research, its cholesterol-lowering effect is stronger than that of Antoine 10 times.
(4) Onion and kelp: Onion can reduce arterial lipid deposition; Iodine and magnesium in kelp can also prevent arterial lipid deposition.
(5) Soybeans: Researchers found that eating115g of beans every day can reduce blood cholesterol by 20%, especially low-density lipoprotein related to atherosclerosis.
(6) Tea: Tea can reduce blood lipids, and the blood cholesterol content and the incidence of coronary heart disease of residents in tea areas are significantly lower than those in other areas.
(7) Fish: Fish contains a lot of higher unsaturated fatty acids, which is beneficial to lowering blood cholesterol. It is proved that the incidence of coronary heart disease in fishermen is lower than that in inland residents.
(8) Vegetable oil: unsaturated fatty acid necessary for human body, which can lower blood cholesterol, especially sesame oil, corn oil and peanut oil.
(9) Other foods, such as hawthorn, celery, wax gourd, oats, apples, etc. , has different degrees of hypolipidemic effect.