As early as 80 years ago, people used vaseline, alum, ceramics, gold, silver, platinum, celluloid, ivory, and even stones, nails, duck sternum and toothbrush handles in the Black Sea. As a filling material for saddle nose repair and rhinoplasty. The above materials may be too irritating and the discharge rate is high; Or fragile and easily broken; Or because the price is high and the source is difficult, they have all been abandoned. In the 1920s, liquid paraffin was widely used as a filler for decades, and it was not used until it was widely reported that it was easy to cause paraffin tumors. In recent 30 or 40 years, with the rapid development of chemical industry, various polymer materials have come out one after another and been applied to plastic surgery, and good results have been achieved. But for rhinoplasty, because of the high discharge rate and uncertain long-term effect, many doctors advocate using autologous bone tissue or cartilage tissue as rhinoplasty material. However, due to the absorption of bone tissue and the increase of patients' pain, its application is also limited. Clinical application shows that the materials used in rhinoplasty, whether autologous or allogenic, active or inactive, natural or chemically synthesized, have certain advantages and disadvantages, and should be selected according to the specific situation.

Autologous bone tissue

Autologous bone tissue rhinoplasty is one of the earliest materials used for rhinoplasty. Its main advantages are easy survival after transplantation and no rejection. Autologous bone tissue of rhinoplasty is mostly taken from ilium, but also from ribs, tibia, skull and so on. Autologous bone augmentation rhinoplasty has some problems, such as poor elasticity of bone tissue and difficult shaping. Therefore, the postoperative appearance is not very natural, the autogenous bone is inconvenient to obtain, the bone source is limited, and the resection will cause secondary pain and even complications for the patient. Bone resorption can also occur for a long time, leading to changes in external morphology, which is difficult for patients to accept. At present, it is rarely used in rhinoplasty and beauty. However, for the correction of complex nasal deformity or severe saddle nose, autologous bone transplantation is still needed.

Autologous cartilage tissue

Autologous cartilage tissue is often used for rhinoplasty. Its main feature is that it has no blood vessels and is easy to survive. After implantation, it has no irritation to the tissue, can maintain its original volume and cell morphology for a long time, and is easy to cut into the required size and shape, so the appearance after rhinoplasty is natural and realistic. Like augmentation rhinoplasty with autologous bone tissue, augmentation rhinoplasty with autologous cartilage tissue may be deformed by absorption. At the same time, surgery will also cause trauma outside the nose, which is unacceptable for patients without special deformities. Autologous cartilage for rhinoplasty is the most commonly used cartilage, followed by auricle cartilage and nasal septum cartilage. The former is rich in bone source, which is suitable for those with serious deformity and large bone mass, while the latter is suitable for mild saddle nose because of limited bone source.

Allogeneic tissue

Rhinoplasty with allogenic tissue refers to rhinoplasty with fresh cadaver bone and cartilage tissue as rhinoplasty materials after special treatment. After augmentation rhinoplasty, allogenic bone and cartilage only played a temporary mechanical support role, and were eventually replaced by autologous bone. Because of the difficulty in source, quantity and quality, allogenic tissue was gradually abandoned.

heterogeneous tissue

At present, the heterogeneous tissues used for rhinoplasty mainly include bovine nasal septum cartilage, bovine costal cartilage and calf sternum, which can be used for human rhinoplasty after special treatment. Its advantages are convenient and abundant materials and easy molding. Its disadvantage is that although it has been specially treated, some individuals still have weak antigenicity and may be rejected: they have different degrees of absorption, so the long-term effect is not satisfactory. It is difficult to be widely used because it can only be used in human body after special treatment. At present, few people use heterogeneous tissues in rhinoplasty.

Biological tissue substitute

With the development of science and technology and the progress of chemical synthesis industry, biological tissue substitutes suitable for human body have become a reality. The progress of tissue substitutes will promote the development of cosmetic plastic surgery. In 1970s, the commonly used biological tissue substitutes were liquid silica gel, ivory, dental materials, solid silica gel, artificial bone materials and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, liquid silica gel was widely used in China. After rhinoplasty with liquid silica gel injection, clinical observation proves that it can cause persistent erythema, swelling, skin necrosis of bridge of nose, tooth swelling and even facial disfigurement. Moreover, liquid silica gel can diffuse, permeate and permeate around, and there is no clear boundary, so it is difficult to handle. The United States has strictly banned the use. Many domestic scholars advocate that it is forbidden to use it or use it with caution.

Ivory: ivory has good biocompatibility and generally does not cause rejection, but it is gradually abandoned for rhinoplasty because of its high hardness, difficult carving and animal protection.

Tooth-building materials: polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a tooth-building material used in rhinoplasty, and it is one of the solid biological tissue substitutes used in rhinoplasty earlier. Good biocompatibility, it needs to be blended when it is used for rhinoplasty, and it is very easy to be polluted. If the pollution is not completely removed before operation, it will easily lead to complications such as infection, pain and rejection. Its prosthesis preparation is complex and the operation is relatively difficult, so it is rarely used at present.

Solid silica gel: it is a common rhinoplasty material at present, and it is a polymer silicide. It was used as early as 1972. After more than 20 years of observation, although the incidence of complications can reach 5%-20%, it is still one of the first choice materials for rhinoplasty because of its good biocompatibility and low price. Its main disadvantage is that it can not establish blood circulation with the body and form tissue connection, and it is only wrapped by fibrous tissue, so it can penetrate the skin at weak tissue. Due to the contracture of fibrous capsule, it can cause the surface of silicone prosthesis to protrude, which affects the appearance effect.

Artificial bone material: mainly refers to hydroxyapatite. It is the main inorganic component of human bone tissue, so it has good biocompatibility and no side effects such as teratogenesis, sensitization and carcinogenesis. It has been widely used in stomatology and orthopedics. It has been used for rhinoplasty and cosmetology since the mid-1980s. It is easy to operate and shape, especially for people with low nose bridge, and the postoperative effect is particularly satisfactory. Because there is no supporting effect, it has poor effect on people with low nasal tip.

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE): from the medical point of view, it is the most ideal biological tissue substitute at present. Because of its good biocompatibility and unique microporous structure, it is non-toxic, non-carcinogenic and non-allergenic. Human tissue cells and blood vessels can grow into its micropores to form tissue connections, just like autologous tissue. The effect of rhinoplasty with it is satisfactory. Expanded PTFE rhinoplasty material was introduced into China from the United States on 1995, but its high price affected its universal application.

In short, the choice of rhinoplasty materials should be based on their own conditions and economic conditions, combined with the doctor's diagnosis and tips, and then make a decision.

A large number of data show that the market price of plastic surgery varies greatly. There are price differences for different items, because the overall price is relatively high because of hospitalization expenses. There are price differences in different regions, and the domestic plastic surgery price is relatively cheap. From the overall level of the city, Beijing is the most expensive and Guangzhou is the cheapest. Even for the same clinic and the same project, the price difference may be several hundred to several thousand yuan. This is mainly caused by materials, such as silicone for rhinoplasty. The domestic purchase price is only a dozen yuan, while the imported silica gel costs 3000 yuan after tariff.

The following are common market reference prices, and some American prices are listed for reference.

Local liposuction: liposuction costs about 2500 yuan at a time. In the United States, abdominal fat removal costs 2,500-4,000 dollars, and you need to rest for 6 weeks after surgery. $5,000 for the upper arm; Rest for 3 weeks after operation.

Bagging: Bagging can be divided into two methods: internal cutting and external cutting. The internal cutting method is suitable for hereditary pouch, and the reference price is 3000 yuan. The external cutting method is suitable for bags under the eyes caused by age factors, and the reference price is 3500 yuan. Prices vary greatly between clinics. You can still find quotations around 1200 yuan in the market. American price: 1000- 1500 USD. The bandage can be removed two days after the operation.

Beautiful lips: full lips or thin lips are feasible, and the reference price is 2500 yuan. It takes a week to recover after the operation. American price: 500- 1500 USD.

Rhinoplasty: it can be to raise the local area, increase the tip of the nose or contract the alar. According to the different materials and the degree of production, the reference price is 1000-3000 yuan. If only the bridge of the nose is raised or the tip of the nose is enlarged, the reference price is about 1200 yuan, and it can be recovered in one week. The American price of the same project is 500- 1500 USD.

Wrinkle removal: charge by area, the forehead reference price is 3500 yuan. For fine lines, there is a kind of microcrystal grinding with very good effect, and the price is 400 yuan per square centimeter.

Myopia correction: the reference price of T-plasik with very high success rate is 5800 yuan for both eyes; The reference price of Superlasik guided by complete wavefront aberration is 8000 yuan for both eyes.

Melon face modeling: 18000 yuan. Although the action is a little big, it only takes a week or two to recover after the operation. The long vacation plus your annual leave is enough, which is still worth considering.

Face-lifting surgery: 3600 yuan. Oral surgery can be completed within 30-40 minutes, and it can be recovered in about one week after operation.

Chin lengthening: 2000 yuan. The stitches can be removed within one week after the operation.

Orthodontics: 5000-7000 yuan, ceramic brackets can also be used, without affecting the appearance. Of course, the price is around 1000 yuan.

Double eyelids: 1000 yuan.

Kind of eyelashes: 6000 yuan.

Artificial dimple: 800 yuan.

Ok, the above is the list of expenses for minor cosmetic surgery I collected, and I have turned my bag upside down. If one day, you find traces of aging, and the cost does not exceed several thousand yuan, you can quietly repair it-the price of staying young is actually not expensive at all.

◆ Precautions before plastic surgery

1. Be sure to consult more hospitals and doctors before making any decision. There are many ways to see a doctor, and communication with you is the most important. He wants everything you want. It is quite possible that he is not a competent plastic surgeon. A good plastic surgeon, no matter his face, figure or mouth, will discuss the plan to be implemented with you according to his own situation and give professional advice.

2. If the bags under the eyes are not very big, you can use instruments for physical therapy. S-RISA+ eye care, once every other day, 10 once a course of treatment, reference price: 2388 yuan.

3. If fine lines are caused by dry skin, they are not suitable for surgical removal. Superficial wrinkles or acne scars can be obviously improved after two courses of photon rejuvenation. This is a non-peeling treatment. The pulsed light energy released by the instrument passes through the epidermis, thickens the subcutaneous collagen tissue and removes wrinkles. Each time is about 20 minutes, with an interval of 3 weeks. The reference price is about 1000 yuan.

In addition to surgery, you can also choose the injection method that is very popular at present. Reliable choices include B-t-x, or botulinum toxin. Injecting a small amount of B-t-x into the forehead or brow can easily smooth the traces of time. In the United States, the reference price is $ 500- 1000, however, it needs to be re-injected every four months. Another injection method of Aibeifu, the operation only takes 2-5 minutes, does not need anesthesia, and does not affect normal work and life. After the injection, the collagen in it works immediately and the wrinkles disappear immediately. After 1-3 months, another main component, PMMA, stimulated collagen proliferation, thus achieving the effect of permanent wrinkle removal.

5. Plastic surgery needs postoperative maintenance and nursing. Some plastic surgery hospitals provide postoperative maintenance and physical care, which can be considered.

6. Before plastic surgery, you need to know the limit of Oriental Beauty: liposuction: maximum 3000CC rhinoplasty: maximum 4mm breast augmentation: maximum 330CC double eyelids on each side: maximum 10mm can be cut.